Pe Bio CH4

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering| Gashaye G.
4.1. AC - DC CONVERTER (RECTIFIER)
 Several types of rectifier circuits are available: Single-phase and three-phase, half-wave and full-wave,
controlled and uncontrolled, etc.
 For a given application, the type used is determined by the requirements of that application. In general the types
of rectifiers are:
a. Uncontrolled Rectifiers: Provide a fixed dc output voltage for a given ac supply where diode is used only.
b.Controlled Rectifiers: Provide an adjustable dc output voltage by controlling the phase at which the devices
are turned on, where thyristors are used. These are of two types:
i. Half-controlled: Allows electrical power flow from ac to dc. (i.e. rectification only) .
ii. Fully-controlled: Allows power flow in both directions (i.e. rectification and inversion).
19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

4.1. AC - DC CONVERTER (RECTIFIER)
 There are many applications for rectifiers. Some of them are:
» Variable speed dc drives,
» Battery chargers,
» DC power supplies for electric railways and,
» Power supply for a specific application like electroplating.
 Basically the study of rectifier circuit is concentrated on study of waveforms as well as circuit analysis with the
assumptions that:
(1) No energy is stored within a rectifier.
(2) The forward vo1tge drop, and reverse and forward leakage currents in diodes and thyristors are neglected.
(3) The pulse is of sufficient amplitude to switch on the appropriate thyristor.

4.1.1 Single-phase Uncontrolled Rectifier
 In this type of rectifier, the output dc. power is fixed with the converter used.
 They usually employ diodes as their power switches.
 The following subsections deal with the basic operation of some examples of uncontrolled rectifiers single-
phase half-wave rectifier loaded with resistive and series resistive inductive loads.

i. Single-Phase Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Resistive Load
(a) Circuit
𝑽𝟎 = 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 , 𝟎−𝞹
Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier
𝑽𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝞹 − 𝟐𝞹

 For this configuration, the diode will conducts (becomes forward biased) whenever the supply
voltage VS is positive. This means that, during the positive half cycle, (0 < ωt < π).
 The diode conducts and behaves like a closed switch connecting the supply to the load.
 Current io will flow through the load with value io= Vo / R and since the load is resistive, the load
current waveform will be replica of the voltage waveform.
 The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows:

𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑚
 The average value of the load current Idc is, 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = =
𝑅 𝜋𝑅
𝑉𝑚2
 The output dc power is given by, 𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝜋2 𝑅
 The rms value of the load voltage Vorms can be calculated over one cycle as follows:

Therefore, the rms value of the load current Iorms is :
The output ac power is
The performance of a rectifier can be, evaluated in terms of the following parameters:
1. The output dc. power is given by
2. The output ac. power is given by
3. The efficiency of the converter is given by

4. Output a.c. component: The output voltage can be considered to have two components: including (i)
d.c. value and (ii) the a.c. components or ripple. It is called effective rms of output Voltage. The rms
value of the ac. component of the output voltage is
5. Form Factor, FF : It is a measure of the shape of the output voltage.
6. Ripple factor, RF : It is a measure of the ripple content or the degree of distortion in a rectified voltage
waveform which can be calculated as

7. Transformer utilization factor, TUF: This is defined as
Where,
Vs: rms voltage of the transformer secondary and Is : rms current of the transformer secondary
8. Displacement Factor, DF
Where, “ Ф” is the phase angle between the fundamental component of the input current and voltage.
9. Harmonic Factor, HF
Where, I1 : the fundamental rms component of the input current.

10.Power factor PF: For rectifier , this is defined as
Reading assignment, Single-Phase Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier a) with L, C, RL Load and RLC load
b) with Freewheeling Diode
Example 4.1: An ideal single-phase source, 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 240 V, 50 Hz, supplies power to a load
resistor R = 100 Ω via a single ideal diode.
(a) Calculate the average and rms values of the load current and the power dissipation.
(b) Calculate the circuit Form Factor, power factor and the ripple factor.
(c) What must be the rating of the diode?
Solution
𝑉𝑚 2 × 240𝑉 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = = = 108.04𝑉, 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 169.7𝑉
𝜋 𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚 2 × 240𝑉 339.4𝑉
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝑨
𝜋𝑅 𝜋×𝑅 𝜋 × 100𝝮
𝑉𝑚 339.4
𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝑨
2𝑅 2 × 100

The average power dissipation in the load resistor R is given
The rating of the diode is determined as,
by the average ac. power:
𝑉𝑚 = 2𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 × 240𝑉 = 339.4𝑉
Cℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 400𝑉 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚ൗ2𝑅 = 339.4Τ200 = 1.697𝐴=2A
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 169.7 diode rating

Form factor 𝐹𝐹 = = = =2.298
𝑉𝑎𝑐 2 2 169.72 −108.042
𝑉0𝑟𝑚𝑠 −𝑉𝑑𝑐

ii, Single-phase Full-wave Uncontrolled Rectifiers with resistive load
 For this configuration, two diodes always conducting during the same interval to provide a closed loop for the
current.
 D1 and D2 conduct whenever the supply voltage (VS) is positive while D3 and D4 conduct whenever the supply
voltage (VS) is negative as shown in figure below.

