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Chap1 Handout.e New-Updated
Chap1 Handout.e New-Updated
2
Technical Term
• Water content () is the ratio of the weight of water
to the weight of solids.
• Void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of void space
to the volume of solids.
• Porosity (n) is the ratio of the volume of void to the
total volume of soil.
• Degree of saturation (Sr) is the ratio of the volume
of water to the volume of void.
• Bulk unit weight () is the weight density, that is, the
weight of a soil per unit volume.
• (section 4.1 Page 49 in text book 3
• Saturated unit weight (sat) is the weight of
a saturated soil per unit volume.
• Dry unit weight (d) is the weight of a dry soil
per unit volume.
• Effective unit weight (’) is the weight of soil
solids in a submerged soil per unit volume.
• Liquid limit (LL) is the water content at which
a soil changes from a plastic state to a liquid
state.
• Plastic limit (PL) is the water content at
which a soil changes from a semisolid to a
plastic state. 4
Phase Diagram of Soil
• Solid)
• Lidquid
• Air or gas 5
Phase Diagram of Soil
Weight Volume
Wa = 0 Air Va
Volume of solids: Vs
Volume of void: Vv 6
Fundamental Physical Parameters
Weight Volume
Wa = 0 Air Va
Ws Solids Vs
W
Bulk unit weight, ; Unit: kN/m3 (kN / m )
3
V
Bulk density, 1 T/m3 = 1g/cm3 (equivalent 10kN/m3 ;)
Moiture (water) content, W
Unit: % w 9.81 kN/m3 7
W s
Other Parameters
Weight Volume
Wa = 0 Air Va
Ws Solids Vs
Wa = 0 Air Va
Ws Solids Vs
Wa = 0 Air Va
Ws Solids Vs
Porosity, n VV VV VS
n e m
Void ratio, e V VS VV
Degree of saturation, Sr
VW
Sr
VV
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Equation Derivation
Weight Volume
Wa = 0 Air Va
Ws Solids Vs
Ws Gs w
Dry unit weight d
V 1 e
W Gs w (1 )
Bulk unit weight
V 1 e
• Porosity, n n 1
Gs w (1 )
• Void ratio, e
• Degree of saturation, Sr Gs w (1 )
e 1
Note: moisture content is in
decimal
m
Gs w (1 )
Gs
S r
e
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Applications
• Fundamental physical parameters: (, w, )
describe the quality, and soil classification
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Soil Classification
• Coarse and fine particles
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Soil Separate Size Limits
USCS
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USCS: Unified Soil Classification System.
Particle Size
• Thành phần hạt rắn: hat thô và hạt mịn
Particle Name Size (mm - Engineering Properties
USCS)
coarses Gravel > 4.75 No swell, no
cohensive, no plastic Granular
(Sieve No. 4)
high permeability (cohesionless)
Sand 0.075-4.75 soil
Sieve No. 200
fines Silt, Less than 0.075 Swell, shrink when
clay soaking, cohensive, Cohensive soil
plastic, low permeable
or impermeable 17
Grain Size Analysis
• ASTM- standard sieve:
18
Grain Size Analysis
• Determine mass of soil on each sieve, calculate as mass
percentage
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Grain Size Analysis
• (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
(8)
Classified using
(1) Particle size, grain size distribution
(2) Packing condition
(3) Cu: Uniformity coefficient
(4) and Cc: coefficient of gradation
Refer Unified Soil Classification System for more details
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Classification for Granular Soil
(sand and gravel)
• TCVN
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Packing condition of granular soil
• Very loose: collapses with slight disturbance;
open structure
• Loose: collapses upon disturbance; open
structure
• Medium dense: indents when pushed firmly
• Dense: barely deforms when pushed by feet or
by stomping
• Very dense: impossible to depress with stomping
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Packing condition of granular soil
• Classified using void ratio, e, TCVN
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USCS for Coarse Grained Soils
• Coarse grained soil: percent passing No. 200 is less than 50%
First character: G = Gravel; S = Sand
Clay soil 29
Volume
Generals of PL and LL
Clay condition
Plasticity index
PI = LL-PL PI
LI 0 LI 1
0 LI 1
PL LL
Liquidity index
Plastic Liquid
PL
LI limit limit
LL PL 30
Experiment for PL, Plastic limit
d=3.2mm 31
Experiment for LL, liquid limit
l=13mm
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Classification for Cohesive Soil
• Using Plascity Index, PI (TCVN)
Tên đất Chỉ số dẻo, PI (%) PI = LL - PL
Đất cát pha (á cat) 1% <PI 7% PI
Đất sét pha (á sét) 7% <PI 17% More plasticity,
Đất sét PI > 17% higher
percentage of
• Theo trạng thái ẩm (TCVN) clay
Độ sệt (LI) Trạng thái
LI 0 Rắn
0 < LI 1 Dẻo đối với cát pha
LI =(w-PL)/PI
0 < LI 0.25 Nửa rắn
0.25 LI < 0.5 Dẻo cứng
Softer,
LI low
0.5 LI < 0.75 Dẻo mềm
0.75 LI < 1 Dẻo nhão strength
LI 1 Nhão 33
USCS for Cohensive Soil
• Fine- grained soil: percent passing No. 200 is higher than 50%
First character: C = inorganic Clay; M = inorganic Silt; O = organic silts
and clays; Pt = Peat, muck
• Second character: for Plasticity behavior
- L = Low plasticity, LL < 50
- H = High plasticity, LL 50
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USCS
A-Line:
PI = 0.73 (LL-20)
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