Republic of the Philippines

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DAANBANTAYAN CAMPUS
Agujo, Daanbantayan, Cebu, Philippines
Website: http://www.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: info-daanbantayan@ctu.edu.ph
Phone: +6332 437 8526 loc. 102
______________________________________________________________________

Name: JERALD P. CEJAS Term: 2nd Semester A.Y. 2022

Subject: ED 705 – SOCIO- CULTURAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION Date: August 07, 2022
Curriculum: DOCTOR OF DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION Professor: DR. NIKKITHEA L. BEDUYA

LEARNING ELEMENT
I. Objectives
 Review the meaning of culture
 Discuss the different characteristics of culture.
 Describe the forms and components of culture.
 Explain the organization and transfer of culture

II. Documentation
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION A Review Material for the NCBTS-Based Licensure
Examination for Teachers (LET)| Prepared by MARIA RUTH M. REGALADO, PNU-Manila

Hunt, Chester et.al, Sociology in the Philippines 5th Edition, Quezon City: SIBS Publishing.

Hunt, Chester et. Al., Sociology in the Philippine Setting. A Modular Approach, Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing.

Panopio, Isabel, General Sociology, Fourth Edition, Ken Incorporated 2004.

Ahuja Ram (2007) Social problems in India, Jaipur, Rawat publication

https://research-education-edu.blogspot.com/2020/01/socio-cultural-foundation-of-
curriculum.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture

http://www.uop.edu.pk/ocontents/CULTURE.pdf

file:///D:/My%20School%20Files/Doctorate%20Degree/Ed%20705/kupdf.net_social-
dimension-of-education.pdf

http://anthro.Palomar.edu/culture/_htm

https://nideffer.net/classes/GCT_RPI_S14/readings/Chap8CharacteristicsofCulture.htm

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/culture/culture_2.htm
III. Content Outline
 Introduction of culture
 Characteristics of Culture
 Forms and Components of Culture
 Organization and Transfer of Culture

IV. The Report

IV.1 Introduction
As our nation continues to change, we all will interact with others from quite
different backgrounds from our own, especially in the classroom. The manner in which
we respond to others who seem different can have a serious impact on success in
school, work, and harmonious relationship with others. Meaning, we have to be careful
with the words we speak- proper choice of words, the intonation and the volume and
also the actions because we don’t know nga naka-cause na diay ta og serious damage
sa ilaha emotionally especially to our pupils.
People from different countries, like Americans, Japanese, and even
Filipinos, use standards from their own cultural backgrounds to form opinions about
those from other countries. If people can understand why those from other groups
behave and talk as they do, there is less of an inclination to conclude that “different is
deficient”. Sometimes man gud, we easily judge people who are different from ours.
The worst thing pa gyud is they laugh and talk behind someone’s back. For example,
when meeting people from another culture (like for example ang atong mga ethnic
groups), we are initially struck by differences in behavior, speech, clothing, food, etc.
Understanding the culture of others will provide individuals with a better
appreciation of the different cultures of people with whom they may relate now and in
the future.

IV.2 Body
A. Characteristics of Culture
There are quite a number of characteristics of culture. These are:
1. Culture is learned.
The first essential characteristic of culture is that it is learned. Example If a child
was born in the Philippines but was brought to the United States after birth,
he/she may not develop the traits and characteristics of a Filipino. He may learn
behavior pattern and characteristics of American children, including language.
2. Culture is shared by a group of people.
For a thought or action to be considered cultural, it must be commonly shared
by some population or group of individuals. Even if some behavior is not
commonly appropriate, it is cultural if most people think it is appropriate. For
 example, the idea that marriage involves only one man, and one woman is
cultural in our society. If two men na ang magpakasal, dili nana sya cultural
because it is not commonly shared by a group of people. But in some other
countries, like Argentina, United Kingdom, Canada, Finland, US, they allow
same sex marriage not just because of the law but because it is accepted and
shared by a group of people.
3. Culture is cumulative. Meaning increasing/ growing or progressive
Knowledge is stored and passed on from one generation to the next, and then a
new knowledge is being added to what is existing. Each culture has worked out
solutions to the basic problems of life, which it then passes on to its children.
Have you seen the movie entitled “LUCY”? Nga gi-explain sa usa ka professor
og giunsa pagtransfer sa knowledge from the parents to its offspring. Like for
example, The jeepneys and tricycles in the Philippines are good examples of
the cumulative quality of culture. Their invention involved the use of materials
which were invented in different places of the world (Hunt et al, 1995).

