ETHICS

 Are norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior- D. Resnik, 2020
RESEARCH ETHICS

 Provides researchers with ethical principles or guidelines in order to do or conduct the research successfully
PRINCIPLES FOR ETHICAL CONDUCT OF RESEARCH (Shamoo and Resnick, 2002)
Honesty: Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
Objectivity: avoid biases
Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements.
Carefulness: careless errors and negligence should be avoided
Openness: Data, results, ideas, tools, resources should be shared
Respect for Intellectual Property: Recognized patents and copy rights to avoid plagiarism.
Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications and documents.
Responsible Publication: Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring: Help students by educating, mentoring or advising.
Respect for Colleagues: Treat your colleagues fairly.
Social Responsibility: Promote social good and prevent social harms.
Non-Discrimination: Regardless of the race, ethnicity, or other factors, discrimination should be avoided.
Competence: Maintain and improve professional competence and expertise.
Legality: Obey institutional/ governmental laws and policies.
Animal Care: Respect and care for animals when using them in research.
Human Subjects Protection:Respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTCIPANTS

1. Voluntary participation
2. Informed Consent
3. Risk of harm
4. Confidentiality
5. Anonymity
RESEARCH MISCONDUCTS
(a) Fabrication 
(b) Falsification 
(c) Plagiarism 

Authorship Conflict
Duplicate submission

Nuremberg code- 1947

Research Ethics came from the dark past back in world war 2. Nazi camp prisoners experienced
inhumane experimentation for the sake of scientists and physician’s biomedical experimentation. They
were not asked for a proper consent to participate that leads them to be killed. So in 1947, Nuremberg
code was used as basis in judging the scientist who performed this experiment. Those who are
responsible for the death of the participant was sentenced to death and life imprisonment. This code
include principles in conducting reseach. It was used to protect the rights of the people to participate to
the research. Imagine if this was not made, researchers until now would have been neglecting our rights
to participate to their study. And that is why research ethic is very important in conducting research.

To understand research ethics, fom the word included; ‘ethics’ what is it? (pabasa)

Okay so it determines our actions’ rightness or wrongness.

Next research ethics. Who can read the definition? (pabasa)

So these are the principles and guidelines. We researchers need to be educated about it becaude
kailangan natin imonitor yung mga activities na gagawin natin sa research especially if we have human
subjects. It is need for us to have high ethical standards.

We have different research ethics first is

HONESTY-  Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

OBJECTIVITY- avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. Avoid or
minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

INTEGRITY- act with sincerity and trive for consistency of thought and action. Some researchers
kasi, dahil sa daming works na gagawin para matapos yung research, they tend to break their
integrity like for example, they plagiarized, take take shortcuts sa process, and they cheat on the
results and findings.

CAREFULNESS- carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep
good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence
with agencies or journals.

OPENNESS- Be open to criticism and new ideas.Because research is an active process and their
may be changes that will occur even after you finished your research

RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-  Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never
plagiarize.
CONFIDENTIALITY- Private data especially yung infos ng mga respondents nyo, they all should be
secured

RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION- It must serve as sharing new knowledge about specific field.

RESPONSIBLE MENTORING- They can mentor the future researchers especially if they will explore
the same topic and advise what area needs to focus more.

RESPECT FOR COLLEAGES-

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY- Be sure that your research will benefit the concern units of the society. Because
that is the main goal of research, kung anong maiaambag nita sa society natin.
COMPETENCE- Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

LEGALITY- for example, stealing intellectual properties are punishable by law

Now lets move on to the rights of the participants.

1. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION- We should not force people to participate in our research.

Remember that ambush interviews, yung mga paid paticipations and manipulative invitation,
hindi dapat natin gawin because those are the rights of the participants.
2. INFORMED CONSENT- Dapat informed yung mga participant natin about the procedures and
methods na maeencounter nila, be sure that all informations that they need and want to know,
ay dapat masabi sakanila as well as the possible risks.
3. RISK OF HARM- Avoid harming the participants physically, or even psychologically or financially.
It is the researchers responsibility na ipprotect sila from the marm of our research.
4. CONFIDENTIALITY- As we said earlier, we need to ensure that their data are being kept and not
available to anyone because it is their privacy.
5. ANONIMITY-The participants will remain anonimouus throughout the study. Nmes of the
participants must be always optional or not reuested at all we can use numbers or letters as
codes to identify them

UNETHICAL RESEARCH AND MISCONDUCTS.

 Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or omitting data or
results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or
words without giving appropriate

Authorship Conflict

As per the International Committee of Medical Journal Editor (ICMJE) guidelines, any

person who contributes to the conception, designing or acquisition of research data,
analysis of data, drafting or revision of the article, and its final approval before
publication is entitled for the authorship of that paper.

Following unethical practices surmount to an authorship conflict:

 Not including the name of the person who contributes to the research in any manner.
 Failure to obtain consent from a person whose name is cited in the manuscript.
 Adding an extra author or removing the name of an existing author before or after
publication.
 Citing a person as an author just on the basis of seniority, family or professional relationship
when none of them contributed to the research or its writing.

.Duplicate Submission

Submission of your research paper or its publication in two or more identical journals
with or without acknowledgement to another is called duplicate submission/publication.

Such a practice is done by authors to increase their number of publications. But, bear in
mind! It’s unethical as it wastes the time of journal reviewers, publication resources, and
renders no benefit to humanity or scientific community.

You can query multiple journals for submitting your research paper, but finally submit to
one only!