8

Technical
Drafting
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Instrumental Drawing and
Blueprint Reading

COVER ART
Subject – Grade Level
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1– Module 1: Instrumental Drawing and Blueprint Reading
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Technical Drafting 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Instrumental Drawing and Blueprint Reading. This course deals with the study
of auxiliary views of irregular shaped objects, plane revolution and sectional views
of hollow objects. Basic information in making working drawing such as detail,
assembly and exploded drawing of a certain product are included.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
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ICON

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This contains helpful tips or strategies
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As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
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For the learner:

Welcome to the (Grade Level) Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Title)

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

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What I Need to
Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
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correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
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Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
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Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.
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References This is a list of all sources used in
developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
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NOTES: Texts in red ink shall be revised/rephrased.

8

Technical
Drawing II
Quarter 1 – Module 1
Instrumental Drawing and
Blueprint Reading
 What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will learn how to

 Understand the uses of tools and materials

 Perform the proper manipulation of tools and equipment
 Practice proper weight of lines

Technical drawing, graphic images and sketches can be created using a variety of
instruments, ranging from traditional tools such as pencils, compasses, rulers and
a variety of triangles as well as by computer. Drawing tools are used to make
accurate and legible drawings and models. While the computer can be used for
most drawing and modeling requirements today, traditional drawing instruments
such as those mentioned above are still very important, particularly for freehand
sketching or attempting basic graphics work the pieces of equipment are very
useful and often essential. Being able to identify them is the first step in the
process of learning to use them.

What I Know

Identifying basic drawing Tools and Materials

 
Before you learn more about the lesson, Let us determine how much you
already know about the basic drawing tools and materials in mechanical drafting.
Take this test.

Pre-Test
I.MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each question then choose the best answer for each
item.
______1. An instrument used as an aid in drawing vertical and inclined lines.
a. compass b. pencil c. ruler d. triangle
______2. Used for marking out distances and measuring purposes.
a. compass b. French curve c. ruler d. triangle
______3. A drawing material used in sketching.
a. paint brush b. pastel c. pencil d. sign pen
______4. The paper on which a drawing is made.
a. drawing paper b. pad paper c. sandpaper d. sign
pen
______5. Soft rubberized material used for removing unwanted pencil lines or
marked.
a. eraser b. paper c. ruler d. sharpener

II. List down at least five uses and care of drafting or measuring tools.

1. ____________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________________

Lesson
Drawing Equipment and
1
Their Use

What’s In

To record information on paper instruments and equipment are

needed. Engineering drawing is entirely a graphic language hence
instruments are essentially needed. Drawing must be clear, neat and legible
in order to serve its purpose. Hence it is extremely important for engineers to
have good speed, accuracy, legibility and neatness in the drawing work.

All drawings are made by means of various instruments. The

quality of drawing depends to a large extent on the quality, adjustment and
care of the instruments.

As a beginning drafter, you will need to purchase your tools.

* Which tools do you think are important to include in your basic board
drafting kit?
* What does professional equipment for technical drawing consist of?
Graphic Organizer
Use a table like the one below to organize information on various types of board-
drafting equipment discussed in this section.

Drafting Tools/Equipment Types Functions

What’s New

Technical drawing, graphic images and sketches can be created using a

variety of instruments, ranging from traditional tools such as pencils, compasses,
rulers and a variety of triangles as well as by computer. Drawing tools are used to
make accurate and legible drawings and models. While the computer can be used
for most drawing and modeling requirements today, traditional drawing
instruments such as those mentioned above are still very important, particularly
for freehand sketching or attempting basic graphics work the pieces of equipment
are very useful and often essential. Being able to identify them is the first step in
the process of learning to use them.

What Is It

Most drafting work generally consists of mechanical or instrumental

drawing. As such the learners must first of all acquaint themselves with drafting
tools and material and equipment as well. It is a formal and precise way of
communicating information about the shape, size, features and precision of
physical objects.
􀁼 A universal language of engineering used in the design process for solving
problems, quickly and accurately visualizing objects, and conducting analysis.
􀁼 A graphical representation of objects and structures.
􀁼 It can be done by using freehand, mechanical, or computer methods
􀁼 Always observe the drafting/ drawing objectives as precise, accuracy,
legibility and neatness.
Content Vocabulary
• drawing board • true edge • T-square • protractor
• scales • irregular curve • template • vellum
• case instruments • dividers • compass
Basic Board-Drafting Equipment

Drawing Tables and Desks

Drawing tables and desks come in many different sizes and types. The table surface
should be cleaned daily to avoid transferring pencil graphite smudges onto your
drawings. Some drawing tables can be adjusted for either standing or sitting.

Drawing Boards
The drawing board is a large, flat board on which you attach a drawing sheet to
make a drawing. A drawing board can be the surface of a drafting table or a
separate board that is placed on top of a desk or table. They are made so that they
will not warp and so that the guiding edge, or true edge, will stay straight. The
most basic boards usually measure 18 24 (460 600 mm). Professional boards are
typically larger, however, and may be any size needed.

A typical drafting table

T-Squares
A T-square is a drafting instrument made up of a head that lines up with the true
edge of a drafting board and a blade, or straightedge, that provides a true edge.
Most T-squares have plastic-edged wooden blades or clear plastic blades with
heads made of wood or plastic. The most accurate ones use steel or aluminum
blades with metal heads. You can easily check the accuracy of your T-square. First,
on a clean sheet of paper, draw a line along the drawing edge of the T-square.
Second, turn the drawing sheet upside down and line up the T-square’s drawing
edge with the other side of the line. If the drawing edge and the line do not match,
the T-square is not accurate and should be replaced.
 T-squares are available in various styles and materials.