4. Cultures change.
All cultural knowledge does not constantly accumulate. While new cultural traits
are added, some old ones are lost because they are no longer useful. For
example, mostly sa mga city dwellers today wala na magneed sa skills required
for survival in a wilderness – like starving to death because maglisod og
acquire og wild foods ug pagsurvive sa extreme weather conditions. What is
more important in this modern urban life are the ability to drive a car, use a
computer, and understand how to obtain food in a supermarket or restaurant.
So, meaning dako na kayo og kausaban sa culture. Ni adopt ta sa change kay
maoy needed and applicable. So, mao ni giingon nga while New cultural traits
are added, but some old ones are lost because they are no longer useful. Like
sa atong balay, before, maghaling gyud para makaluto sa atong pagkaon but
karon, naa nay rice cooker or electric stove.
5. Culture is dynamic.
This is a characteristic of culture that stems from its cumulative quality. No
culture is ever in a permanent state. It is constantly changing because new
ideas and new techniques are added, and old ways are constantly modified and
discarded. This is because of the rapid changes that occur which may be
introduced from within or without. It also grows by the spread of traits from the
individual and from one group to another which is termed as diffusion. One
form of diffusion is the growth of language. Filipino vocabulary has grown
 because of borrowed words (hiram na salita) from other languages like Spanish,
Chinese and English.
6. Culture is ideational. Meaning relating to the formation of ideas or
concepts.
Culture is an ideal pattern of behavior which the members are expected to
follow. Man assigns meanings to his environment and experiences by
symbolizing them. These are internalized by the individual and he sees or
approaches his world from the standpoint of this culture. Like for example, the
use of traffic signs and traffic signals, morse code, scout signs and signals and
etc.
7. Culture is diverse.
The sum total of human culture consists of a great many separate cultures,
each of them different. Culture as a whole, is a system with many mutually
interdependent parts. For example, the choice of a marriage partner involves
many different parts of culture as religion, economic class, education, etc. Lain-
lain ang atong preferences in choosing partners, nay uban gwapa or gwapo
pillion, naa poy uban kanang datu, naa poy uban nga AFAM ra. Naa say uban
basi sa ilahang relihiyon, they wont marry basta lain nag religion. And the best
one, is choosing your partner by your heart.
8. Culture gives a range of permissible behavior patterns. Meaning permitted
or allowed
Every culture allows a range of ways in which men can be men and women can
be women. Culture also tells us how different activities should be conducted,
such as how one should act as a husband, wife, parent, child, etc. these rules of
permissible behavior are usually flexible to a degree – meaning there are some
alternatives rather than hard rules. For instance, culture tells us how we should
dress based on our gender, but it allows us to dress in different ways in different
situations in order to communicate varied messages and statuses. The clothing
patterns of women in this society can be particularly rich and complex. Their
clothing can be intentionally business-like, recreational, as well as sexually
attractive, ambiguous, neutral, or even repulsive. Mao diay ning rason why ang
mga women, kalas kayo og senina. Bisan pa og unsa kadaghan ang ang ilaha
sa senina basta nay okasyon dayon og ingon nga walay isul-ob. Problema gyud
kayo na nila. Unlike, in most men nga pupareha ra gyud halos isul-ob.

B. Forms and Components of Culture

Even though considerable variation exists, all cultures share four components:
1. Communication Component
 a. Language
A language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds
and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country or
region for talking or writing. Perhaps more than anything else, language
defines what it means to be human. It forms the core of all culture. When
people share a language, they share a condensed, very flexible set of
symbols and meanings. That makes communication possible, at least
communication beyond grunts like pigs or other animals, naa pud silay
kaugalingon nilang language and hand signals just like the deaf-mute pero
kita man pud maggamit og hand signals like signal for silence, kanang atong
fist nga e-thrust sa wall kong masuko with matching facial expression , all
this things provides the basis for symbolic interaction, along with non-verbal
communication and symbols.
b. Symbols
A symbol is anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people
who share culture. Along with language and non-verbal signals, symbols
form the backbone of symbolic interaction. They condense very complex
ideas and values into simple material forms so that the very presence of the
symbol evokes the signified ideas and values. A symbol is anything that
carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture.
Symbols serve as the basis for everyday reality. Symbols vary within
cultures, cross-culturally, and change over time.

Symbols not only bring big ideas and deeply held values into everyday social
life, but they can also be used for more trivial things. Mickey Mouse is a
cultural symbol. Clothing can take on symbolic meaning (baseball hats worn
sideways, belly shirts, top crap, etc.). Besides physical things, behavior can
be symbolic, especially ritualized behavior. The Catholic priest raising the
host during Mass is symbolic, as is holding the Torah during Jewish services
and Muslims performing ritual prayer five times a day.

2. Cognitive Component meaning involving conscious intellectual activity

a. Ideas/ Knowledge/ Beliefs
Ideas are mental presentations (concepts, categories, metaphors- symbolic
of something abstract) used to organize stimulus meaning it arouses activity
or energy in someone; they are the basic units out of which knowledge is
 constructed. When ideas are linked together and organized into larger sets,
systems, etc., ideas become knowledge.