(a) Circuit.
Single-phase full-wave rectifier with resistive load. (b) Waveforms

The load current will have the same waveform as the load voltage,
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows:
The average value of the load current Idc is
The rms value of the load voltage Vorms can be calculated as follows:

The rms value of the load current 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 is
The output of the ac power is,
𝐼0𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
Power factor, cos ∅ =
𝑉𝑠
Reading assignment: Single-Phase Full-Wave rectifier
a) Center-Tapped Uncontrolled Rectifier with R, RL, and RC load
b) Loaded with highly inductive load

Example 4.2: For the single-phase, full-wave, uncontrolled rectifier the supply voltage is 110 V, 50 Hz. The
load resistor is 25 Ω, calculate:
a) The average values of the output voltage and current.
b) The rms values of the output voltage and current.
c) The dc. power consumed by the load (Pdc) and the average value of the power delivered to the load
(Pac). Sketch the appropriate load voltage and diode voltage waveforms.
Solution

The load voltage and diode voltage waveforms are shown
in figure below

4.1.2 Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers
i. Single phase half wave Controlled rectifier with resistive load
The half-wave controlled rectifier, full use is not being made of the ac. supply voltage waveform; only the positive
half-cycle is used.
(a) Circuit. (b) Waveforms

The half-wave controlled rectifier

In this arrangement
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 = 2𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜃
Where 𝑉𝑚 and 𝑉𝑠 are the maximum and rms value of the supply voltage respectively.
 The thyristor is turned on in the positive half-cycle, sometime after supply voltage zero, by the application of a
gate pulse with delay angle 𝛼.
 In the negative half-cycle, the thyristor is reverse biased and cannot switch on.
 The larger delay angle, the smaller is the average load voltage.

 Average load Voltage (𝑽𝒂𝒗 ): Average load voltage is found by calculating the area under the voltage curve then
dividing by the length of the base. For any delay angle 𝛼, the average load voltage is given by,
1 𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = න 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑ω𝑡 = 1 + cos 𝛼
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚 2𝜋
The maximum average voltage at 𝛼=0˚
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 +cos 0 =
2𝜋 𝜋
The average load current is
𝑉𝑎𝑣ൗ 𝑉𝑚ൗ
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑅 (1 + cos 𝛼)
Root-mean-square load voltage (𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 ): the square root of the average value of the square of the time-varying
voltage gives the rms value:
1/2
1 𝜋 2 2 𝑉𝑚 1/2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 + 1/2 sin 2𝛼
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚 2 𝜋

The value of rms current is
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅
Power delivered to the resistive load is
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 2 𝑅
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑅
The input VA is
2𝑉𝑠 2 1/2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 + 1/2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
2 𝜋𝑅 2
The input power factor is
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
𝑝𝑓 = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 2𝑉𝑠,
Reading assignment: Single- phase half-wave controlled rectifiers with
a) RL-load
b) RL-load and freewheeling diode
Example 4.3: A single phase 230V voltage , 1Kw heater is connected across single phase 230V, 50Hz supply,
through on SCR. For the firing angle delays of 45° and 90°. Calculate the power absorbed in the heater element.
Solution
Heater resistance is determined as,
𝑉𝑠2ൗ 230 2
ൗ100 = 52.9Ω
𝑅= 𝑃=
The rms voltage for 𝛼=45° is,
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ 𝜋 − 𝛼 + 1/2 sin 2𝛼]1/2
2 𝜋
2𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ 𝜋 − 𝝿/4 + 1/2 sin 90°]1/2 = 155.07𝑉
2 𝜋