Triangles
Drafters use two types of triangles in combination with a T-square or parallel ruling
straightedge to draw lines at various angles. The 45° triangle has one 90° angle and
two 45° angles. The 30°-60° triangle has 30°, 60°, and 90° angles.

Protractors
A protractor is an instrument that is used to measure or lay out angle.
You can measure an angle in degrees, using your protractor. The number of
degrees in an angle will be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 180. You can
classify angles by their size. An acute angle measures less than 90°. A right angle
measures 90°. An obtuse angle measures greater than 90° and less than 180°.
Other Basic Tools
In addition to the equipment described thus far, board drafters use a variety of
other tools, instruments, and equipment. These make up an important part of a
board drafter’s everyday tool kit.

Irregular Curves
Drafters use a tool called an irregular curve, or French curve, to draw
noncircular curves such as spirals and ellipses. These devices are made of sheet
plastic and come in different shapes. Many drafters also use flexible curves. Flexible
curves can be adjusted to complex curved paths that may be difficult to draw using
other types of irregular curves

Some examples of irregular, or French

Templates
A template is a thin, plastic sheet with holes cut in the various shapes a drafter
might need to draw. By tracing around the holes, the drafter can quickly and
accurately draw the shape required. Templates are available with basic shapes, like
circles, or for special uses, such as drawing bolt heads, nuts, and electrical,
architectural, and plumbing symbols
 Templates are made for many different uses and save a good deal of time

Drafting Media
Technical drawings are made on many different kinds of drawing sheets,
known as drafting media. Paper is one kind of drafting medium. Drawing paper
may be white, cream, or pale green and comes in many sizes and qualities.

Types of Drafting Media

Most drawings are made on paper, tracing paper, vellum, or polyester drafting
film. Vellum is paper that has been treated to make it more transparent. This is
important if you need to copy part of the drawing onto another sheet later.
Polyester drafting films are widely used in industrial drafting rooms. They have a
matte (dull, rough) surface, are transparent, durable, and suitable for both pencil
and ink work.

Sizes of Drafting Media

Trimmed sizes of drafting media follow standards set by two organizations: the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the International Standards
Organization (ISO).
ASME standard drawing sheet size A is based on the dimensions of 8.5 11
(letter-sized) paper. Standard-size sheets can be cut from rolls of film or paper 36
or 42 wide with minimal waste.

The ISO standard is developed from a base sheet with an area of about 1 square
meter (1 m2). Sheet sizes are based on a length-to-width ratio of 1 to the square
root of 2 (1:2). Each smaller size has an area equal to half of the preceding size.
Multiples of these sizes also are used for larger sheets.
 ASME (Inches) ISO (Millimeters)
Drawing Drawing Overall Paper
Overall Paper Size
Size Size Size
A 8.50” X 11.00” A0 841 X 1189 mm
B 11.00” X 17.00” A1 594 X 841 mm
C 17.00” X 22.00” A2 420 X 594 mm
D 22.00” X 34.00” A3 297 X 420 mm
E 34.00” X 44.00” A4 210 X 297 mm

Drawing Instruments
Drawing instruments are needed to produce accurate technical drawings.
Instruments can be purchased as individual items or in sets, also called case
instruments.
Note that many instruments have pointed ends that are very sharp and can
cause injury. They should always be carefully handled and stored in their case
when not in use. A full set of instruments usually includes compasses with pen
part, pencil part, lengthening bar, dividers, bow pen, bow pencil, bow dividers, and
one or two ruling pens (optional). Most drafters favor large bow sets. These are
known as master, or giant, bows and are made in several patterns. With large
bows, 6 (152 mm) or longer, circles can be drawn up to 13 (330 mm) in diameter
or, with lengthening bars, up to 40 (1016 mm) in diameter.

Dividers
You can divide lines, arcs, and circles into equal parts and transfer distances
from one place to another with dividers. Bow dividers are generally more rigid than
friction-joint dividers and are therefore more accurate. Although friction-joint
dividers are more quickly adjusted, they are also more easily knocked out
adjustment.
Compasses
Regular curves are curves with points that are all exactly the same distance
from a center point.
These curves can be drawn with a compass. Bow compasses, like bow
dividers, are more rigid than their friction-joint counterparts. Friction-joint
compasses are easily knocked out of alignment.

Drafting Pencils and Pens

Several types of pencils and pens have been developed specifically for
drafting. The type you select depends on the drawing sheet you use and the
characteristics of the line you want to draw.

Drafting Pencils
Both regular wooden pencils and mechanical (stick lead) pencils are used
for technical drawing. However, mechanical drafting pencils are favored because
they maintain line consistency better than wooden pencils. Many types of lead are
available, but graphite lead is most commonly used.
Grades of Graphite Sticks or Pencils
Graphite drafting pencils are made in 17 degrees of hardness, or grades. The
pencil grade you use depends on the type of drawing surface and the nature of the
drawing itself. It also depends on how opaque (dark) and thick you want the
finished line to be. To lay out views on drawing paper with a fairly hard surface,
use grades 4H and 6H. When you draw finished views that are to be reproduced
using tracing paper or by machine, use an H or 2H pencil. Grades HB, F, H, and
2H are sometimes used for sketching and lettering and for drawing arrowheads,
symbols, border lines, and so on. Very hard and very soft leads are seldom used in
ordinary drafting.
6B softest and blackest
5B extremely soft
4B extra soft
3B very soft
2B soft, plus
B soft
HB medium soft
F intermediate, between soft and hard
H medium hard
2H hard
3H hard, plus
4H very hard
5H extra hard
6H extra hard, plus
7H extremely hard
8H extremely hard, plus
9H hardest
Standard grades of drawing pencils

Technical Pens
Technical pens contain points of various size to draw a specific line width.
Some technical pens have a refillable cartridge for storing ink. Others have a
cartridge that is used once and then replaced. The disposable technical pen has a
stainless steel point and requires little maintenance. Points for refillable pens are
made of finer materials specific to the type of media to be used. The three main
types of points are:
* hard-chrome stainless steel, for use on paper or vellum
* tungsten-carbide, for long wear on film, vellum, and paper (most commonly used
in pen plotters)
* jewel, for long, continuous use on film
Complete sets of technical pens which include all or most of the point sizes are
available.

