:: A STUDY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE ::

INTRODUCTION :
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for
propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources,
or it can be powered autonomously by a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels, or by
converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or a generator). EVs include, but are not limited to,
road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft , and electric spacecraft.
For road vehicles, together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous
driving, connected vehicles, and shared mobility, EVs form a future mobility vision called
Connected, Autonomous, Shared, and Electric Mobility.

Electric commercial vehicles are powered by electricity instead of diesel or gasoline.

They can be buses, vans, trucks, agricultural vehicles, such as combine harvesters
or tractors, and construction machinery such as excavators or wheel loaders. The
energy to drive them comes from an on-board battery, which is recharged from the
power grid.

BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES :

Lower running costs

The running cost of an electric vehicle is much lower than an equivalent petrol or diesel
vehicle. Electric vehicles use electricity to charge their batteries instead of using fossil
fuels like petrol or diesel. Electric vehicles are more efficient, and that combined with
the electricity cost means that charging an electric vehicle is cheaper than filling petrol
or diesel for your travel requirements. Using renewable energy sources can make the
use of electric vehicles more eco-friendly. The electricity cost can be reduced further
if charging is done with the help of renewable energy sources installed at home, such
as solar panels.

Low maintenance cost

Electric vehicles have very low maintenance costs because they don’t have as many
moving parts as an internal combustion vehicle. The servicing requirements for electric
vehicles are lesser than the conventional petrol or diesel vehicles. Therefore, the
yearly cost of running an electric vehicle is significantly low.

Zero Tailpipe Emissions

Driving an electric vehicle can help you reduce your carbon footprint because there
will be zero tailpipe emissions. You can reduce the environmental impact of charging
your vehicle further by choosing renewable energy options for home electricity.
Tax and financial benefits
Registration fees and road tax on purchasing electric vehicles are lesser than petrol
or diesel vehicles. There are multiple policies and incentives offered by the
government depending on which state you are in. To find out more about electric
vehicle incentives, click below .

Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet

The availability of fossil fuels is limited, and their use is destroying our planet. Toxic
emissions from petrol and diesel vehicles lead to long-term, adverse effects on public
health. The emissions impact of electric vehicles is much lower than petrol or diesel
vehicles. From an efficiency perspective, electric vehicles can covert around 60% of
the electrical energy from the grid to power the wheels, but petrol or diesel cars can
only convert 17%-21% of the energy stored in the fuel to the wheels. That is a waste
of around 80%. Fully electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions, but even when
electricity production is taken into account, petrol or diesel vehicles emit almost 3 times
more carbon dioxide than the average EV. To reduce the impact of charging electric
vehicles, India is ambitious to achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power
installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by the year 2030.
Therefore, electric vehicles are the way forward for Indian transport, and we must
switch to them now.

Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet

Electric vehicles don’t have gears and are very convenient to drive. There are no
complicated controls, just accelerate, brake, and steer. When you want to charge your
vehicle, just plug it in to a home or public charger. Electric vehicles are also quiet, so
they reduce noise pollution that traditional vehicles contribute to.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES :
Eco-friendly: Because electric vehicles do not utilize fuel for combustion, there are
no emissions or gas exhaust. Vehicles that run on fossil fuels contribute significantly
to hazardous gas accumulation in the environment, thus driving an electric car can
help contribute to a cleaner environment.

Renewable energy source: Electric vehicles run on renewable power, whereas

conventional automobiles function on the combustion of fossil fuels, which reduces
the world’s fossil-fuel stocks.

Less noise and smoother motion: Driving an electric car is significantly smoother.
Because they lack fast-moving elements, they are quieter and produce less noise.

Cost-effective: Electricity is far less expensive than fuels such as gasoline and
diesel, which are subject to regular price increases. When solar electricity is utilized
at home, battery recharging is cost-effective.

Low maintenance: Because electric cars have fewer moving components, wear and
tear is reduced when compared to traditional auto parts. Repairs are also simpler
and less expensive than combustion engines.

Government support: Governments throughout the world have granted tax breaks
to encourage people to drive electric vehicles as part of a green program.

DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES :

High initial cost: Electric vehicles continue to be quite expensive, and many buyers
believe they are not as inexpensive as traditional automobiles.

Charging station limitations: People who need to travel long distances are
concerned about finding adequate charging stations in the middle of their journey,
which are not always accessible.
Recharging takes time: Unlike conventional automobiles, which require only a few
minutes to replenish their gas tanks, charging an electric vehicle takes many hours.

Limited options: Currently, there aren’t many electric car models to pick from in
terms of appearance, style, or customized variations.

Less driving range: When compared to conventional automobiles, electric vehicles

have a shorter driving range. Electric cars can be convenient for short-distance travel
but are inconvenient for long-distance travel.
 : COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES :

Electric vehicles are equipped with an electric motor and a battery pack. The primary
advantage of electric cars is that they create no pollutants and are environmentally
beneficial.

They also do not utilize any fossil fuels, therefore the automobile is powered by a
sustainable source of energy.