Knowledge. Knowledge is the storehouse where we accumulate

representations, information, facts, assumptions, etc. As what I’ve said
earlier, when ideas are linked together and organized into larger sets,
systems, etc., ideas become knowledge. Knowledge systematically
summarizes and elaborates how we think the world looks and acts. Once
stored, knowledge can support learning and can be passed down from one
generation to the next. That is why, knowledge should be documented and
recorded so that it can be passed down to the next generation.

Beliefs. Belief is an acceptance that a statement is true or that something

exists. Beliefs accept a proposition, statement, description of facts, etc. as
true. Acceptance uses criteria found in knowledge systems provided by
external authorities (science, religion, government, etc.) rather than from
personal, direct experience. These criteria allow the separation of “true” from
“false” facts. For example, kanang cultural beliefs nato nga dili pwd mag
tapon-tapon og minatyan, dili pwde isul-ob ang wedding dress kong wala pa
ang kasal and many more, is it true or false? It all depends on what criteria
ang imuha gigamit.

b. Values
Values are defined as culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness,
and beauty, which serve as broad guidelines for social living. They support
beliefs, or specific statements that people hold to be true. The values people
hold vary to some degree by age, sex, race, ethnicity, religion, and social
class. Individuals are likely to experience some inconsistency and conflict
with their personal values. Finally, values change over time. For example
kanang cultural values nato nga mo bless sa atong elders or mo kiss, murag
nagkahinay2x na og ka wala.

c. Accounts
People who share a culture share a common language for talking about their
inner selves. Accounts are how people use that common language to
explain, justify, rationalize, excuse, or legitimize our behavior to themselves
and others. If behavior seems unexpected or possibly immoral, others want
 to know the context and reasoning behind the action. If the behavior is
ordinary or expected, accounts show people we think like them and act from
the same belief systems and moral framework.

Motives are another type of account. They are verbalizations that lay out the
“why” of our behavior. Usually, we think of motives as hidden springs of
action that create behavior, but culturally they are linguistic devices created
after behavior happens. People use motive talk to explain the reasoning
behind our behavior.

3. Behavioral Component (how we act)

a. Norms
Norms are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of
its members. Norms can change over time, as illustrated by norms regarding
sexual behavior. Norms vary in terms of their degree of importance. Norms
are reinforced through sanctions, which take the form of either rewards or
punishments. Through socialization we internalize cultural norms and
impose constraints on our own behavior. We may then experience guilt- the
negative judgment we make of ourselves for having violated a norm- and
shame- the disturbing acknowledgment of other’s disapproval.

The following are types of norms:

 Mores – They are customary behavior patterns or folkways which
have taken on a moralistic value. This includes respect for authority,
marriage and sex behavior patterns, religious rituals, and other basic
codes of human behavior. They are considered essential to the
group’s existence and, accordingly, the group demands that they be
followed without question. People who violate mores are considered
unfit for society and may be ostracized and punished as a warning to
others that such behavior will not be tolerated (Light, Keller, and
Calhoun, 1989).
 Laws – Laws constitute the most formal and important norms. Laws
are the mores deemed so vital to dominant interests that they become
translated into legal formalizations that even nonmembers of society
(such as visitors) are required to obey. For example, in many
communities no one may purchase alcohol before noon on Sundays
(Neubeck and Glasberg, 1996). They are formalized norms, enacted
by people who are vested with government power and enforced by
 political and legal authorities designated by the government. Some of
the laws grew out of the folkways and norms (Panopio, 1992).
 Folkways – These are behavior patterns of society which are
organized and repetitive. The key feature of all folkways is that there
is no strong feeling of right or wrong attached to them. They are
simply the way the people usually do things. Folkways are commonly
known as customs. It involves the way we eat, how we dress, and
other patterns that we follow because they have been impressed
upon us from the time we were born.
 Rituals – These are highly scripted ceremonies or strips of interaction
that follow a specific sequence of actions. They occur at
predetermined times or triggered by specific cues. The following are
examples of rituals:
- Ceremonies: graduation, baptism, funerals, weddings,
birthdays.
- Holidays: Thanksgiving, Christmas
- Everyday public rituals: handshake, “Hi, how are you?”
greeting, kissing, answering the telephone with “Hello,”
walking on the right side of the sidewalk, birthday and
cards.
- Bonding rituals: exchanging business cards, holding
hands, parties, gift giving.
- Signal rituals: choosing the menu in the restaurant
when you want to order, eye contact, holding the door.
The secret to rituals is not the actual behavior, which maybe fairly
trivial or unimportant, but the performance of the ritual itself. For
instance, when we greet someone with “Hi, how are you?” the last
thing we really want to know is how the person is, but not performing
the ritual would send a strong signal of unfriendliness or rudeness.
Rituals reinforce the solidarity of culture, its “sharedness” feeling, by
individuals.