The range of lines and point sizes available in technical pens

Drawing Ink
Ink used for technical drawings is called drawing ink. It must be completely
opaque to produce good, uniform line tone, but also be erasable on all drafting
media.

Erasers and Erasing Shields

Use soft erasers to clean soiled spots or light pencil marks from drawings.
Rubkleen, Ruby, and Emerald erasers are generally good for removing pencil. On
film, use a vinyl eraser made especially for film. Electric erasing machines may also
be used. Although drawing ink is waterproof, it can easily be removed from
polyester drafting film using erasers made especially for that purpose. Plastic
erasers either rub away the ink line or absorb it. To avoid erasing nearby lines
accidentally, most board drafters use an erasing shield. This metal or plastic device
has holes of different sizes and shapes. By positioning the shield so that the part to
be erased shows through one of the holes, you can protect other parts of the
drawing.
Scales
Remember that scales are used to lay off distances and to make
measurements. Measurements can be full size or scaled, meaning they are in a
specified proportion to full size.
Some scales, are open divided, meaning only the units at the end of the scale
are subdivided. Other scales are full divided, with subdivisions over their entire
length.
Customary-Inch Scales
Different scales are used to make different types of drawings. The commonly
used inch-based scales include the architect’s
scale, mechanical engineer’s scale, and
civil engineer’s scale.

What’s More

Drawing Equipment and Their Use

Instruction: Based on what you have learned previously, answer the following
questions.
1. What is a common purpose of all drafting tools?
 2. What qualities are important for drafting media?

3. What types of instruments are included in a typical drafting kit?

4. How do pencils, pens, and erasing tools affect the quality of a drawing?

5. How does a drafter represent objects that are either very large or very small?

What I Have Learned?

MULTPLE CHOICE : Based on what you have learned from the lesson, read each
question then choose the best answer for each item.

1. A half-moon protractor is divided into how many degrees?

A. 360
B. 180
 C. 270
D. 310
2. Traditional drafters need to be able to create several different line widths
because______
A. Different line widths convey different information
B. The line width has to do with how dark it appear in the finish drawing
C. They seem to transmit better in a fax machine
D. It makes no difference
3. Several of the tools used in traditional drafting include the following
A. Parallel straight edge
B. 45 degree triangle
C. Circle template
D. All of the above
4. A civil engineer working on a bridge design would probably rely on his_______
Scale for checking printed drawings.
A. engineer’s
B. metric
C. architect’s
D. none of the above
5. A drawing instrument set usually contains all of the following except:
A. bow compass
B. dividers
C. extra leads
D. scale

What I Can Do

A draftsman prepares technical drawings either manually or using

computer-aided drafting. Manual drafting uses a myriad of tools that haven’t
changed much over the years. It is very important for today’s draftsmen to use the
highest quality drafting supplies when working on a new project. Using the correct
drafting supplies will improve the overall success of your drafting project.

Importance of maintaining tools and equipment:

 Making sure your tools are properly stored.
 Clean, inspect and care for tools.
 Make it a habit to clean tools after each use before you return them to
storage
 Wipe them down with a rag or old towel and be sure they
are free of dust, grease and debris before you put them
into their proper places. This is also an opportunity to
look for any damage or defects.

Assessment
Basic Board-Drafting Equipment
Based on what you have learned in the past lesson, identify what is being
described on the following statements.

1. Identify the basic equipment used in board-drafting.

2. List and describe various types of drafting media.

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is true and
write False if the statement is false.

_________1. With some imagination, traditional drafters could actually produce a

true 3-dimensional drawing.
_________2. The parallel straight edge can be used for aligning the paper as well as
drawing horizontal lines.
_________3. Both the drafting machine and the parallel straight edge were used on
specially designed tables to aid the drafter in producing technical drawings
_________4. When using a technical pencil to create a drawing the drafter would
usually select a soft lead to create a very light line.
_________5. A line to be drawn perpendicular to a horizontal line
can only be drawn with a 45 degree triangle.

Additional Activities

Draw Angles Using a Protractor Draw an example of an acute angle, a right

angle, and an obtuse angle. Label each and provide the angle
measurement.
References

1. Jenson,Cecil Howard,Engineering drawing and design,1925,4th

ed.,Macmillan/McGram-Hill
2. Louis Gary Lamit, Descriptive Geometry,1981,1st ed.,Prentice-Hall
3. Frederick E.,Technical Drawing,1958,4thed.,The Macmillan Company
4. David L.Goetsch et al, Technical drawing,1994,3rd ed., Delmar Publishers
Inc.
5. A text book of engineering drawing, B.Gupta. Nasaka Pashakar publisher
6. V.B. Sikka ,A course in civil engineering drawing ,1998,4th ed.
7. T. Jeyapoovan, Engineering Drawing with autocad 2000, Vikas publishing
 What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will learn how to

 Identify and describe each type of line associated with the alphabet of lines;
 Explain the meaning and precedence of lines;
 Appreciate the importance of lines in the graphical language of industry.

Technical sketching deals with making working sketches or drawings in

pencil, developing skills in pencil techniques using different kinds of lines in such
drawing. Correct practice and exercise will enable students to gain more
experience. The acquisition of better technique in sketching without the use of
instruments is always a procedure before starting mechanical drawing.

