University of Notre Dame

Trichodina chlorophora Richards, 1948, from Physa gyrina Say in Southern Illinois with a
Redescription of the Species
Author(s): Lawrence J. Blecka and George Garoian
Source: The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 88, No. 2 (Oct., 1972), pp. 470-474
Published by: University of Notre Dame
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2424378
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470 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 88(2)

airline miles SW of the Fern Canyon site, Bradley and Mauer (1965), who
took a male on 29 May and a pregnant female on 1 June 1964 at Ojo del
Galeana, Chihuahua, approximately 242 miles NW of Fern Canyon, and
Easterla (1970), who captured a single lactating individual near Los Norias,
Coahuila, on 7 August 1969, 47'/2 miles E of Fern Canyon.
Appreciation is extended to Cliff Boyls, Robbie Wright, Duane Kelly and
David J. Easterla for field assistance, to Patti Easterla for a photograph, and
to Fred Kent for black and white prints. This work was partially supported by
a National Science Foundation Graduate Traineeship.

REFERENCES
BORELL, A. E. 1939. A colony of rare free-tailed bats. J. Mammal., 20:65-68.
BRADLEY, W. G. AND R. A. MAUER. 1965. A collection of bats from Chihuahua,
Mexico. Southwest. Natur., 10:74-75.
DAvIs, W. B. 1960. The mammals of Texas. Game and Fish Commission,
Austin. 252 p.
EASTERLA, D. A. 1970. First record of the pocketed free-tailed bat for Coahuila
Mexico and additional Texas records. Texas J. Sci., 22:92-93.
GARDNER, A. L. 1965. New bat records from the Mexican state of Durango.
Proc. West. Found. Vert. Zool., 1: 101-106.
HALL, E. R. AND K. R. KELSON. 1959. The mammals of North America. Vol. 1.
Ronald Press, New York. 546 p.
VILLA, B. 1966. Los murcielagos de Mexico. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex., Mexico,
D.F. 491 p.
DAVID A. EASTERLA, Department of Forestry and Conservation, Purdue Univer-
sity, Lafayette, Indiana 47907. Submitted 16 September 1971; accepted 30
December 1971.

Trichodina chlorophora Richards, 1948, from Physa gyrina Say in

Southern Illinois with a Redescription of the Species
ABSTRACT: Trichodina chlorophora is reported from Physa gyrina taken
from Jackson Co., Ill. This represents a new host record in a new geographical
region for this peritrich. Comparisons are made with the original description and
the species is redescribed according to current biometric characteristics based
on silver impregnation of the adhesive disk apparatus. T. chlorophora is com-
pared with other trichodinids from aquatic and brackish-water gastropods.
INTRODUCTION
Trichodina chlorophora Richards, 1949, was found on the mantle and in
the mantle cavity of Physa gyrina Say taken from ponds near Gorham, Jackson
Co., Ill. This is the first report of T. chlorophora from this host and from this
geographic locality.
Only a few trichodinids have been reported from gastropods occurring in
brackish or fresh water throughout the world. In the United States, Richards
(1948) named T. chlorophora, T. physellarum and T. breviradiosa. from the
pulmonary sac of Physella ampullacea and P. traskii, as well as T. helisomarum,
from the pulmonary sac of Helisoma tenue. All four trichodinid species were
taken from ponds near Stanford University in southern California. Hosier and
Fried (1969) reported the occurrence of a Trichodina sp. from the kidney of
laboratory-reared Physa sp. originally taken from Lake Warren, Bucks Co., Pa.
In Europe T. baltica Quenerstedt, 1869, has been located by J. and Z. Raabe
(1961) and Z. Raabe (1965) in the mantle cavity of Theodoxus fluviatilis and
several other gastropods taken from brackish and fresh waters throughout Cen-
tral Europe. T. tranquillis, first described by Raabe and Raabe (1961), occupies

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1972 NOTES AND DISCUSSION 471

the mantle cavity of Planorbis planorbis taken from a pool near Nowe Miasto,
Poland. Finally, T. planorbicola, from the pulmonary sac of Australorbis
glabratus and A. tenagophilus, represents the South American fauna, having
been collected near Guanabara, Brazil (Machado-Filho, 1965).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

