Chapter 1

PLANTATION AND ADOPTATION OF A TREE

1.1 Introduction
Adoptations is the special charateristics that enable plants and animals to be successful in a
particular environment. Camouflage, as in a toad’s ability to blend in with its surroundings, is
a common example of an adoptation. These adoptations are special features that help them to
make the most of the surrounding area. They also explain why some plants are found in
certain areas, but not in others. Adoptations evolve over a long period of time, and they are
inheritable, meaning they are passed on to offspring.

1.2 Objective
The theory of adaptation was proposed by Charles Darwin which states that an organism that
is able to adapt to the changing environment will survive, the rest will be
eliminated.Adaptations98 are special traits that allow plants to meet their needs. They are
inherited, and evolve over time in response to particular conditions. Adaptations make it
easier for plants to survive in their specific habitat, and reproduce, passing those traits on to
their offspring. All plants, no matter where they grow, are adapted to certain conditions,
which can include temperature, available water, soil type, and interactions with animals and
other organisms. An adaptation that increases a plant’s chances of surviving in one habitat
may not be beneficial in another habitat. The conservatory is divided into three biomes:
tropical, warm temperate, and arid. Biomes are defined by their climate. As you walk
between the different houses, note the changes in temperature and moisture in the air. Only
the plants that are adapted to those conditions can survive in that biome. While you explore
the three houses, use the chart below to record some notes about plant adaptations in each
biome. Write down the names of a few plants that have the adaptations listed, draw the
adaptation, or record your other observations.

1.3 Details
Tree plantation is not only good for the environment and the earth, but it is also a way in
which we can help in making the world a better and cleaner place to five in, as trees help to
bring down the levels of pollution. That is why on 22/11/2022 Mr. Steevan Robert Tellis,
Assistant Profesor gave on talk plantation and adoptation of a tree . He taught us how to
nurture a plant and get good result out of it. He has given information about the following
topics,
1.Various ways of home garden
The home garden covers the production of vegetables for family use. "It is an important but
inexperienced way of providing a continuous supply of fresh vegetables for the family table.
Yields from the home garden contribute to the family nutrition and may even provide
additional income." A well-developed home garden contributes significantly to daily food
needs. It can supply households with nearly all the non-staple foods they need, such as fruit,
vegetables, legumes, coconuts and root crops as well as spices, tea, coffee, medicines and
flowers for ornamental purposes or for sale.

Figure 1.1 Kitchen Gardening

Kitchen gardening is separated from the rest of the backyard, with its decorative plants and
grassy expanses. It can be used as a place where fruits, vegetables, herbs, and other plants are
all cultivated together. A personal kitchen garden should be based on the vegetables and
herbs that you use most often in your own cuisine. Containers and climbers may be used to
maximise limited space. It’s best to keep your kitchen garden in a sunny location, close to a
supply of water and handy to the kitchen.

Figure 1.2 Herb Gardening

Herb gardens are landscaped areas filled with culinary and medicinal plants. As a matter of
fact, herb plants are frequently overlooked when it comes to landscape design. For the most
part, herbs are worth cultivating because of their pleasant aromas and beautiful blossoms. It’s
not only for garnishing salads, spicing up dull veggies, or snipping a few leaves off of meats
to enhance the taste. Herbs like calendula and borage offer a dash of colour to a garden. Most
herbs are delicate winter annuals when it comes to cultivation. Once they’ve been planted in
the right soil, they thrive and don’t need a lot of daily attention. Herbs thrive in containers
and raised beds. It’s important to choose soil and a container that are proportional to the sort
of herb you’re growing so that the roots don’t become too wet.

Figure 1.3 Upside-Down Gardening

You may maximise the amount of room in your garden by growing certain crops upside
down, regardless of whether you’re attempting to produce more food or are low on space.
Tomatoes are usually grown in this manner. Consider growing tomatoes upside down if you
love them but are worried you won’t have enough space to grow as many as you want (or any
at all).When it comes to growing tomatoes upside down, you may either buy a specialised
container or create your own out of a bucket. It doesn’t matter how you look at it; either way,
they’re a great source of food for many people. Tomatoes may also be used to make salsa,
salads, or soups, making them a versatile ingredient.
2.Layout plan and choosing what to grow
Consider the factors that will affect how your garden will grow — sunlight, shade, wind,
drainage, access to water, foot traffic patterns — and the balance between lawn, shrubs,
flowers and vegetables. A landscape analysis that considers these and other factors is an
important first step in garden planning. Before you know what you want, you need to figure
out what you have. Start by drawing a map of your yard with existing trees, shrubs, slopes,
patios and whatever else is out there. The map can be as formal (a scale version on graph
paper) or casual as your need for detail dictates, but the more accurate it is, the more
thorough your garden plan will be. Make note of the factors noted above that influence the
kind of plantings that will follow. Locate areas with full sun and partial shade. Indicate places
that are sheltered from the wind and where the best soil is. Also note the paths people take to
get from one place to another. These might be actual paths of brick or stone, or just the routes
that commonly get used. Are there places the kids like to play or the dogs use? And consider
the viewing angles when placing plant groups and gardens. Water sources are another
important detail to add to the map, whether that means underground sprinklers or simply a
spigot. Elevations are also important. Does the land slope towards its borders or rise in the
centre? Generally, you’ll want drainage to move away from your home, not toward it.