What I Know

Freehand Drawing
 Before you learn more about the lesson, Let us determine how much you
already know about freehand drawing, particularly on line sketches, and simple
objects.
Direction: I. With a short drawing paper, sketch the lines described in each
problem.
1. A square and 45 degrees crosshatching lines inside.
2. A vertical cutting plane line with arrows pointing to the right.
3. A hidden rectangular shape.
 Direction: A. Sketch straight line
1. Vertical Lines
2. Horizontal Lines
3. Diagonal Lines
B. Sketch curved lines
C. Sketch simple structures (Combinations of a, b & c)
D. Sketch simple ornaments (Combinations of 1 & 2)
 

Lesson Alphabet of Lines

2

What’s In

Learning to draw requires the same patience as learning to walk. Both are a
matter of training and practice.
Freehand sketching is a necessary technique in any branch of drafting field
and a valuable asset for general use. Good training in sketching can be gained by
placing dots at various distances and directions on the sheet and training the hand
to connect them with direct strokes. Try to make the first line the final line and
eliminate mistakes by continued practice.
The only materials required for freehand sketching are paper and a soft
pencil, HB, sharpened to a long conical point, not too sharp, but not too dull, and a
pencil eraser to be used sparingly. The pencil should be held lightly and
comfortably in the hand and all strokes made with a full arm motion.
Before we proceed to the more technical aspects of freehand sketching, it
would be best if we try to answer the following questions.
Direction: Define and Illustrate the given lines. Write your answer on the blank
provided.
1. Horizontal Lines. __________________________________________________________
2. Vertical Lines.
________________________________________________________

3. Inclined lines.
________________________________________________________

4. Curve lines like arcs and circles.

_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. Ellipses and irregular curves. ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6. Light and Heavy lines. _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7. Accented line.
________________________________________________________
 What’s New

The basis of all drawing is lines. Many different lines are used even in simple
drawings. All lines should be made so clearly that there will be no doubt of their
meaning when the drawing is read.
The weight of lines is determined by the degree of hardness of the pencil
used, and not by the amount of pressure exerted on the pencil.
For finished inked drawings, three weights of lines, heavy, medium, and light
are considered desirable and for pencil drawings, the medium and light lines.
Certain conventional lines have been developed and standardized by long
usage in industry and they are referred to as the alphabet of lines.

What Is It

Definition of Terms

1. Alphabet of Lines, a set of conventional line symbols which have different

weights or thickness, forms and uses.
2. Visible Line, dark heavy lines. Show the outline and shape of an object.
(shows shape)
3. Hidden lines, light, narrow, short dashed lines. Shows the outline of a
feature that cannot be seen in a particular view.
4. Center Line, thin line consisting of long and short dashes. Shows the center
of holes, slots, paths of rotation and symmetrical objects.
5. Dimension Line, dark heavy lines. Show the length, width, and height of the
features of an object. (shows size) Terminated with arrowheads at the end.
6. Extension Line, used to show the starting and stopping points of a
dimension.
Visible Line(shows location). Must have at least a 1/16 space between the object
and the extension line.
7. Section
Hidden Line Line, thin line at 45 degree angle. Shows cross-sectional view.
LlllLineLine
8. Long Break Line, long thin lines. Used to show that the middle section of an
object is removed so it can be drawn on a similar piece of paper
 9. Short Break Line, thick wavy lines. Used to break the edge or surface of a
part of a clarity of a hidden object.

10. Leader Line, a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end and
short horizontal line on the other end. EstablishesExtension
a connection
Line between a
graphical
Extensionrepresentation
Line of an item and some text.

11. Reference Line, an irregular fine curved line with an arrowhead at one end.
It is often used to label the parts of an object.

12. Cutting Plane Line, thick lines. Used to indicate an imaginary cut through
an object along the line.
 
 

The Alphabet of Lines

 
Visible line
Hidden line

Center Line

Dimension Line

Dimension line

Section Line

Long Break Line

Short Break Line

 Leader Line

Reference Line

Cutting Plane Line

The Alphabet of Lines in Technical Drawing

Lines in technical drawings are part of a specialized graphic language that is
standardized throughout industry. Each type of line has a very precise symbolic
meaning. Correct usage of this "alphabet of lines" is essential whether you use
traditional drafting methods or CAD. Line weight is the thickness of the line.
Construction lines and guide lines are very light, easily erased lines used to block
in the main layout. Visible lines are the edges or "outlines" of an object. They are
drawn as solid lines with a thick/heavy weight. All other lines contrast with the
visible lines by having either a thinner weight and/or a combination of dashes.
 The following chart shows technical drawing lines that describe a piece of
machinery with a swinging arm. All of the red "bent arrow" lines with notes are the
leaders. Make sure you understand the use of the cutting plane line to show the
section. Make sure you understand the use of the viewing plane line to show an
additional view. Note the jagged break line to indicate that this is only part of the
object. Note the difference between the phantom lines that show where the arm
swings, and the hidden line that allows you to see through the machine.

Line Characteristics
* Lines are uniform within the line.
* Looks the same width all along the length of the line.
* Thin – thin all along the length
* Medium – medium all along the length
* Thick – thick all along the length

Object/Visible Lines
 Show the object.
 Show the outline of the visible edges or contours of an object that can be
seen by an observer.
 Should stand out sharply when contrasted with other lines on the
drawing.
Spacing and Size

 Medium width.
 Continuous line (no dashes)
 Dense black

Hidden Lines
 Show ‹Edges ‹Surfaces
 Corners
 of an object that are concealed from the view of the observer

Spacing and Size

 Thin lines.
 Evenly space short dashes
 Approximately 1/8” long,
 Spaces 1/32” long.
 Dense black

Hidden Line “Rules”

1. Start and end with a dash.
2. If a hidden line is a continuation of a visible line then a gap is shown.
3. A gap is also shown when a hidden line crosses but does not intersect another
line.
4. Hidden lines should be omitted when they are not needed for clarity.

