Steel Structures Design Sessional

Course Code: CE 3202

Lecture No: 02

Presented by-
Nadira Islam Nila
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
Northern University of Business & Technology Khulna
 Loads encountered in structural steel design

Dead Load Live Load

(Change in magnitude and position.)

 Have a constant
magnitude and a fixed
position.
Moving loads that Movable loads
move by their own (furniture)
 Includes the structures
power (cars and
own weight and
trucks)
anything fixed to it.
Few examples of live loads are:

 Floor loads
 Snow and ice
 Rain especially on flat roofs because ponding develops causing deflections.
 Traffic loads for bridges.
 Impact loads: such as falling objects or sudden car braking.
 Lateral loads: such as wind, which changes with height, geographic location,
surrounding structures
 Earthquakes are another example of impact loads.
 Longitudinal loads: such as sudden stopping of trains or trucks on bridges.
 Other live loads: soil pressure on walls or foundations, water on dams, explosions,
thermal forces due to temperature changes etc.
 Design of an Industrial Steel Roof Truss
 What is a Truss?
A truss is a structure that consists of straight members arranged into connected
triangles so that the whole assembly forms a stable structure.

The basic building block of a truss is a triangle.

Large trusses are constructed by attaching several triangles together.

A new triangle can be added truss by adding two members and a joint.

A truss constructed in this fashion is known as a simple truss.

Planar Truss: When the truss members lie essentially in a single plane, that type
of truss is called a planar truss.

Space Truss: When the members of the truss lie three-dimension, the truss is
called a space truss.

Trusses are made of triangular units constructed with straight members. The ends of
these members are connected at joints, known as nodes.

Typically, the joint connections are formed by bolting or welding the end members
together to a common plate, called a gusset plate.

Trusses are most commonly used in bridges, roofs and towers.

Fig: Planar Truss Fig: Space Truss
Trusses are used to:

•Achieve long spans.

•Minimize the weight of a structure.
•Reduced deflection.
•Support heavy loads.

Trusses are typically made up of

three basic elements:

•A top chord which is usually in

compression.
•A bottom chord which is usually in
tension.
•Bracing between the top and
bottom chords.
Fig: Elements of a Truss
The top and bottom chords of the truss provide resistance to compression and
tension and so resistance to overall bending, whilst the bracing resists shear forces.

Types of Trusses

Perfect Truss Imperfect Truss

m=2j-3 m≠2j-3

Where, Deficient Truss Redundant Truss /

m= Members of Truss m<2j-3 Over Rigid Truss
j= Joint of Truss m>2j-3
 Perfect Truss:
A perfect truss is that, which is made up of members just sufficient to keep it in
equilibrium, when loaded, without any change in its shape.

It is efficient and optimized structure.

From Fig-1
m= 3
j= 3
m=2j-3
or, 3 = (2 x 3) -3 Fig: 1 Fig: 2
or, 3 = 6 – 3
or, 3 = 3
 Deficient Truss:
A structure that is made of members less than sufficient that leads to change of shape
when load is added, leading to collapsing of structure.

Such trusses are unable to carry any loads. So, such trusses are unstable which undergo
deformation.

Not very efficient and optimized.

In Fig-1
m=4
j=4
m<2j-3
or, 4< (2 x 4)-3
or, 4 < 8-3
or, 4 < 5
Fig: 1
 Redundant Truss:
A structure that is made of members more than sufficient that doesn’t let the shape of
the structure to change.

Very efficient and optimized.

In Fig-1
m=6
j=4
m>2j-3
or, 6> (2x4) – 3
or, 6> 8 – 3
or, 6 > 5
Fig: 1
 Statically Determinate Truss:
Truss in which we can find the forces in all the members of the truss by applying the
three conditions of equilibrium is known as statically determinate truss. They are also
referred to as a perfect truss.

All the trusses which we have solved were statically determinate. For a truss to be
statically determinate, the following condition has to be satisfied-

m = 2j-r

Here,

m = Number of Members
j = Number of joints
r = Number of Reactions
 Statically Indeterminate Truss:
A truss in which we cannot find the forces in all the members of the truss using
conditions of equilibrium is known as a statically indeterminate truss. They are also
referred to as Imperfect truss and don’t satisfy the relation

m = 2j –r
 Types of Trusses
(on the basis of their design and working mechanism)

Pitched Truss Parallel Chord Truss

 Pitched Truss
In pitched truss, the chord (upper stringer) and bottom (the lower stringer) are not
parallel. The chord of the truss is extended outward like an arch or a cone. The
extended chord of the truss provides extra strength to the truss. The pitched trusses are
used in constructing roofs of the buildings, especially in the area of snowfall. The
cone-shaped roofs do not allow the snowfall dump on the roof while making the
snowfall slip down from the edges of the roof.
 Parallel Chord Truss
A parallel truss is made up of the parallel chord and bottom. The chord and bottom run
straight in a parallel path. Both the stringers (chord and bottom) are interconnected by
means of struts (the connecting rods). If compared, the pitched trusses are stronger
than the parallel truss. A parallel truss is generally used instead of girders and
beams.
Mixing both of the types the truss are further classified into the following types:
1.Warren Truss
2.Octet Truss
3.Prat Truss
4.Bowstring Truss
5.King post Truss
6.Lenticular Truss
7.Town’s Lattice Truss
8.Vierendeel Truss
 Warren Truss
It is a very simple type of trusses, in which the truss members form a series of
equilateral triangles. These are included in the category of the parallel truss.