Consider what you want,After you’ve mapped out the yard and have a thorough
understanding of what’s out there, it’s time to figure out what you want. There are a lot of
ways to start thinking about your garden plans. One way is to walk around your
neighborhood and take note of what you like and don’t like. Or peruse gardening books ,
magazines or apps like . Take a field trip to your local garden store and ask a lot of questions,
particularly about what plants are best suited to your area.Design your garden around a
theme. Do you want an organic vegitable gardening, or simply a landscape to sit and relax in?
Will your family want a lawn to play catch on? An outdoor room to host dinner parties in?
Something low maintenance, or a place to spend a lot of time playing with plants?

Choosing Plants,There are several things to consider when picking out plants. Budget, ease of
care, compatibility with neighboring plants, aesthetics and size all come into play in garden
design.When choosing trees and shrubs, consider their height and width at maturity. A
sapling takes up a lot less room than a full-grown tree. Not only do trees need adequate space
and resources, they can be damaging to houses and sidewalks if planted too close. Large trees
and shrubs can shade out other plants, so carefully decide the size and location suitable to
your plan.

Figure 1.4 Talk on plantation

3.Chemical Control
A variety of chemicals are available that have been designed to control plant diseases
by inhibiting the growth of or by killing the disease-causing pathogens. Chemicals used to
control bacteria (bactericides), fungi , and nematodes (nematicides) may be applied to seeds,
foliage, flowers, fruit, or soil. They prevent or reduce infections by utilizing various
principles of disease control. Eradicants are designed to kill a pathogen that may be present in
the soil, on the seeds, or on vegetative propagative organs, such as bulbs, corms, and tubers.
Protectants place a chemical barrier between the plant and the pathogen. Therapeutic
chemicals are applied to combat an infection in progress.

Soil treatments are designed to kill soil-inhabiting nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. This
eradication can be accomplished using steam or chemical fumigants. Soilborne nematodes
can be killed by applying granular or liquid nematicides. Most soil is treated well before
planting; however, certain fungicides can be mixed with the soil at planting time.
Seeds, bulbs, corms, and tubers are frequently treated with chemicals to eradicate pathogenic
bacteria, fungi, and nematodes and to protect the seeds against organisms in the soil—mainly
fungi—that cause decay and damping off Seeds are often treated with systemic fungicides,
which are absorbed and provide protection for the growing seedling.

Protective sprays and dusts applied to the foliage and fruit of crops and ornamentals include a
wide range of organic chemicals designed to prevent infection. Protectants are not absorbed
by or translocated through the plant; thus, they protect only those parts of the plant treated
before invasion by the pathogen. A second application is often necessary because the
chemical may be removed by wind, rain, or irrigation or may be broken down by sunlight.
New, untreated growth also is susceptible to infection. New chemicals are constantly being
developed.

Biological Control of plant diseases involves the use of organisms other than humans to
reduce or prevent infection by a pathogen. These organisms are called antagonists; they may
occur naturally within the host’s environment, or they may be purposefully applied to those
parts of the potential host plant where they can act directly or indirectly on the pathogen.

Although the effects of biological control have long been observed, the mechanisms by
which antagonists achieve control is not completely understood. Several methods have been
observed: some antagonists produce antibiotics that kill or reduce the number of closely
related pathogens; some are parasites on pathogens; and others simply compete with
pathogens for available food.

Cultural practices that favour a naturally occurring antagonist and exploit its beneficial action

often are effective in reducing disease. One technique is to incorporate green manure, such as
alfalfa, into the soil. Saprotrophic microorganisms feed on the green manure, depriving
potential pathogens of available nitrogen. Another practice is to make use of suppressive soils
—those in which a pathogen is known to persist but causes little damage to the crop. A likely
explanation for this phenomenon is that suppressive soils harbour antagonists that compete
with the pathogen for food and thereby limit the growth of the pathogen population.

Other antagonists produce substances that inhibit or kill potential pathogens occurring in

close proximity. An example of this process, called antibiosis, is provided by marigold roots,
which release terphenyls, chemicals that are toxic to several species of nematodes and fungi.

Only a few antagonists have been developed specifically for use in plant-disease
control. Citrus trees are inoculated with an attenuated strain of tristeza virus, which
effectively controls the virulent strain that causes the disease. An avirulent strain
of Agrobacterium radiobacter (K84) can be applied to plant wounds to prevent crown
gall caused by infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Many more specific antagonists
are being investigated and hold much promise for future control of disease.

Therapeutic measures have been used much less often in plant pathology than in human or
animal medicine. The recent development of systemic fungicides such as oxathiins,
benzimidazoles, and pyrimidines have enabled growers to treat many plants after an infection
has begun. Systemic chemicals are absorbed by and translocated within the plant, restricting
the spread and development of pathogens by direct or indirect toxic effects or by increasing
the ability of the host to resist infection.
 Figure 1.5 Chemical Control

1.4 CONCLUSION
“Adopt a plant and years later, the same plant after becoming a tree will adopt you”.
Therefore, we conclude that trees should be regularly planted to save the mankind and the
animal world. Tree plantation and its after-care is a pleasing work too. We can get much
pleasure in planting trees and in taking care of them. Students should plant trees in their
school-compounds and in the front – yards of their schools and near their own houses and in
other places wherever possible. They should explain to their neighbours the goodness of tree-
plantation and encourage them to plant and care new trees. We should consider the fact we all
need trees and trees are important to us humans. Save them and they will save us in return.
Plant more trees and as you plant trees you are planting life too because of the fact that they
are giving us fresh air, woods that we people used to build our houses. We should protect
them because they are helping us.

1.5 REFERENCES

https://www.allthatgrows.in/blogs/posts/gardening-tips-for-beginners
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=1578
https://msutreehugger.weebly.com/chapter-v-conclusions-and-
recommendations.html