Center Lines
‹Show
1. Axes of symmetrical parts
2. Centers of circles and
3. Paths of motion.

Spacing and Size

 Thin lines.
 Alternating long and short
dashes.
 The long dash (3/4” to 1-1/2”)
 The short dash (1/16” to 1/8”)
 Dense black.
Center Lines “Rules
1. Center lines intersect at the short dashes.
2. Center lines extend only a short distance past the object.
3. Center lines start and end with a long dash.

Dimension Lines, Extension Lines and Leaders

Dimension lines
 Indicate the size and direction of dimensions.
 Are terminated by arrowheads.

Spacing and Size Extension Line

 Thin lines.
 Continuous.
 Dense black Dimension Line

Extension lines
 Indicate the termination of a dimension.
 Extend from approximately
 1/16 inch from the object to
 1/8 inch beyond the last arrowhead.

Spacing and Size

 Thin lines.
 Dense black.
 Continuous lines.
Leaders
 Are drawn to notes or identification symbols used on the drawing.
 Start with 1/8 “shoulder”
 End with arrowhead.

Spacing and Size

 Thin lines.
 Continuous lines.
 Dense black.

Break Lines
 Used for shortening parts too large for blueprint.
 Wavy Lines most common.
 Used for
 Long Breaks.
 Cylindrical Breaks.
Phantom Lines
 Thin lines made of long dashes alternating with pairs of short dashes.
 Two purposes in drawings.
1. Show the alternate position of
moving parts.
2. Show relationship of parts
that fit together.
Alternate Position
 Phantom lines show where part is moving to or from.
 Eliminates the confusion of thinking there may be 2 parts instead of 1.

Phantom Lines

Relationship of Mating Parts

 Phantom lines can also show how two or more parts go together without
having to draw and dimension both parts.

Section Lines
 Thin line at 45 degree angle.
 Shows cross-sectional view.

Section Line
Cutting Plane Line
 Thick lines
 Used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the line

Reference Line
 An Irregular fine curved line an arrowhead at one end
 It is often used to label the parts of an object

What’s More

Blueprint Reading

Instruction: Based on what you have learned previously, answer the following
questions.

1. Why is drafting considered a universal language?

2. Why is it important to recognize the alphabet of lines?

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the hierarchy of lines?

4. What line is made up of formerly a series of dots? _____________________

 5. What line is composed of an alternating long dash and short dash?
__________________

6. Which in the alphabet of lines is considered the finest?

________________________

7. What is the heaviest line in a drawing? ______________________

8. What does the arrowhead in the cutting plane line represent?

__________________

9. What is preferred to use in machine drawing, reference line or leader line?

________________

10.In what type of drawing are limiting lines commonly found ? _____________

11.In what parts of the object are center lines used? _____________

12.What do you call a line which encloses a drawing? _______________

13. List the five lines that are drawn thick. __________________________________

14. List the six lines that include short dashes. ________________________________

15. List the four lines that include arrowheads. ________________________________

16. How does the cutting plane line differ from the viewing-plane line (in
application). _____________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned?

Based on what you have learned from the lesson, study the figure below.

Direction: Identify the given lines based on their construction and application.
Write your answer on the space provided. You may use the words inside the box
below.
What I Can Do

Technical drawing is a form of design communication based on line symbols

recognized and understood worldwide. Hence, technical drawing is often referred to
as a universal language understood (readable) by anyone regardless of the language
they speak. Contractors, estimators, tradesmen and builders rely totally on
technical drawings for the information they need to build, construct and
manufacture a product. To work in design and manufacturing industries, the study
of technical drawing –ability to prepare, read and interpret technical drawing is
essential.
Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as ALPHABET
OF LINES. The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to express features
of designed products clearly and accurately.  Line features vary not only by width
but also by how they are graphically represented in a drawing. Line significance is
conveyed by line weight or thickness of the line. Every line is drawn at different
thickness and darkness to express contrast as well as importance. Lines that are
less important are thin and light. Key to successful drafting is to have a good
technical knowledge of these various line characteristics.

Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE : Read each question then choose the best answer for each
item.

_____1. A set of conventional line symbols which have different weights, or

thickness, forms, and uses.
a. Alphabet of lines b. Line symbols c. Shapes
d. Symmetry line
_____2. This line pattern is composed of three dashes, one long dash on each end
with short dash in the middle.
a. center line b. hidden line c. object line d. phantom
_____3. A series of two or more points in line to serve as a reference for
measurements. Its function is to give an explanatory note for dimension.
a. border b. center c. leader d. reference
_____4. They are the figures for dimension values which must be lettered in vertical
or inclined styles.
a. arrowheads b. extension line c. notes d. numerical
value
_____5. Lines at angle extending from a note to a feature to which the notes applies.
a. fine line b. hidden line c. leader line d. out line
_____6. They are light in weight and broken in the middle to provide space for
dimensions.
a. dimension line b. limiting line c. projection line d. visible
line
_____7. Process of making the visible surface of an object drawn in outline form.
a. accented b. outline drawing c. shading d. shadow
_____8. They are sometimes called object line.
a. center line b. construction line c. dimension line d. visible line
_____9. The basis of all drawing is _________.
a. drawing b. line c. painting d. sketching
_____10. Extension line is used to show the clearly the dimension ________.
a. arrow b. limit c. line d. measure

Additional Activities

Direction: Draw the correct line of each alphabet of lines. Write

the answer in the blank provided.