Fig: Warren Truss

 Octet Truss
In this type of trusses, the truss members are made up of all equivalent equilateral
triangles. This is a very complicated truss, in which each triangle is associated with
the other in multi-dimensions. This type of truss is strongest as compared to the
rest of the types. This type of trusses is designed with very high skill and is very
difficult to understand.

Fig: Octet Truss

 Pratt Truss
In 1844, the engineers of the Boston railway track designed it. Two types of members
are used in this truss. One is vertical and the other is a diagonal member. The two
types of members consecutively, follow one another. The vertical members are for
compression and the diagonal members are for responding tension.

Fig: Pratt Truss

 Bowstring Truss
Bowing Strings are used in this type of trusses. The bowstrings act as an arch. These
strings give extra turgidity to the truss. These were, first used in World War II. The need
for such type of trusses was felt, the curved roof of aircraft was to be designed.

Fig: Bowstring Truss

 King post Truss
In this type of trusses, two angled members/struts support a vertical strut. It is very
simple to design but frequently used truss. In this design, the vertical member/strut is
called Kingpost.

Fig: King post Truss

 Lenticular Truss
Lenticular Truss was, first time used in the Gaunless Railway bridge of Stockholm and
Darlington in 1823. In this type the top and the bottom chord, both are arched and
connect with each other at both ends.

Fig: Lenticular Truss

 Town’s Lattice Truss
In these trusses, the inclined members are used which cross over one another at frequent
points. An American architect “Itheal Town” designed it, this is why is known after his
name.

Fig: Town’s Lattice Truss

 Vierendeel Truss
A Vierendeel truss has vertical web members rigidly connected to parallel top and
bottom chords. Because it has no diagonals, it is not true truss and behaves structurally
as a rigid frame structure. The top chord resists compression forces while the bottom
chord is stressed in tension, similar to a true truss. However, because no diagonals are
present, the chords must also resist shear forces and bending moments develop at the
joints between the chords and vertical web members.

Vierendeel trusses are less efficient than conventional trusses having a similar depth
and are prone to greater deflection.
 Fig: Albert Canal Fig: Vierendeel Bridge

Fig: Geneva Street Bridge Fig: Gutsav-Helnemann Brucke

 Applications of Truss
 Roof Truss: A roof truss is designed to carry the load of a roof at its top. For
example the roof over a railway platform is usually supported on a truss, or
industrial sheds have roof truss, even the roof of stadiums is usually supported on
truss. There are many other applications of roof truss.

 Bridge Truss: A bridge truss is designed to support the floor of a bridge. Usually
railway bridges are steel fabricated truss.

 Towers: Electrical transmission towers are steel trusses in vertical position. They
carry the load and tension of the heavy electrical cables supported on them.
 Advantages of Roof Trusses
 Roof trusses have become more popular than rafters in recent years for a few
reasons. Perhaps the biggest reason trusses are more common is that they are over
30% cheaper than rafters.

Fig: Rafters
 Roof trusses use lighter materials and are able to be produced and purchased in large
quantities, driving down the price. The labor costs associated with trusses are also
lower, as they don’t require the skilled labor of an expert carpenter.

 Another big advantage of truss systems is that they distribute the weight of the roof
onto the exterior walls of the house, not the interior walls.

 There are countless truss designs to create the roof framing for almost any roof style.
From gable roofing, to hip roof sections, there is a truss that will meet your needs.
 Analysis of Truss
Assumptions on which the analysis would be based:

 All the members are pin jointed.

 All the members are assumed to two force members.
 Truss members are connected together at their ends only.
 Trusses are connected together by frictionless pins.
 The truss is loaded at the joints only.
 The self weight of the truss is considered as negligible in comparison with the other
external forces acting on a truss.
 The cross section of the members of trusses is uniform.
 Analysis of Truss
Analysis of Truss

Method of Joint Method of Section

 Method of Joint
This method is based on the principle “If the truss is in equilibrium, an isolated joint
of the truss will also be in equilibrium.”
 Method of Joint
The detailed procedure for analysis by this method is stated below:

 Verify the stability and determinacy of the structure. If the truss is stable and
determinate, then proceed to the next step.
 Find the reactions at the supports of the truss by applying condition of equilibrium
(COE) to the entire truss.
 Isolate a joint from the truss which has not more than two members with unknown
force.
 Draw the isolated free-body diagram of the selected joint, and indicate the axial
forces in all members meeting at the joint as tensile (i.e. as pulling away from the
joint).
 Apply the two equations ΣFX=0 and ΣFY=0 to determine the member axial forces.
If the value obtained is negative it implies that the assumption was incorrect and
the member carries compressive force and not tensile force.
 Mark the magnitude and nature of the force so obtained on the parent truss and no
isolate another joint having not more than two members with unknown force.
 Continue the analysis by proceeding to the next joint.
 Tabulate the results indicating the member, its force magnitude and the nature of the
force.

 Zero-force member
A zero force member is one that is not subjected to any axial load. Sometimes, such
members are introduced into the truss system to prevent the buckling and vibration of
other members.
The truss-member arrangements that result in zero force members are listed as
follows:

 If noncollinearity exists between two members meeting at a joint that is not

subjected to any external force, then the two members are zero force members.
 If three members meet at a joint with no external force, and two of the members are
collinear, the third member is a zero force member.

 If two members meet at a joint, and an applied force at the joint is parallel to one
member and perpendicular to the other, then the member perpendicular to the applied
force is a zero force member.