University of Engineering & Technology

Peshawar, Pakistan

CE301: Structure Analysis II

By:
Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam
Civil Engineering Department
UET , Peshawar
 Matrix Methods of Analysis
• Flexibility Method
In this method redundant constraints are removed and
corresponding redundant actions (forces or moment) are placed.
An equation of compatibility of deformation is written in terms of
these redundants and corresponding displacements. The
redundants are determined from these simultaneous equation.
Equations of statics are then used for calculation of designed
internal actions. In this method, actions are treated as basic
unknowns. This method will be described in detail in this lecture.
 Matrix Methods of Analysis

• Displacement or Stiffness Method

In this method, displacements (translations & rotations) are

treated as unknowns. These are then related to corresponding
actions.

This method will be discussed later in detail.

 Flexibility Method of Analysis
 Flexibility:
Flexibility of a member is defined as deformation produced by a
unit load. From stress strain relationship.
E = 
ε
P 
Since  = A
; ε = L
P
A PL
Therefore = E  Δ =
 AE
L
For P=1
L
Δ = f =
AE
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
• Relationship between flexibility & stiffness:

Since the spring is linearly elastic i.e actions are directly

proportional to displacement i.e

𝐷 • Where f is the
D ∝ 𝐴  D = f A ---------(a)  f = flexibility of spring
𝐴
Also ;
𝐴 • Where s is called
A ∝ D  A = s D ---------(b)  s =
𝐷 stiffness of spring
 Flexibility Method of Analysis

As from equation “b” in previous slide

𝐴 = 𝑠𝐷
Also from equation “a”
𝐷 = 𝑓𝐴
putting the value of “A” from equation “b” in equation “a” we
will get
𝐷 = 𝑓𝑠𝐷  1 = 𝑓𝑠
from this
1 1
𝑓= & 𝑠=
𝑠 𝑓
From this it is clear that flexibility and stiffness are the reciprocal
of each other.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
 Principle of Superposition

The total displacement or internal loading (stress) at a point in a

structure subjected to several external loadings can be
determined by adding together the displacements or internal
loadings (stress) caused by each of the external loads acting
separately.

P1 P2 P1 P1 P2
= +
∆1 ∆2 ∆ʹ1 ∆ʹ2 ∆ʹ2+∆ʺ2
∆ʹ1+∆ʺ1

As it is shown from fig. also i.e ∆1 = ∆ʹ1 + ∆ʺ1 & ∆2 = ∆ʹ2 + ∆ʺ2
Which shows the principle of superposition.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
• General procedure of flexibility method
This method is also called compatibility or static method. In this
method the degree of S.I is determined and the redundants are
identified. A coordinate is assigned to each redundant. Thus AR1,
AR2, AR3……….ARn are the redundants at 1,2,3……….n
locations.

If all the redundants are removed the resultant structure known as

Released structure/Primary structure or Basic determinate
structure(BDS).
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
From the principle of superposition the net displacement at any
point in the statically indeterminate structure is the sum of
displacement in the basic determinate structure due to the all
applied loads and redundants. This condition is known as
compatibility condition, may be expressed by equation for n
redundants actions.
𝐷𝑅𝑆1 = 𝐷𝑅𝐿1 + 𝑓11𝐴𝑅1 + 𝑓12𝐴𝑅2 +. . … … … . . + 𝑓1𝑛𝐴𝑅𝑛
𝐷𝑅𝑆2 = 𝐷𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑓21𝐴𝑅1 + 𝑓22𝐴𝑅2 +. . … … … . . + 𝑓2𝑛𝐴𝑅𝑛
…
…

…
𝐷𝑅𝑆𝑛 = 𝐷𝑅𝐿𝑛 + 𝑓𝑛1𝐴𝑅1 + 𝑓𝑛2𝐴𝑅2 +. . … … … . . + 𝑓𝑛𝑛𝐴𝑅𝑛
 Flexibility Method of Analysis

Writing the equations on the previous slide in matrix form called

matrix formulation of flexibility method

𝐷𝑅𝑆1 𝐷𝑅𝐿1 𝑓11 𝑓12 … 𝑓1𝑛 𝐴𝑅1

𝐷𝑅𝑆2 𝐷𝑅𝐿2 𝑓21 𝑓22 … 𝑓2𝑛 𝐴𝑅2
= +
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝐷𝑅𝑆𝑛 𝐷𝑅𝐿𝑛 𝑓𝑛1 𝑓𝑛2 … 𝑓𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝑅𝑛

𝑫𝑹𝑺 𝐧∗𝟏 = 𝑫𝑹𝑳 𝐧∗𝟏 + 𝒇 𝐧∗𝒏 • 𝑨𝑹 𝐧∗𝟏

𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 −𝟏 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳
𝐧∗𝟏 𝐧∗𝒏 𝐧∗𝟏

Where DRS = Support settlement/rotation corresponding to the

redundant action in a released structure
 Flexibility Method of Analysis

DRL = Displacement (rotation/translation) corresponding to the

redundant action in a released structure due to applied
loads.
AR = The Redundant actions
f = Flexibility coefficient i.e displacement per unit force/action
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
 Step wise Solution Procedure using Flexibility method:
The following steps must be followed while solving a structure using
flexibility method.
• Step # 01: Make the structure determinate, by releasing the extra
forces i.e select the redundant actions.
Note: for choosing the redundant actions there may be more than one possible
options but choose that one as redundant which makes the calculation handy. e.g

A
B c
fig.a
In the above fig.a the redundant action can be selected in
different way that are given on the next slide
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
Step # 01: contd…

Option 1. Choose the vertical reaction at B as redundant action

A
B c
AR

Option 2. Choose the vertical reaction at C as redundant action

A
B c
AR

Option 3. Can we choose moment at B as redundant action?