WORKING PRINCIPLE :

• When a 3 phase input is given to stator it creates a rotating magnetic

field and hence induces a current in rotor and it starts rotating. The
speed of induction motor depends on the frequency of AC supply, by
 changing the frequency of power supply, the speed of drive can be
changed.
• The IC engine requires speed varying transmission whereas electric
vehicle can work on any speed, it does not require a speed varying
transmission.
• The power generated in the electric vehicle motor is transferred to a
drive wheel via gearbox. The EV uses single-speed transmission because
the motor is efficient in wide range of condition.
• The output speed of motor is reduced in two steps that is speed
reduction and torque multiplication.
• Open differential can control torque rather than slip differential, the
arrangement of differential is another important feature of electric
vehicle.
• The traction control of differential can be overcome by two methods
that is selective braking and cutting the power supply
• EV can be run by first pedal, it saves huge kinetic energy in the form of
electrical as soon as acceleration pedal is applied and hence regenerative
braking is introduced in electric vehicle. During regenerative braking,
motor acts as generator so wheels drive the motor
• Motor rotor speed less than rmf speed
• Generator rotor speed greater than rmf speed
• The generated electric energy can be stored in battery after conversion.
• Opposing electromagnetic field acts on the rotor, so drive wheel and car
will slow down so that vehicle stopped can be controlled using single
pedal
• Electric vehicle has planetary gear set and torque converter instead of
clutch pack

COMPONENTS :

• Charge Port: The charging port links the electric car to a power source from
outside. It powers up the battery pack. The charging port is sometimes
positioned in the vehicle’s front or back.
• DC-DC Converter: The traction battery pack provides a steady voltage.
However, the specifications for various vehicle complex movement. The DC-
DC converter transfers the output power from the battery to the desired level.
• Auxiliary batteries: Auxiliary batteries provide electrical energy to electric car
accessories. In the event that the primary battery fails, the auxiliary batteries
will continue to charge the vehicle.
• Traction battery pack: Electric vehicle battery (EVB) is another name for
traction battery pack. It provides electricity to an electric vehicle’s motors. The
battery serves as a power storage system. It stores energy in the form of
direct current (DC current).
• Transmission: It transfers mechanical power from the electric motor to the
wheels through a gearbox. Electric vehicles have the benefit of not requiring
multi-speed gearboxes. To minimize power loss, transmission efficiency
should be good.
• Electric motor: The essential component of an electric vehicle is the electric
traction motor. The wheels are rotated by this energy. The major component
that distinguishes an electric automobile from a normal car is its electric
motor.
• Thermal system (cooling): The thermal management system is in charge of
keeping the key components of an electric vehicle, such as the electric motor
and controller, at a constant working temperature. It also works while charging
to provide optimal performance. It employs a mix of thermoelectric, forced air,
and liquid cooling.
• Power inverter: It converts DC power from the batteries to alternating current
electricity. It also transforms the alternating current generated by regenerative
braking into a direct current. This is also used to charge the batteries.
• Controller: The operation of an electric vehicle is determined by the power
electronics controller. It regulates the flow of electrical energy from batteries to
electric motors. The driver’s pedal affects the car’s speed and the frequency
of voltage fluctuation input to the motor.
 : CONCLUSION :

The progress that the electric vehicle industry has seen in recent years is not only
extremely welcomed, but highly necessary in light of the increasing global
greenhouse gas levels. As demonstrated within the economic, social,
and environmental analysis sections of this webpage, the benefits of electric vehicles
far surpass the costs. The biggest obstacle to the widespread adoption of electric-
powered transportation is cost related, as gasoline and the vehicles that run on it are
readily available, convenient, and less costly. As is demonstrated in our timeline, we
hope that over the course of the next decade technological advancements and policy
changes will help ease the transition from traditional fuel-powered vehicles.
Additionally, the realization and success of this industry relies heavily on the global
population, and it is our hope that through mass marketing
and environmental education programs people will feel incentivized and empowered
to drive an electric-powered vehicle. Each person can make a difference, so go
electric and help make a difference!
 : LITERATURE REVIEW :

This paper reviews the technical background of electric vehicle technology

and its applications. A number of important concepts frequently used in this
field are explained, and the technical details, including the theoretical
principles, are given alongside practical systems pertaining to several kinds
of electric charging piles. It critically appraises a number of state-of-the-art
research progresses in this field developed within the last ten years.
Finally, it points out the future potential research directions regarding
electric vehicle technology and its applications, especially of charging
techniques. By reading this review paper, readers will not only grasp a
technical background of electric vehicle technology, but also gain a full
picture of the research field.
 The Calcutta Technical School

MAJOR PROJECT
Name : ATANU KOLEY
Department : Mechanical Engineering
Semester : 5th
Registration Number : D202105535
Roll Number : DCTSMES5-11305654
Course Title : Study Report on Electronic
Vehicles

_________________
(Checked By)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that JAYANTI SHAW a student of DME Semester : V bearing

Roll No.DCTSMES5/11305658 has successfully completed the project titled,
Study of Electric Vehicles as a Major Project.

Name of the Project Guide: KALYAN ROY

Signature of the Project Guide:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I avail this opportunity to express my sincere, humble and deepest sense of

gratitude towards my Guide KALYAN ROY sir for his valuable guidance and
tremendous efforts which he has taken to guide me to the path of success.
Hisconstructive feedback and endless encouragement always inspired to work
hard on the topic. His determination and ambition to achieve goal in life is really
fascinating and inspired me. I wish to thank my friends for their suggestion and co-
operation in completion of this project.

Name Of The Student

JAYANTI SHAW
 : REFERENCES :

▪ https://learnmech.com/electric-vehicle-components-
and-working-principle/
▪ https://learnmech.com/electric-vehicle-components-
and-working-principle/
▪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
▪ https://www.howtogeek.com/785214/how-does-an-
electric-vehicle-work/