4. Material Component
Humans make objects, sometimes for practical reasons and sometimes for
artistic ones. The form and function of these objects is an expression of culture
and culturally- defined behavior often depends on the presence of specific
objects. We call such objects material culture. Artifacts, or material objects that
society creates, express the values of a culture. The nature of material culture
 produced by a given society is a function of the society’s level of technology, the
available resources and the need of its people. Modern societies have access to
minerals, enormous labor pools, and highly advanced technology. When these
resources are applied to the problem of transportation, we produce cars, trucks,
trains, airplanes, and a number of other vehicles (Javier et al, 2002)

C. Organization and Transfer of Culture

Organization of Culture
While the culture of a group is an integrated network of folkways, mores, system of
beliefs, and institutional patterns, it can be broken into simple units or elements
called cultural traits. A cultural trait, either of a material or non-material culture,
represents a single element or a combination of elements related to a specific
situation. Example of cultural traits are kissing the hands of the elders after Sunday
mass and at Angelus. Clusters of culture traits are known as culture complexes
which, in turn, group together to form a culture pattern.

Cultural Transmission
Culture is transmitted through:
1. Enculturation
It is the process of learning culture of one’s own group. Example, learning the
folkways, mores, social traditions, values, and beliefs of one’s own group.

2. Acculturation
Is the process of learning some new traits from another culture. For example,
when students from the rural areas migrate to the urban areas or city and
gradually learn some urban customs, they become acculturated. The interaction
of Filipinos with Americans in the Philippines may be considered an example of
acculturation.

3. Assimilation
It is the term used for a process in which an individual entirely loses any
awareness of his/ her previous group identity and takes on the culture and
attitudes of another group. This, if an Ilocano moves to a point where he/ she
speaks only Visayan and assumes the folkways of the local group, we can say
that he/ she has become assimilated (Hunt et al, 1998)
V. Conclusion
Throughout the world, human beings use thousands of languages to communicate
with one another. Some of these are spoken in many countries and enjoy international
status, while others are used in country or region or even in a single village. Some
languages have expanded over the centuries, but there are also many that have become
extinct. With the globalization of communications, a trend in the number of languages in the
world has recently been observed. We are still far, however, from a situation where
everyone would speak the same language.

Every society has a culture, no matter how simple the culture may be, and every
human being is cultured, in the sense of participating in some culture or other. As our nation
continues to change, we all will interact with others from quite different backgrounds from
our own, especially in the classroom.
An understanding of culture, its elements and characteristics, its organization, and
how it is transmitted will provide us with a better appreciation of the different cultures of
people with whom they may relate now and in the future.

VI. Evaluation
1. Define culture in your own understanding?
Answer: Culture is a set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals that
are characteristics of a particular society or population. (Answers may vary)

2. Why do we need to understand other people’s culture?

Answer: We need to understand other people’s culture because it provides us a better
appreciation and understanding of the different cultures and for harmonious relationship
with others. (Answers may vary)

3. Why is culture cumulative?

Answer: Culture is cumulative because knowledge is stored and passed on from one
generation to the next, and new knowledge is being added to what is existing.

4. Why is culture constantly changing?

Answer: Culture is constantly changing because new ideas and new techniques are
added, and old ways are constantly modified and discarded.

5. When is an action considered cultural?

Answer: An action is considered cultural when it is commonly shared by some people or
group of individuals.
6. How is culture being transmitted?
Answer: Culture is transmitted by enculturation, acculturation, and assimilation.

7. Differentiate the different components of culture.

Answer: There are four components of culture namely:
a. communication which includes language and symbols
b. cognitive which includes ideas, knowledge, beliefs, values, and accounts
c. material which includes tools, medicines, books, transportation, and
technologies
d. behavioral which includes norms, mores, laws, folkways, rituals

8. Why is language the core of all culture?

Answer: Language is the core of all culture because when people share a language,
they share a condensed, very flexible set of symbols and meanings. and it provides the
basis for symbolic interaction, along with non-verbal communication and symbols.

9. How is a culture being organized?

Answer: Culture is organized through a simple element of folkways, mores, system of
beliefs or institutional pattern called cultural traits then clustered together to form culture
complexes and later grouped together to form culture pattern.

10. Explain the significance of understanding culture, its elements, characteristics,

and components?
Answer: The significance of understanding culture, its elements, characteristics, and
components, it provides us with a better appreciation of the different cultures of people
with whom we may relate now and in the future. (Answers may vary)