Assignment.

1. Determine whether each of the following systems is linear:

(a) 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 = 8, (b) 𝑒𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝜋, (c) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 4,

2. Solve each of the following systems:

(a) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1 (b) 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5 (c) 2𝑥 − 4 = 3𝑦 (d) 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 10

5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 3 −6𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1 5𝑦 − 𝑥 = 5 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 15

3. Consider each of the following systems in unknowns x and y:

(a) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 = 1 (b) 𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2 (c) 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 3

𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑏 12𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑏 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 𝑏
For which values of a does each system have a unique solution, and for which pairs of values
(a, b) does each system have more than one solution?

4. Consider each of the following systems in unknowns x; y; z:

(a) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 =1 (b) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 (c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 1

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
𝑎𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 𝑏 𝑥 + 11𝑦 + 𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑏
For which values of a does the system have a unique solution, and for which pairs of values
(a, b) does the system have more than one solution? The value of b does not have any effect on
whether the system has a unique solution. Why?

5. Write 𝑣 as a linear combination of 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , where

(a) 𝑣 = (4, −9, 2), 𝑢1 = (1, 2, −1), 𝑢2 = (1, 4, 2), 𝑢3 = (1, −3, 2);
(b) 𝑣 = (1, 3, 2), 𝑢1 = (1, 2, 1), 𝑢2 = (2, 6, 5), 𝑢3 = (1, 7, 8);
(c) 𝑣 = (1, 4, 6), 𝑢1 = (1, 1, 2), 𝑢2 = (2, 3, 5), 𝑢3 = (3, 5, 8);

6. Express 𝑣 = (1, −2, 5) in 𝑅 3 as a linear combination of the vectors

𝑢1 = (1, 1, 1), 𝑢2 = (1, 2, 3), 𝑢3 = (2 , −1, 1),

7. Express the polynomial 𝑣 = 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 3 in P(𝑡) as a linear combination of the polynomials

𝑝1 = 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 5, 𝑝2 = 2𝑡 2 − 3𝑡, 𝑝3 = 𝑡 + 1
8. Determine whether or not 𝑊 is a subspace of 𝑅 3 where 𝑊 consists of all vectors (a; b; c) in
𝑅 3 such that

(a) 𝑎 = 3𝑏, (b) 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ≤ 𝑐, (c) 𝑎𝑏 = 0, (d) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, (e) 𝑏 = 𝑎2 , (f) 𝑎 = 2𝑏 = 3𝑐.

9. Let 𝑉 be the vector space of n-square matrices over a field 𝐾. Show that 𝑊 is a subspace of 𝑉
if 𝑊 consist of all matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] that are

(a) Symmetric (𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 ), (b) (upper) triangular, (c) diagonal, scalar.

10. Let 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 be a nonhomogeneous system of linear equations in 𝑛 unknowns; that is 𝐵 ≠ 0.

Show that the solution set is not a subspace of 𝐾 𝑛 .

11. Determine whether the following vectors in 𝑅 4 are linearly dependent or independent:

(a) (1,2,-3,1) (3,7,1,-2), (1,3,7,-4); (b) (1,3,1,-2), (2,5,-1,3), ( 1,3 ,7,-2).

12. Find a subset of 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑢4 that gives a basis for 𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝑢1 ) of 𝑅 5 , where

(a) 𝑢1 = (1,1,1,2,3), 𝑢2 = (1,2,-1,-2,1), 𝑢3 = (3,5,-1,-2,5), 𝑢4 = (1,2,1,-1,4)

(b) 𝑢1 = (1,-2,1,3,-1), 𝑢2 = (-2,4,-2,-6,2), 𝑢3 = (1,-3,1,2,1), 𝑢4 = (3,-7,3,8,-1)

(c) 𝑢1 = (1,0,1,0,1), 𝑢2 = (1,1,2,1,0), 𝑢3 = (2,1,3,1,1), 𝑢4 = (1,2,1,1,1)

(d) 𝑢1 = (1,0,1,1,1), 𝑢2 = (2,1,2,0,1), 𝑢3 = (1,1,2,3,4), 𝑢4 = (4,2,5,4,6)

13. Find a basis and the dimension of the solution space 𝑊 of each of the following
homogeneous systems:

(a) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 2𝑠 − 𝑡 = 0 (b) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 + 3𝑠 − 4𝑡 = 0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 + 3𝑠 − 2𝑡 = 0 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 𝑠 + 5𝑡 = 0
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 7𝑧 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 = 0 2 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 4𝑠 − 2𝑡 = 0

14. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3. Find

formulas defining the composition mappings: (a) 𝑓 ° 𝑔; (b) 𝑔 ° 𝑓; (c) 𝑔 ° 𝑔 (d) 𝑓 ° 𝑓.

15. Show that the following mappings are linear:

(a) 𝐹: 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧, 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6𝑧).
(b) 𝐹: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦, 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦), where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 belongs to 𝑅.

16. Show that the following mappings are not linear:

(a) 𝐹: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2 ).
(b) 𝐹: 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 + 𝑧).
 (c) 𝐹: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥𝑦, 𝑦).
(d) 𝐹: 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (|𝑥|, 𝑦 + 𝑧).

17. Find 𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏), where the linear map 𝐹: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 is defined by 𝐹(1,2) = (3, −1) and
𝐹(0, 1) = (2, 1).

18. For each of the following matrices, find all eigenvalues and corresponding set of
eigenvectors.

1 −3 3 3 −1 1 1 2 2
(a) 𝐴 = [−3 −5 3], (b) 𝐵= [7 −5 1], (c) 𝐶= [ 1 2 −1],
6 −6 4 6 −6 2 −1 1 4