The power absorbed by the heater element for 𝛼=45°
2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 (155.071)2
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏 = = = 454.57watt
𝑅 52.9
The rms voltage for 𝛼=90° is,
2 × 230
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ 𝜋 − 𝝿/2 + 1/2 sin 180°]1/2 = 115𝑉
2 𝜋
2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 (115)2
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏 = = = 250watt
𝑅 52.9
Reading assignment: single-phase half-wave controlled rectifiers
 With pure RL load
 With pure RL load and Freewheeling Diode
 Single phase full-wave semi-controlled rectifier

ii, Single phase full-wave Fully-controlled rectifiers schematic circuits
(b)
(a)
(c) (d)
Single phase full wave controlled rectifiers schematic circuits
Single-phase Full-wave Fully Controlled Bridge With resistive Load
 The bridge thyristor can only conduct in one direction, but without diodes in the bridge the load voltage
can reverse due to the load inductance, the load current continues to circulate, and current is circulated
back to the mains against the direction of the mains voltage.
 The circuit and waveforms are given in Figure for the next slide. In this circuit, the outgoing thyristor
are turned off, or commutated, by reverse bias from the supply, when the incoming thyristor are
switched on, i.e. there is no load current zero:

single phase full -wave controlled rectifier with resistive load

 The average value of the load voltage can be calculated as follows
𝜋
𝑉𝑚ൗ
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 1ൗ𝜋 න 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 1 + cos 𝛼
𝛼
 The rms value of the load voltage can be calculated as follows,
𝜋 1/2 2 𝜋 1/2
1 𝑉𝑚 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝜔𝑡 = න 1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋 𝛼 2
1/2
𝑉𝑚 1 1
= (𝜋 − 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼)
2 𝜋 2
 The rms value of load current is
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = the rms current and average current are equal
𝑅
 Load power
2 𝑅
𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼𝑎𝑣
 Overall power factor;

cos ∅ = 𝑝𝑓 = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑚 / 2,
 Reading assignment:
 single-phase full-wave controlled rectifiers -Mid point converter
 single-phase full-wave controlled rectifiers With pure RL load
 single-phase full-wave semi-controlled Rectifiers

Example 4.4: A full wave fully controlled resistive load with a resistance of 55𝝮 and supply of 110V
at 50Hz. Calculate the values of load current, power and converter power factor for a firing angle delay
𝛼=75°. Solution
Given 𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝛼=75° 𝑅 𝑅
2 × 110
𝑉𝑚 = 2 × 110𝑉 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠75° = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝑨
𝜋
f=50Hz 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣 62.332
𝑃𝐿 = = = 70.64
R= 55𝝮 𝑅 55
Required 𝑉𝑚 1
( (𝜋 − 𝛼 + 1/2sin(2𝛼))1/2
𝐼0𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∗ 𝑅 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝜋
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =? 𝑃𝐿 =? cos ∅ =? cos ∅ = = =
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑚
2
1/2
1 sin 2 ∗ 75°
= 𝜋 − 75° + = 0.663
𝜋 2𝜋

4.1.3 Poly-phase Controlled Rectifiers
 The poly-phase controlled rectifiers are used to convert ac input power supply into dc variable
output voltage across the load. The features of poly-phase controlled rectifiers are:
 Operate from poly-phase ac supply voltage.
 They provide higher dc output voltage and higher dc output power.
 Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
 Filtering requirements are simplified for smoothing output load voltage and load current.
 Poly-phase controlled rectifiers are classified into half-wave and full wave, three-phase, six-phase,
twelve-phase depending on the number of input phases which indicates the number of pulses of the
output voltage waveform.

i, Three-Phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier
 The Three-phase half-wave controlled
rectifier is shown in figure below,
Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier. Case of resistive load.

 The reference phase voltage is 𝑉𝑅𝑁 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . The trigger angle  is measured from the cross
over points of the 3-phase supply voltage waveforms. When the phase supply voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑛 begins its positive
half cycle at 𝜔t = 0 , the first cross over point appears at

𝜋
𝜔𝑡 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 30°
6
𝜋
 The trigger angle  for the thyristor T1 is measured from the cross over point at 𝜔𝑡 = . The thyristor T1 is
6
𝜋 5𝜋
forward biased during the period 𝜔𝑡 = to 30 to , when the phase supply voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑛 has a higher
6 6
𝜋 5𝜋
amplitude than the other phase supply voltages. Hence T1 can be triggered between to . When the
6 6
thyristor T1 is triggered at a trigger angle  , the average or dc output voltage for continuous load current can
determined.
 If the reference phase voltage is 𝑉𝑚𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡 , the average or dc output voltage for continuous load current is
calculated using the equation
5𝜋 5𝜋
1 6
+𝛼
3𝑉𝑚 +𝛼 3𝑉𝑚𝑝 5𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = න 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝜔𝑡 = − cos 𝜔𝑡 6 = (− cos( + 𝛼) + cos( + 𝛼))
2𝜋/3 𝜋+𝛼 𝑚𝑝 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 6 6
6 +𝛼
6
3 3𝑉𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = cos(𝛼)
2𝜋
 The load current 𝐼𝑎𝑣 is:
𝑉𝑎𝑣 3 3𝑉𝑚𝑝
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = cos(𝛼)
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅

 The maximum average or dc voltage is
3 3𝑉𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝜋
 The rms value of output voltage is found by using the equation
5𝜋 1/2
+𝛼
3 6
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝜔
1 3
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑚𝑝 [ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼]1/2
2𝜋 𝜋+𝛼 6 8𝜋
6
 The rms output current is

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 3𝑉𝑚𝑝 1 3
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = [ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼]1/2
𝑅 𝑅 6 8𝜋
 Input power factor,
cos ∅ = 𝑝𝑓 = =
3 ∗ 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 3 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 , / 2

Example 4.5: A three phase half controlled thyristor converter has a highly inductive load of 10𝝮, and a
supply phase rms voltage is 240V at 50Hz.
Determine the values of average load voltage and current rms phase current, load power and converter power
factor for firing angle delay of (a) 𝛼=30° (b) 𝛼=75° (c) what are the maximum values of load power
converter power factor obtained from the circuit?
Three phase half wave Rectifier

S𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
3 3𝑉𝑚𝑝 3 3 2 × 240
𝑅 = 10Ω 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = cos 𝛼 = cos 30° = 243.09𝑉
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑠 = 240𝑉 𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝑉𝑎𝑣
=
243.09𝑉
= 24.3A
𝑅 10
𝑉𝑎𝑣 =?
1 3 1 3
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =? 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 3𝑉𝑚 [ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼]1/2 = 6 × 240[ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠60]1/2 = 263.65𝑉
6 8𝜋 6 8𝜋
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =?
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 263.65
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =? 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 26.365𝐴
𝑅 10
𝑃𝑎𝑣 =? 𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 243.09 × 24.3 = 5.91𝐾𝑊
𝑝𝑓 =? 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅

cos ∅ = 𝑝𝑓 = = = 0.366
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =? 3 ∗ 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 3 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 / 2 ,

ii, Three-Phase Full-wave Fully-Controlled Rectifier
 Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge controlled rectifier using six thyristors connected in
the form of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six thyristors are controlled switches which are
turned on at a appropriate times by applying suitable gate trigger signals.
 The circuit of three phase full-wave controlled rectifiers is shown in figure next slid, in this circuit two
thyristor are fired simultaneously.
 The reference point for successful turn-on is now the cross-over of the line voltages.
 Firing pulses are required every 600.
 The firing sequence of the thyristor is tabulated below for 60 0 intervals.
 Each thyristor is conducting for a 1200 period, and is off for a 2400 period.
Positive cycle TH1 TH1 TH3 TH3 TH5 TH5
Negative cycle TH6 TH2 TH2 TH4 TH4 TH6

Three phase full-wave Fully Controlled Rectifier with resistive load

The average output or dc voltage can calculated as follow
5𝜋 5𝜋
1 6
+𝛼
3𝑉𝑚 +𝛼 3𝑉𝑚𝑝 5𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = න 𝑉𝑚𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝜔𝑡 = − cos 𝜔𝑡 6 = (− cos( + 𝛼) + cos( + 𝛼))
2𝜋/6 +𝛼
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 6 6
6 +𝛼
6
3 3𝑉𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = cos(𝛼)
𝜋
The load current 𝐼𝑎𝑣 is:
𝑉𝑎𝑣 3 3𝑉𝑚𝑝
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = cos(𝛼)
𝑅 𝜋𝑅

 The maximum average or dc voltage is
3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋
 The rms value of output voltage is found by using the equation
5𝜋 1/2
+𝛼
6 6
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝜔
1 3
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑚𝑝 [ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼]1/2
2𝜋 𝜋+𝛼 3 4𝜋
6
 The rms output current is

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 3𝑉𝑚𝑝 1 3
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = [ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼]1/2
𝑅 𝑅 3 4𝜋
 Input power factor,
cos ∅ = 𝑝𝑓 = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑚𝑝 / 2
,

Example 4.6: The three-phase full-wave controlled converter has highly inductive load of 10Ω and a three-
phase supply of 240V at 50Hz. Determine the values of average load voltage and current, rms phase current,
load power and converter power factor for a firing angle delay of (a) α = 300 = (b) α = 750
(c) What are the maximum values of load power and converter power factor obtainable from the circuit?
Compare the solutions with those of Example 4.5.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒐𝒏: 3 × 2 × 240 1 3
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛60˚]1/2
10 3 4𝜋
3 3× 2×240
a) 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = cos(30˚) = 486.17𝑉 3 × 2 × 240 1 3 1
𝜋
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = [ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛60˚]2 = 39.9𝐴
10 3 4𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣 486.17
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = = 48.62𝐴
𝑅 10
cos ∅ = 𝑝𝑓 = =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 3𝑉𝑚 1 3 3 ∗ 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 3 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 / 2,
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = [ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼]1/2
𝑅 𝑅 3 4𝜋 = 0.554