AR
A
c
B
 Flexibility Method of Analysis

Step # 02: Apply the actual external loads on the BDS (Basic
determinate structure) and find the displacements at the
locations of redundant actions this will generate DRL
matrix.
Step # 03: Apply the redundant actions on the BDS (To standardize
the procedure, only a unit load of the constraining force
is applied in the +ve direction) this will generate
flexibility coefficient matrix.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
Step # 04: Apply compatibility at the location of the removed
redundants and solve the matrices to compute the
values of redundant actions.

𝑫𝑹𝑺 = 𝑫𝑹𝑳 + 𝒇 • 𝑨𝑹

−𝟏
𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳

Note: DRS is the support settlement or rotation only corresponding to the chosen redundant
actions if there is no support settlement or rotation at the redundant location then DRS = 0.
but if there is support settlement or rotation in the structure at a location other than
redundant location then the effect of that settlement or rotation will be taken in indirect
loading.

Step # 05: Compute the member end actions .

 Flexibility Method of Analysis
 Example: 01 let illustrate the above mentioned procedure
with the help of general example.
w S.I = 1 degree
A B So one redundant
action should be
Step#01: selection of chosen
redundant actions. w
A B
Vertical reaction at B
is taken as redundant. AR
Basic determinate
A B structure ( BDS) or
released structure or
Primary structure
Step#02: BDS acted w
upon by actual load. A
B
Computation of DRL DRL
values.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
[ f ][AR]
BDS structure acted A
upon by AR.
B
AR

Step#03: BDS
structure acted upon A
f
B
by unit value of AR.
Computation of AR=1
flexibility coefficients
values. Step#04: Apply
compatibility at the
𝑫𝑹𝑺 = 𝑫𝑹𝑳 + 𝒇 • 𝑨𝑹 location of the removed
redundants and solve
𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 −𝟏 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳 the matrices to compute
the values of redundant
actions.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
 Example: 02 Formulate the beam shown in fig below the
support A is rotated by some amount and support B is settled
with some displacement.

P1 P2
A B C

S.I = 2 degree
So two redundant actions should be chosen
Choose those as redundant which make the calculation easy.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
• Step # 01: Selection of redundant actions and assign coordinates
at those locations. There may more than one possibility.

P1 P2
Option 01: Vertical 1 2
A B C
reactions at B & C is
taken as redundant. AR1 AR2

P1 P2
Option 02: Vertical AR1 1 2
reactions at B &
moment at A is taken A B C
as redundant. AR2

• Here we will proceed this problem with option 2 to make

our calculation easy
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
• As it is given that support A has some initial rotation &
support B has some initial settlement .

DRS1
P1 P2
A B C

DRS2

• DRS1 & DRS2 are the initial support rotation & settlement corresponding to
the redundant actions 1 & 2.
• Remove all the loads and redundant constrains to get the primary structure.

A C
Basic determinate structure ( BDS) or
released structure or
Primary structure
 Flexibility Method of Analysis

• Step # 02 : Primary structure acted upon by the actual loads.

compute the values of displacements in the
primary structure corresponding to the redundant
locations.
P1 P2
1 2
A
DRL1 B C
DRL2

DRL1 = Rotation in the primary structure under the applied loads

corresponding to redundant location 1.
DRL2 = Translation in the primary structure under the applied loads
corresponding to redundant location 2.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
Step # 03 : Primary structure acted upon by the by a unit value of
AR & Computation of flexibility coefficients values
in the primary structure corresponding to the redundant
locations.
• 1st a unit moment is applied at the redundant location 1 as
shown. Compute the values of f11 and f21

1 1ʹ k f11 2 f21

where A B C
f11 = rotation in the BDS at redundant location 1 due to unit moment
applied at that location
f21 = translation in the BDS at redundant location 2 due to a unit
moment/action applied at redundant location 1
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
• Now a unit load is applied at the redundant location 2 as
shown. Compute the values of f12 & f22 .

1 f12 2 f22
B
A 1k C
where

f12 = rotation in the BDS at redundant location 1 due to unit load

applied at redundant location 2.
f22 = translation in the BDS at redundant location 2 due to a unit
load/action applied at that location.
 Flexibility Method of Analysis
Step # 04: Apply compatibility and principle of superposition at
the location of the removed redundants and solve the
matrices to compute the values of redundant actions.

𝐷𝑅𝑆1 = 𝐷𝑅𝐿1 + 𝑓11𝐴𝑅1 + 𝑓12𝐴𝑅2

𝐷𝑅𝑆2 = 𝐷𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑓21𝐴𝑅1 + 𝑓22𝐴𝑅2

𝐷𝑅𝑆1 𝐷𝑅𝐿1 𝑓11 𝑓12 𝐴𝑅1
= +
𝐷𝑅𝑆2 𝐷𝑅𝐿2 𝑓21 𝑓22 𝐴𝑅2
𝐷𝑅𝑆 2∗1 = 𝐷𝑅𝐿 2∗1 + 𝑓 2∗2 • 𝐴𝑅 2∗1

𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 −𝟏 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳
Step # 05: Compute the member end actions which will be discussed in the next
classes .
 Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal
Displacements
This theorem is referred to as the theorem of reciprocal displacements
and may be stated as follows: The displacement of a point B on a
structure due to a unit load acting at point A is equal to the
displacement of point A when the unit load is acting at point B, that is,
fBA=fAB

Home Work: Prove the Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal displacement

 References
• Structural analysis by R. C. Hibbeler

• Matrix structure analysis by Aslam Kassimali

• Matrix structural analysis by William Mc Guire

• Matrix analysis of frame structures by William Weaver

• Online Civil Engineering blogs