Degrees:

● The main measurement for angles

● Obtained by dividing a full rotation into 360 parts

Degrees (°), Minutes ('), and Seconds (''):

● Another way of expressing degrees

1 1
● 1 minute is 60 of a degree; 1 second is 60
of a minute.
' ''
● Example: 84°41 24

Arc:

● An arc is a part of a circle’s circumference.

● Its length is denoted by s

Central Angle:

● Angle θ is formed by 2 radii in a circle whose vertex is the

center of the circle.

𝑠
● Measure of central angle θ = 𝑟

Radians:

● Is the measure of central angle θ that corresponds such that s is

equal to r (radius).
● 1 radian ~ 57. 3°

Length of Arc S
θ θπ𝑟
● 𝑠= 360°
(2π𝑟) = 180°
● r is the radius of the circle and θ is the central angle in
degrees

Angle Conversion
π π
● To convert from degrees to radians, multiply by 180°
. (θ * 180°
)
180° 180°
● To convert from radians to degrees, multiply by π
. (𝑥 * π
)
Coterminal Angles

● Are angles that have the same terminal side from standard
position.
● Coterminal of angle theta is given by:

where k is a nonzero integer

● Alternatively, angles are coterminal if their difference is a

multiple of 360° or 2π radians.

Reference Angles:

● These are angles formed from the x-axis to the terminal side of
an angle
● The range of these angles is 0°≤θ≤90°.

● Quadrant I: Same θ; II: 180° − θ; III: θ − 180°; IV: 360° − θ. (For

+ θ)
● Quadrant I: 360° − |θ|; II: |θ| − 180°; III: 180° − |θ|; IV: Same |θ|.
(For − θ)
● Note: Same principle applies to radian measure.
● Note: Applicable if θ is smallest positive or largest negative
coterminal angle.
Trigonometric Ratios

● Are defined as the values of all the trigonometric functions

based on the value of the ratio of sides in a right-angled
triangle.

● Depending on what quadrant is located, trig values may be

positive or negative.

Reference Angle Chart:

0° 30° 45° 60° 90° Unit Circle

Sin θ 0 1/2 √2/2 √3/2 1 𝑦/𝑟
Cos θ 1 √3/2 √2/2 1/2 0 𝑥/𝑟
Tan θ 0 √3/3 1 √3 und. 𝑦/𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠0
Csc θ und. 2 2 2 3/3 1 𝑟/𝑦 , 𝑦 ≠0
Sec θ 1 2 3/3 2 2 und. 𝑟/𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠0
Cot θ und. √3 1 √3/3 0 𝑥/𝑦 , 𝑦 ≠0
Graph of Sine Function

Period Amplitude Phase Shift Vertical Shift

Graph of Cosine Function

Graph of Cosecant Function

Graph of Secant Function

Graph of Tangent Function

Graph of Cotangent Function
Inverse Trigonometric Identities
−1
- Denoted by 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
- The input is a point on the unit circle, the output gives its
corresponding angle in radians.

Identities:

𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = arcsin 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥≤ − 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥≥1

1
𝑥

𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = arccos 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥≤ − 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥≥1

1
𝑥

𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 = arcsin 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥∈𝑅

1
𝑥
Trigonometric Equations

● Basically algebraic equations with trig functions

General Tips in Solving (just like in Algebra):

Add or Subtract the same value from both sides

Clear out any fractions by Multiplying every term by the bottom parts

Divide every term by the same nonzero value

Combine Like Terms

Factoring

Expanding (the opposite of factoring) may also help

Recognizing a pattern, such as the difference of squares

Sometimes we can apply a function to both sides (e.g. square both

sides)

Solutions to Trigonometric Equations:

● The simplest case is if the solutions only account

from [0, 2π]. Just include the solutions in that range
● Sometimes, the question may ask for all possible
answers. In this case, add 2π𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈Ζ
 ● IF there are solutions that share a common difference with each
other, it can be expressed as (any angle sol.) + (common
difference)*n, where n is an integer. Examples of these common
differences are π and π/2. (This case only applies for all
solutions)

Framework of the Ferris Wheel Problem

● A common word problem involving trig functions. Study the image

below to understand its framework.
2π
Ideal Equation: 𝑦 =− 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑇
(𝑥) + 𝐷

(Note, you can use sine, but you would need to account for phase
shift)

Types of Problems:

1. After x seconds, what is y?

- Substitute x to get y
2. How long to reach y?
- Substitute y, transpose, divide both sides then take the inverse

Under recent news of a test correction I felt the need to add this: