References

1. Leidenfrost, J. G. De Aquae Communis Nonnullis Qualitatibus Tractatus (Johann Straube, Duisburg, Germany, 1756).

2. Elbahri, M., Paretkar, D., Hirmas, K., Jebril, S. & Adelung, R. Anti-lotus effect for nanostructuring at the leidenfrost temperature. Adv.
Mater. 19, 1262-1266 (2007).

3. Elbahri, M., Adelung, R. & Paretkar, D. Method for producing nanostructures on a substrate. US Patent 7,914,850 (2011).

4. Baumeister, K. J. & Simon, F. F. Leidenfrost temperature-its correlation for liquid metals, cryogens, hydrocarbons, and water. J. Heat
Transfer 95, 166-173 (1973).

5. Skripov, V. P. Metastable Liquids (Wiley, 1974).

6. Yao, S. C. & Henry, R. E. An investigation of the minimum film boiling temperature on horizontal surfaces. J. Heat Transfer 100, 260-
267 (1978).

7. Nikolayev, G. P., Bychenkov, V. V. & Skripov, V. P. Saturated heat transfer to evaporating droplets from a hot wall at different
pressures. Heat Transfer Soviet Res. 6, 128-132 (1974).

8. Bernardin, J. D. & Mudawar, I. A cavity activation and bubble growth model of the leidenfrost point. ASME J. Heat Transfer 124, 864-
874 (2002).

9. Kim, H., Truong, B., Buongiorno, J. & Hu, L.-W. On the effect of surface roughness height, wettability, and nanoporosity on
Leidenfrost phenomena. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 083121-083123 (2011).

10. Carey, V. P. Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena (Hemisphere Pub, Corp, Washington, DC, 1992).

11. Avedisian, C. T. The homogeneous nucleation limits of liquids. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 695-729 (1985).

12. Rabady, R. I. Modes of heat transfer in the Leidenfrost effect. Heat Trans. Rev. 41, 129-135 (2010).

13. Attinger, D. & Poulikakos, D. On quantifying interfacial thermal resistance and surface energy during molten microdroplet surface
deposition. Atom. Sprays 13, 309-319 (2003).
 14. Biance, A., Clanet, C. & Quere, D. Leidenfrost drops. Phys. Fluids 15, 1632-1637 (2003).

15. Burton, J. C., Sharpe, A. L., van der Veen, R. C. A., Franco, A. & Nagel, S. R. Geometry of the vapor layer under a Leidenfrost drop.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 074301-074304 (2012).

16. Stow, C. D. Atmospheric electricity. Rep. Prog. Phys. 32, 1-67 (1969).

17. Volta, A. & George, H. Del Modo di Render Sensibilissima la piu Debole Elettricita sia Naturale, sia Artificiale. By Mr. Alexander Volta,
Professor of Experimental Philosophy in Como, &c. &c.; Communicated by the Right Hon George Earl Cowper, F. R. S. Phil. Trans. R.
Soc. London 72, 237-xxxiii (1782).

18. Faraday, M. Experimental Researches in Electricity (Dover, New York 21-106, 1965).

19. Lenard, P. Über Wasserfallelektrizität und über die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit

der Flüssigkeiten. Ann. Phys. 352, 463-524 (1915).

20. Holmes, A. Principles of Physical Geology (Nelson, London 316-330, 1966).

21. Anderson, R. et al. Electricity in volcanic clouds. Science 148, 1179-1189 (1965).

22. Andreev, S. N. et al. Generation of an electrical signal upon the interaction of laser radiation with water surface. Laser Phys. 17,
1041-1052 (2007).

23. Blanchard, D. C. Positive space charge from the sea. J. Atmos. Sci. 23, 507-515 (1966).

24. Gilbert, H. W. & Shaw, P. E. Electrical charges arising at a liquid- gas interface. Proc. Phys. Soc. London 37, 195-214 (1925).

25. Leberman, R. & Soper, A. K. Effect of high salt concentrations on water structure. Nature 378, 364-366 (1995).

26. Liu, B. & Zeng, H. C. Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods in the diameter regime of 50 nm. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4430-4431
(2003).
27. Kan, C. X., Cai, W. P., Fu, G. H., Li, C. C. & Zhang, L. D. Synthesis and thermal stability of gold nanowires within monolithic
mesoporous silica. Appl. Phys. A 78, 1187-1191 (2004).

28. Sue, K., Kimura, K., Yamamoto, M. & Arai, K. Rapid hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods without organics. Mater. Lett. 58, 3350-
3352 (2004).

29. Sawyer, D. T. & Roberts, J. L. Hydroxide ion: an effective one-electron reducing agent? Acc. Chem. Res. 21, 469-476 (1988).

30. Gitis, D., Mukhopadhyay, S., Rothenberg, G. & Sasson, Y. Solid/liquid palladium-catalyzed coupling of haloaryls using alcohols as
reducing agents: kinetics and process optimization. Org. Proc. Res. Dev. 7, 109-114 (2003).

31. Faraday, M. Experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light-The Bakerian Lecture. Phil. Trans. 14, 512-539 (1857).

32. Swanson, H. E. & Tatge, E. Z. Angew. Phys. 8, 297-299 (1956).

33. Bönnemann, H. & Richards, R. Nanoscopic metal particles-synthetic methods and potential applications. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2455-
2480 (2001).

34. Gates, B. D. et al. New approaches to nanofabrication: molding, printing, and other techniques. Chem. Rev. 105, 1171-1196 (2005).
35. Stergiou, A., Kerasiotis, I. & Stergiou, C. Crystallographic study of mixture Bao.6Ndo.4CuOy, in the range of annealing temperatures
860°-910°C. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 9, 2799-2803 (2007).

36. Jiang, X., Herricks, T. & Xia, Y. CuO nanowires can be synthesized by heating copper substrates in air. Nano Lett. 2, 1333-1338 (2002).

37. Yang, Q., Yan, P. X., Chang, J. B., Feng, J. J. & Yue, G. H. Growth of bicrystal CuO microsheets from aqueous solution. Phys. Lett. A
361, 493-496 (2007).

38. Bryce, C. T., Steiner, S. A. & Luther, E. P. Nanoporous metal foams. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4544-4565 (2010).
39. Biener, J. et al. Nanoporous plasmonic metamaterials. Adv. Mater. 20, 1211- 1217 (2008).

40. Wang, X. & Mujumdar, A. S. Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: a review. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 46, 1-19 (2007).

41. Aberle, C., Lewis, M., Yu, G., Lei, N. & Xu, J. Liquid marbles as thermally robust droplets: coating-assisted Leidenfrost-like effect. Soft
Matter 7, 11314-11318 (2011).

42. Tsapis, N. et al. Onset of buckling in drying droplets of colloidal suspensions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 018302-018305 (2005).

43. Søndergaard, T. et al. Plasmonic black gold by adiabatic nanofocusing and absorption of light in ultra-sharp convex grooves. Nat.
Commun. 3, 969 (2012).

44. Aydin, K., Ferry, V. E., Briggis, R. M. & Atwater, H. A. Broadband polarization- independent resonant light absorption using ultrathin
plasmonic super absorbers. Nat. Commun. 2, 517 (2011).
45. Hedayati, M. K. et al. Design of a perfect black absorber at visible frequencies using plasmonic metamaterials. Adv. Mater. 23, 5410-
5414 (2011).

46. Stec, H. M. & Hatton, R. A. Plasmon-active nano-aperture window electrodes for organic photovoltaics. Adv. Energy Mater. 3, 193-
199 (2012).

47. Lang, X., Qian, L., Guan, P., Zi, J. & Chen, M. Localized surface plasmon resonance of nanoporous gold. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 093701-
093703 (2011).