Comparison between Solution of example 4.5 and 4.6 at 𝛼=30°
Half-wave Full-wave
𝑉𝑎𝑣 243.07V 486.17V
𝐼𝑎𝑣 24.3A 48.62A
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 26.365A 39.9A
𝑃𝑎𝑣 5.92KW 23.64KW
𝑝𝑓(cos𝟇) 0.366 0.554
Reading assignment:
 Three-phase Full-wave semi-controlled rectifiers
 Three phase dual converter
 Single phase dual converter

4.2 Chopper (DC-DC converters)
 DC to Dc converters are normally designed to provide out put DC wave forms at adjustable voltage levels.
 These converters, also known as choppers, can be designed to produce fixed output voltage for variable
input voltage or variable output voltage for fixed input voltage.
 Generally, there are three basic types of dc/dc converters:
i. Step-down (buck) converter, where the output voltage of converter is lower than the input voltage.
ii. Step-up (Boost) converter, where the output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
iii.Step-down/step-up (Buck-Boost) converter, where the output voltage can be made either lower or
higher than the input voltage.

Simple Chopper circuit

 The figure also shows the corresponding waveforms. The tope waveform is for the base current I b.
 Since the base current is present for the period 𝑡𝑜𝑛 , the transistor is conduction. While conducting, the load
voltage 𝑉1 is equal to the source voltage 𝑉𝑠 .
 When the base current is not present, the transistor is open and the load voltage is zero.
 If the switching action is represented in a fixed timing pattern (fixed Ʈ) the average voltage of the load
and the load power can be controlled by adjusting 𝑡𝑜𝑛 .
 Assume that the transistor is an ideal device. The average voltage across the load 𝑉𝑎𝑣 is the integration
of the source voltage over the period Ʈ.
1 𝜏 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝜏
1 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = න 𝑉𝑠 𝑑𝑡 = [න 𝑉𝑠 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑜𝑑𝑡] = 𝑉𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑛 − 0 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐷 𝑉𝑠
𝜏 0 𝜏 0 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝜏 𝜏 𝜏

 The output voltage of the converter can be controlled by using one of the two methods:
 By fixing the period Ʈ and adjusting the on time. This method is known as pulse-width modulation (PWM).
Since Ʈ is constant, the switching frequency is constant.
 By fixing the on time and adjusting the period Ʈ. This is called frequency modulation (FM).
 Note that the load voltage fluctuates between zero and Vs in any cycle.
 The current also fluctuates between zero and the maximum value.

i. Buck (Step Down) Converter
 For buck converter the IGBT in series with the reversed connected diode.
 In addition, the circuit has a low-pass filter between the switching device and the load resistance.
 The function of the inductor is to maintain the current fairly constant between the switching segments.
 The capacitor is normally selected large enough to maintain the voltage reasonably constant across the load.
 The inductor current 𝑖𝐿 is equal to the source current since the diode is reverse bias. 𝑖𝐿 is divided into two
components: one small component charges the capacitor, and the other flows the load.
 When the IGBT is open, the inductor current continues to flow to the load through the diode.
 The diode during this period is freewheeling and its current 𝑖𝑑 equals the inductor current.
 During this time, the capacitor also discharges into the load.
Chopper Circuits with Filter

Analysis of the buck converter of figure above begins by making these assumptions:
1. The circuit is operating in the steady state.
2. The inductor current is continuous (always positive).
3. The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is held constant at voltage Vo .
4. The switching period is T; the switch is closed for time DT and open for time (1-D)T.
 Analysis for the IGBT Switch Closed:
di
 The voltage across the inductor is: VL  Vs  Vo  L , Re arranging
dt
di Vs  Vo
 switch closed
dt L
The change in current while the switch closed is computed by modifying the preceding equation.
diL iL iL Vs  Vo  V  VO 

   ( iL ) closed   s  DT
dt t DT L  L 
 Analysis for the IGBT Switch Open:
The voltage across the inductor when the switch is open is:
di di Vo
VL  Vo  L , Re arranging , 
dt dt L switch open
The change in inductor current when the switch is open:
iL iL Vo  Vo 

  , ( iL ) open    1  D  T
t 1  D  T L  L 
Under the steady state condition the time interval of inductor current over a full cycle should be equals to zero.
(iL )closed  (iL )open  0