_______________1.) Visible Line

_______________2.) Cutting Plane Line

_______________3.) Extension Line

_______________4.) Leader Line

_______________5.) Center Line

______________6.) Hidden Line

_______________7.) Dimension Line

_______________8.) Section Line

_______________9.) Reference Line

_______________10.) Long and Short Break Lines

Answer Key

1.Horizontal Lines. These are lines generally drawn from left to right.

2. Vertical Lines. These are lines drawn from top to bottom.

3. Inclined lines. These are lines are generally drawn from left to right.

4.Curve lines like arcs and circles. Drawn with one or two strokes similar to the
strokes in capital C.

5.Ellipses and irregular curves. Drawn with one or several strokes preferably with
very small gaps between strokes.

6.Light and Heavy lines. Drawn with light and heavy strokes respectively
7.Accented line. Drawn with varied pressure of the pencil.

Blueprint Reading
1. Even though people around the world speak different languages, the graphic
language (symbols and line types) has remained common.

2.The lines in alphabet of lines are used to describe shape, size, hidden
surfaces, interior detail, and alternate positions of parts.

- Each conveys a particular meaning on the drawing

3.The order in which lines are when more than one line type is located in the
same location on a drawing.

4.Hidden line or dotted lines.

5.Center line

1. Construction line, Center line

7.Visible or Object line

8.Used to indicate the imaginary cut through an object along the line.

9.Leader line

10. Arrowheads on the dimension line

11. Used to locate centers of objects, arcs and circles.

12. Object line

13. Visible, Cutting plane, Viewing plane, Short break, Chain

14. Hidden, Center, Cutting plane, Viewing plane, Phantom, Chain

15. Dimension, Leader, Cutting-plane, Viewing-plane

 16. The difference between the cutting-plane and viewing-plane is that cutting
cuts objects and viewing views object.

Identification

1.Center line
2. Dimension line
3. Extension line
4. Phantom line
5. Cutting-Plane line
6. Hidden line
7. Short break line
8. Section line
9. Visible line
10. Leader line
Multiple Choice

1. A. alphabet of lines
2. A. center line
3. D. reference
4. D. numerical value
5. C. leader line
6. A. dimension line
7. B. outline drawing
8. D. visible line
9. B. line
10. B. limit

Application

1. 5. 8.

2. 6. 9.

3. 7. 10.

4.
 References

Ernesto I. Arellano, 2010

AutoCAD 2D for All: A Detailed, Concise and Self Explanatory Book for CAD Users,

AutoCAD 2010 Tutorials, Autodesk, 2010

Taminaya, Engr. Raul, 2005,

2D/3D AutoCAD Manual, TechSkills Philippines INC.,

AutoCAD 2013:User's Guide,January 2012

e-sources:

http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/index.htmhttp://www.we-r-here.com/cad/
tutorials/level_1/1-1.htm

http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/index.htm

www.mycadsite.com
©
2012 Autodesk, Inc..

George Brown College: Fundamentals of autoCAD Certificate

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will learn how to

 Compare Types of Projection

 Perform the different Types of Projection
 Practice Isometric Projection
 Observe proper weight of lines

The goal in engineering graphics, whether it is freehand sketching or CAD, is to

represent a physical object. Objects can be shown as 3-D projection or Multiview
projections.3-D projections are useful in that they provide an image that is similar
to the image in the designer’s mind’s eye. But 3-D projections are often weak in
providing adequate details of the object, and there is often some distortion of the
object. For instance, a circular hole becomes an ellipse in an isometric 3-D
projection. Multiview projections are used to overcome the weaknesses of 3-D
projections. Multiview projections are a collection of flat 2-D drawings of the
different sides of an object.

Projection is the representation of a figure or solid on a plane as it would look from

a particular direction.

Two definition are used in projection:

 Orthographic projection
 Pictorial projection
 [Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to
emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.]

What I Know

Before you learn more about the lesson, Let us determine how much you
already know about pictorial drawing and the line symbols of an object. Take this
test.
Direction A: Write the missing words on the line. Choose your answer from the
words inside the box.

leader line hidden line

measure limits
drawing arrow heads
line non-isometric
 border line isometric drawing
   

1. The basis of all drawings is _________________.

2. Extension line is used to show clearly the dimension _____________________.
3. ________________ are place at the ends of those lines to show the points where the
dimension end.
4. Pictorial sketching is a type of __________________ whose principal advantage is
presenting the object pictorially or more nearly as it appears to the eye.
5. Iso means equal and metric means_______________.
6. __________________ is a drawing where in the object is represented by three sides
seen at one time.
7. To draw __________________, the object must be enclosed in an isometric box.
8. ___________________ is a fine broken line with an arrowhead at one end.
9. A ____________________ was formerly called invisible or dotted line.
10. ____________________ are generally the heaviest or darkest lines in a drawing.

Direction B: Write True if the statement is true and write False if the statement is
false.
_______1. Axis is the middle part of an object, either along its width or along its
length.
________2. Outline is the main shape of an object.
________3. In an Isometric drawing all horizontal lines are drawn a 60 degrees angle
away from a given point.
________4. An isometric drawing is a type of technical drawing used to illustrate a
mechanical part in true 3-dimensional form.
________5. Isometric is derived from the words, iso means “equal” and metric means
“measure”.