 V  Vo   Vo 
Thus,  s  DT    1  D  T  0
 L   L
solving for Vo , Vo  Vs D
 The average inductor current must be the same as the average current in the load resistor
Vo
IL  IR 
R
 The maximum and minimum values of the inductor current are computed as:
iL Vo 1 Vo   1 1 D 
I max  IL     (1  D )T  I max  Vo   
2 R 2 L   R 2 Lf 
iL Vo 1  Vo 
I min  IL     L (1  D )T 
2 R 2  
 1 1 D 
I min  Vo   
R 2 Lf 
Where, f  1 T is switching frequency

 Since Imin=0 is the boundary between continuous and discontinuous current,
 1 1 D  (1  D ) R
I min  0  Vo    , ( Lf ) min 
 R 2 Lf  2
 If the desired switching frequency is established
(1  D ) R
( L ) min 
2f for continuous current
 The value of inductance for a specified peak-to-peak inductor current for continuous-current operation:
 Vs  Vo   Vs  Vo   1 D 
( iL )    DT    D  Vo   , or
 L   Lf   Lf 
 1 D 
L  Vo  
 iL f 
The power supplied by the source must be the same as the power absorbed by the load resistor
Vo I
Ps  Po  Vs I s  Vo I o or  s
Vs Io
•Example 4. 7
For a buck converter, R=1 ohm, Vs=40 V, V0=5 V, fs=4 kHz, L=60mH. Find the duty ratio and “on” time of the
switch., the voltage across the inductor, the inductor current , the inductor maximum and minimum current
Solution
D = V0 /Vs = 5/40 = 0.125 = 12.5%
Ts = 1/fs = 0.25 ms = 250 ms 1 1−𝐷
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 + = 5.01𝐴
ton = DTs = 31.25 ms 𝑅 2𝐿𝑓
toff = Ts – ton = 218.75 ms 1 1−𝐷

𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜 − = 4.99𝐴
When the switch is “on”: VL = Vs- V0 = 35 V 𝑅 2𝐿𝑓
When the switch is “off”: VL = -V0 = - 5 V
I 0 = I L = V0 / R = 5 A

ii. Boost (Step-Up) Converter
 Output voltage always higher than the input voltage
 When the switch is ON:
diode is reversed biased
output circuit is thus isolated
inductor is charged
 When the switch is OFF:
 The output stage received energy from the inductor as well as from the input
 Filter capacitor is very large to ensure constant output voltage
• Applications: regulated switch mode power supplies
– Regenerative braking of dc motors

Step-Up (Boost) Converter
Boost Converter operation and waveforms.

 The boost converter, turning on the transistor in the bottom position applies the input voltage across the
inductor such that VL, and the iL linearly ramps up increasingly the energy in the inductor.
 The transistor is turning off the inductor current is flows through the diode and some of the inductively
stored energy is transferred to the output stage that consists of the filter capacitor and output load.
 When the switch is closed, the diode is reverse-biased.
 The inductor voltage when the transistor is closed,

𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
 The change in inductor current is
∆𝑖𝐿 ∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑆
= =
∆𝑡 𝐷𝑇 𝐿
 Thus, for ∆𝑖𝐿 for the transistor is closed
𝑉𝑆
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = . 𝐷𝑇
𝐿
 Analysis for the transistor switch is open:
𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿 , =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
 The change in the inductor current while the transistor open is:
∆𝑖𝐿 ∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜
= = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 1 − 𝐷 𝑇 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
∆𝑡 1−𝐷 𝑇 𝐿
 Solving for ∆𝑖𝐿 ,
(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 ) 1 − 𝐷 𝑇
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =
𝐿
 Thus, under the steady state condition the time interval of inductor current over a full cycle should be
equal to zero.
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 +(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 0
𝑉𝑆 (𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑜 ) 1 − 𝐷 𝑇
. 𝐷𝑇 + =0
𝐿 𝐿

𝑉𝑠 𝐷 + 1 − 𝐷 𝑇 − 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑇 = 0
𝑉𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑇 = 0
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑜 =
1−𝐷
𝑉𝑜2
 Output power is, 𝑃𝑜 = = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝑅
 Input power is 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿
𝑉02 𝑉𝑠2
 When the input power is equal to output power, 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿 = =
𝑅 (1−𝐷)2 𝑅
 By solving the average inductor current and making various substitutions, I L can be expressed as:
𝑉𝑠 𝑉02 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝐼𝐿 = 2
= =
(1 − 𝐷) 𝑅 𝑉𝑠 𝑅 𝑉𝑆

 Minimum and maximum inductor currents are determined by using the average value and the change in
current.
∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = +
2 (1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 2𝐿
∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − = −
2 1 − 𝐷 2𝑅 2𝐿
 The boundary between continuous and discontinuous I L is determined from:
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
Where 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0, =
1−𝐷 2 𝑅 2𝐿
 The minimum combination of inductance and fsw for continuous current for the boost converter is:
𝐷(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 𝐷(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅

(𝐿𝑓)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2 2𝑓

•Example 4.8: A step up chopper has input voltage is 240V, and the period T=400μs. If the non conducting time
of transistor chopper is 100 μs and the resistance of the load is 12𝝮. Calculate,
a. The output voltage
b. The inductor current
c. The output current
d. The maximum and minimum inductor current
e. The values of the inductor filter at minimum current
f. The input and output power of the chopper
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑃𝑜 = = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿
1−𝐷 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 𝐷(1−𝐷)2 𝑅
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑉𝑆 (1−𝐷)2 𝑅 2𝐿 1−𝐷 2 𝑅 2𝐿 2𝑓

4.3 DC – AC CONVERSION (INVERTERS)
 The inverter provides ac. load voltage from a dc. voltage source. The semiconductor switches can be BJTs,
thyristor, MOSFETs, IGBTs etc.
 The ac. load voltage of the inverter is essentially a square wave, but pulse width- modulation methods can be
used to reduce the harmonics and produce a quasi-sine wave. If higher ac. voltages than the dc. source voltage
are required, then the inverter will require a step-up transformer.
 The output frequency of the inverter is controlled by the rate at which the switches are turned on and off, in
other words by the pulse repetition frequency of the base, or gate, driver circuit.
 Thyristor would only be used in very high power inverters, since on the source side there is no voltage zero,
and a forced commutation circuit would be required to turn the thyristor off.
 Inverters can be broadly classified into two types,
a) Single phase inverter
b) Three phase inverters

A. Single-phase DC-AC inverter
i. Single-phase half-bridge inverter
 This type of inverter is very simple in construction. It does not need output transformer like parallel inverter.
 It sometimes called center-tapped source inverter.
 The basic configuration of this inverter is shown in Figure in next slide.
 The T1 and T2 has to be “complementary” i. e. If the T1 is closed (ON), the T2 must be off, and vice-versa.
 The output voltage waveform is a square wave as shown in Fig.3.30
 If the load is resistive, the output current waveform will be a copy of the voltage waveform.

Single-phase inverter half-bridge circuit

The rms values of the output voltage is
1/2
1 𝑇 2 1 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = ( )2 𝑇 =
𝑇 0 𝑇 2 2
The load voltage 𝑉0 𝜔𝑡 can be expressed in terms of harmonics by Fourier series as,
∝
4 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉0 𝜔𝑡 = ෍ ( ) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉0 𝜔𝑡 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 2,4,6 … … . .
𝑛𝜋 2
𝑛=1,3,5,…
The fundamental component of the load voltage had a peak where n=1,
4 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉0𝑝 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖,
𝜋 2
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉1𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋 = 0.45𝑉𝑑𝑐
2
Performance Parameters if inverters
Harmonic factor of the nth harmonic (HFn)
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑡ℎ ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑛
𝐻𝐹𝑛 = =
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉01
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): Measures the “closeness” in shape between a waveform and its fundamental
component
∝ 2
1 2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜1
2 1/2
𝑇𝐻𝐷 = ( ෍ 𝑉0𝑛 ) =
𝑉01 𝑉01
𝑛=3,5,7…
Distortion factor: indicates the amounts of HD that remains in a particular wave form after the harmonics have
been subjected to second order attenuation.
∝
1 𝑉0𝑛 2 1/2
𝐷𝐹 = ( ෍ ( ) )
𝑉01 𝑛
𝑛=3,5,…..

Example 4.9: The single phase half-wave bridge inverter has a load resistance R=2.4𝝮, and the input
voltage Vdc=48V. Determine,
a. The rms of the load voltage (Vrms)
b. The rms values of the load voltage at the fundamental frequency V0p and the output power
c. The rms current or peak current of the transistors and the average current of the transistors
solution:
𝑉 48
a. The rms output voltage, 𝑉0𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑑𝑐 = = 24𝑉
2 2
b. The rms values of the load voltage at fundamental frequency, 𝑉01𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.45𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0.45 × 48 =
21.6𝑉
2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 242
The output power, 𝑃0 = = = 240𝑊
𝑅 2.4
c. The rms current or peak current of the transistors and the average current of the transistors is,
𝑉 24
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 10𝐴, and Because each transistor conducts for a 50% duty cycle, the average
𝑅 2.4
current of each transistor is
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 0.5 × 𝐼𝑝 = 0.5 ×10=5A

ii. Single-phase full-bridge inverter
Single-phase inverter full-bridge circuit

 Full-bridge inverter consists of a dc source, four transistors, and a load.