Lesson
Pictorial Drawing
3

What’s In

Pictorial drawings are drawings that are drawn as they appear to your eye.
Three types of pictorial drawings are used in apprentice able trades: (1} perspective,
(2) isometric and (3) oblique.
 PICTORIAL DRAWING

Axonometric Drawing Oblique Projection Perspective Drawing

1.Isometric Drawing 1. Cavalier Two Types of Perspective
2.Dimetric Drawing 2. Cabinet * One Point Perspective
3.Trimetric Drawing 3. Major/General * Two Point Perspective

Axonometric Projections

 Observer at infinity
 Projectors parallel to each other and perpendicular to projection plane
 Object is inclined with respect to projection plane
Types of Axonometric Projections

Isometric Projection

Dimetric Projection

Trimetric Projection

Direction : Answer the following questions.

1. What are the specified angles for isometric?
2. What are the line angles for an oblique drawing?
3. Name the three types of pictorial drawing?
4. The lines that represent angles in an isometric drawing are known
as________.
5. Sketch an isometric view of a rectangular block.
 What’s New

Pictorial sketching is a type of drawing whose principal advantage is

representing the object pictorially or more nearly as it appears to the eye. It is like a
picture.

In working drawings, the pictorial representation may also be made on a

separate sheet and color is applied to show the natural appearance of the object
drawn. The knowledge of pictorial sketching and drawing is therefore necessary for
making a working drawing. Although working drawings show the surfaces of an
object in their true shape and dimensions, it takes an individual with the power of
visualization, or ability to form a mental image, to see in the different views the
object as it actually exists in its entirety.

What Is It

Definition of term

Lesson 3: Isometric Projections

• All angles between axonometric axes are equal
• The three coordinate axes of the object appear equally foreshortened (about
th
3/4 of true length)
• The angles between any two of the three coordinate axes is 120°
 Axonometric projection shows all 3 dimensions, length, width and height.
 The isometric lines are only drawn to scale. Objects composed entirely of
isometric lines can be drawn by taking all measurements parallel to main edges
of the enclosing box.
 Non-isometric lines are drawn by transferring the ordinates (which are on
isometric lines) of the end of the lines.
 Inclined and oblique surfaces are drawn using end coordinates. Box
construction and offset measurements are common methods.
 In an isometric drawing, an angle never appears in its true size. Angles,
irregular curves require special techniques.

• The three coordinate axes are called isometric axes

• Any line parallel to isometric axes is called isometric line
• A non-isometric line is a line not parallel to any one of the three
isometric axis
• In isometric projection of cube, the faces of the cube and any plane
parallel to them is called isometric planes

Isometric Scale
• True lengths of the edges of the object are equally foreshortened
• Correct isometric projection can be drawn using an isometric scale (always
smaller than ordinary scale)
Steps:

Step 1
Isometric sketches begin with defining isometric axes, three lines, one
vertical and two drawn at 30° from the horizontal.

Step 2
Three lines of the isometric axes represent the three primary dimensions of
the object: width, height, and depth .

Step 3
Draw the font face of the isometric
block
Step 4
Draw the rest of the isometric block.

Step 5
Add details to the block starting from the front face. Then add details to the
other faces.
Step 6
Darken all visible lines to complete the isometric sketch. (make sure that
construction lines are light).

Objects with Normal Surfaces

Objects with Non-isometric Lines
 Non-isometric lines are drawn with box construction and offset measurements
 Non-isometric lines are not drawn in true length in isometric drawing (BA is
shorter than CA in this drawing)
Irregular Objects

• OA and OB offsets help to locate apex O

• Complete box construction may not be needed in each case

Objects with Circular Geometry

 A circle in a orthographic projection will appear as an ellipse in an isometric

drawing.
 Instead of actual ellipses often approximate ellipses are drawn for isometric
drawing.
 Four-centre ellipses are used to approximate ellipses on isometric planes.

Approximate Ellipse
 Draw the isometric centre lines of  the circle.
 Using  the  centre  lines,  draw an isometric square with sides equal to the
diameter of  the  circle.
 From  the  near  corners  of  the  box,  draw two large arcs with radius R, using
the two red points as centres.
 Draw the two smaller arcs with radius r, using two green points as centres.

Cylinder

Objects with Circular Geometry

Objects with Non-
Circular Curved Surfaces

 A line that appears as a noncircular curve in a normal orthographic view of an

object appears as a non-isometric line in an isometric drawing.
 Curves may be drawn using a series of points by measuring along the normal
lines in the orthographic view (offset measurements) and transferring these
points on isometric drawing. Accuracy increases with number of points.

What’s More

Pictorial Drawing

Based on what you have learned previously, answer the following questions.
1. What is pictorial drawing? _________________________________________________
 2. What are the three types of axonometric? __________________________________
3. What is isometric? ________________________________________________________
4. What are the three principal dimensions of an object? ______________________

What I Have Learned?

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Based on what you have learned from the lesson,
Read each question then choose the best answer for each item.

1. In isometric projection, all distances are approximately this percentage of

their true size.
A. 120 percent
B. 80 percent
C. 50 percent
D. 20 percent
2. Angles project true size only when the plane containing the angle and plane
of projections are this:
A. Adjacent
B. Aligned
C. Perpendicular
D. Parallel
3. In this type of projection, each of the axes has different ratios of
foreshortening:
A. Isometric
B. Dimetric
C. Trimetric
D. Parallel
4. Lines of an isometric drawing that are not parallel to the isometric axes are
called this:
A. Trimetric
B. Non-isometric
C. Multiview lines
D. Dimetric
5. This type of axonometric drawing has equal foreshortening along two axis
directions and a different amount on the third axis:
A. Dimetric
B. Multiview
C. Isometric
D. Trimetric
6. Oblique drawings are dimensioned in a similar fashion as these types of
drawings:
A. Orthographic
B. Isometric
C. Angular
D. Parallel
7. In an oblique drawing, equally spaced partial circles may be used to show
this:
A. Symbolic thread pitch
 B. Ellipse
C. Cavalier
D. Projection points
8. When the receding lines are true length, and the projectors are
at 45 degrees to the plane of projection, the oblique drawing is
called this:
A. Cabinet projection
B. Cavalier projection
C. Axonometric projection
D. Isometric projection
9. A fillet is rounded surface on the _____ corner of a part.
A. Inside
B. Outside
C. Radial
D. Isoplane
10.Architectural drafters generally prefer to use _________drawings to help
illustrate 3-dimensional views of a structure.
A. Isometric
B. Perspective
C. Orthographic
D. Auxiliary