 For simplicity, we shall assume that the load is resistive.
 At any period, only two transistors in opposite legs are turned on.
 To prevent short-circuiting the supply, two transistors on the same leg cannot be turned on at the same time
(either Q1, and Q2 or Q3 and Q4, are turned on simultaneously).
 The load current in this case is alternating between positive and negative values if the switching periods of
all transistors are equal, the average component of the current is zero.
 The waveform of the current or voltage is symmetrical around the time axis.
 Reducing or prolonging the closing time of all transistors adjusts the frequency of the load voltage.
 The smaller the on time is, the higher is the frequency.

The rms values of the output voltage is
1/2
2 𝑇/2 2 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑉𝑑𝑐 )2 𝑇/2 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑇 0 𝑇
The load voltage 𝑉0 𝜔𝑡 can be expressed in terms of harmonics by Fourier series as,
∝
4
𝑉0 𝜔𝑡 = ෍ 𝑉 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉0 𝜔𝑡 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 2,4,6 … … . .
𝑛𝜋 𝑑𝑐
𝑛=1,3,5,…
The fundamental component of the load voltage had a peak where n=1,
4
𝑉0𝑝 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖,
𝜋
4
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉1𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋 = 0.9𝑉𝑑𝑐
2

Example 4.10: The single phase full-wave bridge inverter has an input voltage Vdc=100Vand a load resistance
R=10𝝮
a. The amplitude of the Fourier series transform for the output voltage wave up to the 9th order
harmonics.
b. The amplitude of the Fourier series transform for the load current wave up to the 9th order
harmonics.
𝐼𝑛 2
c. The power absorbed by the load in terms of harmonics , 𝑃𝑛 = 2
𝐼𝑛𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 𝑅, 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = σ𝑛𝑛=1,3,5.. 𝑃𝑛
2
2
𝑉0𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
−𝑉01𝑟𝑚𝑠
d. Compute the total harmonic distortion factor. 𝑇𝐻𝐷 =
𝑉01𝑟𝑚𝑠

B. Three-phase DC-AC inverters
 Three phase inverters are normally used for high power applications.
 The advantages of a three phase inverter are:
 The frequency of the output voltage waveform depends on the switching rate of the switches and hence can be
varied over a wide range.
 The direction of rotation of the motor can be reversed by changing the output phase sequence of the inverter.
 The ac output voltage can be controlled by varying the dc link voltage.
2 +𝑖 2 +𝑖 2
𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑐𝑛
 The rms value of the load current is, 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
3
 There are two types of control signals can be applied to the switches:
 180° conduction
 120° conduction

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19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering| Gashaye G.

4.1. AC - DC CONVERTER (RECTIFIER)

controlled and uncontrolled, etc.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

» Variable speed dc drives,

» DC power supplies for electric railways and,

» Power supply for a specific application like electroplating.

(1) No energy is stored within a rectifier.

(3) The pulse is of sufficient amplitude to switch on the appropriate thyristor.

 They usually employ diodes as their power switches.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

current waveform will be replica of the voltage waveform.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

The output ac power is

2. The output ac. power is given by

3. The efficiency of the converter is given by

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

5. Form Factor, FF : It is a measure of the shape of the output voltage.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

Where, I1 : the fundamental rms component of the input current.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

Cℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 400𝑉 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑

𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚ൗ2𝑅 = 339.4Τ200 = 1.697𝐴=2A

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 169.7 diode rating

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

voltage (VS) is negative as shown in figure below.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

Single-phase full-wave rectifier with resistive load. (b) Waveforms

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

The average value of the load current Idc is

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

The output of the ac power is,

Reading assignment: Single-Phase Full-Wave rectifier

a) Center-Tapped Uncontrolled Rectifier with R, RL, and RC load

b) Loaded with highly inductive load

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

load resistor is 25 Ω, calculate:

a) The average values of the output voltage and current.

b) The rms values of the output voltage and current.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

The load voltage and diode voltage waveforms are shown

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

(a) Circuit. (b) Waveforms

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 = 2𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜃

gate pulse with delay angle 𝛼.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

back to the mains against the direction of the mains voltage.

switched on, i.e. there is no load current zero:

19-Apr-22 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering | Gashaye G.

single phase full -wave controlled rectifier with resistive load

 The rms value of the load voltage can be calculated as follows,