What I Can Do

The origin of pictorial sketching can be traced from earliest times when our
ancestors, before the discovery of verbal language and communication, conveyed
ideas through pictorial representations made on the ground. Today stories of
primitive times can be reconstructed through ancient pictures drawn and carve on
cave walls and flat stones. These were made with crude implements and recording
materials they knew at the time.
At present, the spoken languages, as well as the written ones, graphical and
symbolic in form, make communication easier. Coupled with these, the pictorial
form of representation that can be understood and used by all has now gained wide
acceptance.
To be useful, freehand pictorial sketches must be well-proportioned and
understandable. It is one of the most important mode of expression available to
man for use. Pictorial sketches, when used in careful combination with the written
or spoken language and related graphical representation, makes full understanding
by other sure. This is necessary to clarify and insure complete transfer of ideas to
others. Each method of expression is at hand to supplement another to convey the
intended idea.
Assessment

Fill in the blanks based on what you have learned from the past lesson.
1. The bounding box method for setting up an isometric drawing helps
the drafter
_____________________________________________________________
2. The offset tool should only be used for placing ______________ in an
isometric drawing.
3. A circle will appear on an isometric drawing as an___________

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is true and
write False if the statement is false.

___________1. An oblique drawing with the depth axis reduced to half size is cabinet
drawing.

___________2. Pictorial drawings are used to show true shape and size of objects.

___________3. In isometric drawings, measurements must be made along one of the

three isometric axes line.

___________4. In an oblique drawing the frontal face appears in its true shapes.

___________5. In an oblique drawing, all of the following angles can be used for
depth axis: 45, 60, and 90.

___________6. In isometric drawings, circle are drawn using a circle template.

___________7. Hidden lines, unless absolutely needed for clarify, should be left off
pictorial drawings.
Direction: Encircle 10 words that are related to isometric drawing. Find them
using horizontally, diagonally and vertically pattern.
H A C W I R Q I X P D S M
V E R T I C A L A X I S L
C L O A S D P H N F M J A
D M S C O Z T S D P E R S
T M S H M P N H G C N W W
L C A U E T A J A Z S E P
B N X D T I Z F I P I F A
B C I O R U G X D B O N J
R K S W I V G H Y P N U H
A L T C C V K D T H K Y V
E Q U A L M E A S U R E Z
P A R A L L E L L I N E S
L E F T C R O S S A X I S

Additional Activities

Task Sheet # 2

Title: Isometric Projection

Performance Objective: Given the tools and materials, you should be able to Draw
isometric Projection

Supplies/Materials/Equipment :
 Drawing table
 Ruler/triangles
 Pencils
 Eraser
Bond paper
Steps/Procedure:
1. Draw the object in Isometric Projec-
tion.
2. Complete the drawing accurately
with the dimensions provided (in
mm).
3. Observe weight of lines.
4. Label important parts of the draw-
ing. Observe proportion of letter-
ings
5. Observe
a. Neatness
b. Accuracy
c. Speed
d. Legibility

Performance Criteria Checklist for

Task Sheet #2
Trainee’s Name__________________________ Date ________________

Criteria YES NO
1. Drawn the object in Isometric Projection  
2. Completed the drawing accurately with the dimensions provided (in
 
mm).
3. Observed weight of lines.  
4. Labeled important parts of the drawing. Observed proportion of let-
 
terings
5. Observed
 
a. Neatness
b. Accuracy  
c. Legibility  
d. Speed  

Comments/Suggestions:
PLATE NO. NAME: TITLE: RUTH B. REYNANTE RATING:

Instructress
 Answer Key

Pre-test
1. Line
2. Limit
3. Arrowheads
4. Drawing
5. Measure
6. Isometric drawing
7. Non-isometric drawing
8. Leader line
9. Hidden line
10. Border line

True or False

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True

What’s In

1. 30 degrees and 120 degrees

2. 45, 90
3. Axonometric, oblique, perspective
4. Lines
5.

1. Pictorial drawing is a type of drawing whose principal advantage is

presenting the object pictorially or more nearly as it appears to the eye.
2. Isometric, Dimetric, Trimetric
3. Isometric drawing is a drawing wherein the object is represented by three
side seen at one time.
4. Height, Width, Depth
Multiple Choice Fill in the blanks

1. B. 80 percent 1. Confine the isometric drawing to its

2. D. Parallel maximum size
3. C. Trimetric 2. Vertical lines
4. B. Non-isometric 3. Ellipse
5. A. Dimetric
6. B. Isometric
7. Symbolic thread pitch True or False
8. B. Cavalier projection
9. A. Inside 1. True
10. B. Perspective 2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. True

H A C W I R Q I X P D S M
V E R T I C A L A X I S L
C L O A S D P H N F M J A
D M S C O Z T S D P E R S
T M S H M P N H G C N W W
L C A U E T A J A Z S E P
B N X D T I Z F I P I F A
B C I O R U G X D B O N J
R K S W I V G H Y P N U H
A L T C C V K D T H K Y V
E Q U A L M E A S U R E Z
P A R A L L E L L I N E S
L E F T C R O S S A X I S
References