During the summer and autumn of 1970, gastropods were collected from
ponds and streams in Jackson Co., Ill. Molluscs were collected with a dip net and
placed in 1 gal nalgene or glass containers with 2 liters of water from the col-
lection site and enough aquatic plants to fill the container loosely. Containers
were returned to the laboratory and all molluscs were examined within 1 week
of collection. Hosts were necropsied in stender dishes containing 2 to 3 ml of
distilled water. Prior to. immersion in distilled water, the exterior of the shell
was swabbed with a cotton plug saturated with 70% alcohol. The shell was
gently peeled away, using a fine forceps to expose the mantle cavity. The entire
operation was carried out under a stereomicroscope at 30 to 60X. The mantle
was teased apart to expose the inner side. The Trichodina were quickly aspirated
and pipetted onto a glass slide. After five to six drops of the Trichodina-
containing solution were placed on each slide, the slides were air-dried and
stained in 10% silver nitrate after the method of Lom (1970). Staining was for
8 min followed by two rinses in cold (4 C) distilled water. Next, slides were
placed in a white porcelain pan, covered with 2 cm of distilled water, and ex-
posed to direct sunlight for 2 min to reduce the silver. Following reduction by
ultraviolet light, slides were washed in distilled water, passed through a graded
alcohol series to xylene, and mounted in Permount.
Biometric criteria follow those established by Lom (1958). Observations
were made under a Zeiss photomicroscope with an ocular micrometer. Average
measurements for 56 specimens are given in microns; ranges are in parentheses.
Illustrations were made with a Leitz camera lucida.

RESULTS
Parasite: T. chlorophora Richards, 1948; hypotype deposited in the USNM
Helminthological Collection #71926.
Host and geographic locality: Physa gyrina Say, from ponds near Gorham,
Jackson Co., Ill.
Location: Mantle and mantle cavity.
Description (based on 56 specimens): Profile shape, turban- to saucer-
shaped; adoral spiral making a turn of 390-405?; width of body, 77.0 (48-83);
(Fig. 1) diam of the adhesive disk, 46 (36-65); diam of the denticular ring,
28 (24-39); number of denticles, 27 (24-29); number of radial pins per
denticle, 9-10; contractile vacuole located eccentrically; length of ray, 5 (4-7);
length of blade, 5 (4-7) ; length of denticle, 7 (6-8); width, central part, 1.6
(1-2); width border membrane, 2.2 (1.5-3.0'); diam of macronucleus, 44
(37-50); width of macronucleus, 4.3 (3-5); distance between macronuclear tips,
9 (8-15) ; diam of micronucleus (mi), 3 (2-4); mi located +y position,
?y value = 8 (4-14). The denticle of T. chlorophora (Fig. 2) when viewed
aborally had this appearance: the ray attaches to the cone anteriorly and not
at the same level as the blade. The blade, which is thickened along the anterior
and median border, appears slightly concave. The adoral side of the denticle
extends posteriorly from the aperture of the cone, forming a concave trough
which houses the cone of the following denticle.
In a sample of 150 P. gyrina all were infected with 20 to 50 T. chlorophora
per snail. All T. chlorophora contained numerous zoochlorellae.

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472 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 88(2)

Discus sioN
Unfortunately, some authors have failed to supply enough biometric data
to adequately identify the Trichodina occurring in aquatic gastropods. This is
especially unfortunate since Lom (1958) has formulated a uniform system of
biometric criteria for identifying species of Trichodina. The T. chlorophora
described in this paper corresponds most closely with specimens of the same
species occurring in Physella (= Physa) ampullacea and P. traskii taken from
southern California (Table 1). Differences in the length of the ray and the size

Fig. 1 The adhesive disk apparatus of T. chlorophora X 1320

TABLE 1.-Biometric comparison of Trichodina from aquatic gastropods. Measurements are

Parasite T. chlorophora T. chlorophora T. breviradiosa
Author Blecka and Garoian, 1971 Richards, 1948 Richards, 1948
Host Physa gyrina Physella ampullacea P. amfpulacea
P. traskii
Geographic location TacksonCo., Ill. Stanford U., Cal. Stanford U., Cal
U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.
Location Mantle and mantle cavity Pulmonary cavity Pulmonary cavity
Diam body 65.7 (48-83) 55.5 (41-70) 57.0 (52-66)
Diam adhesive disk 44.7 (36-65) 46.4 (37-59) 43.6 (36-49)
Diam denticular ring 27.8 (24-39) 30.1 (23-38) 26.4 (23-29)
Number denticles 27.0 (24-29) 27.0 (23-30) 28.0 (26-30)
Number radial pins 9-10 9 7
Rotation adoral spiral 3900 4050 4050
Contractile vac. location Eccentric Eccentric
Length ray 5.0 (4-7) 4.4 (2-5.5) 2.4 (1.5-3.0)
Length blade 5.0 (4-7)
Length denticle 7.25
Width cone 1.6 (1-2) 1.9 (1.6-2.5) 1.9
Width border membrane 2.2 (1.5-3.0) 4.1 4.5
Macronucleus (Thickness-
Dist. between tips-width) 44.7-12.0-4.3 ?=14.4-3.0 ?-12.3-7
Diam micronuc. 3.0X3.5; +y=7 4.5X5.3; +y=? 7.3X7.3; +y=?
Zoochlorella present present present

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 1972 NOTES AND DISCUSSION 473

of the micronucleus separate T. chlorophora from T. breviradiosa and T. physel-

larum. T. chlorophora differs from T. helisomarum on the basis of the number
of radial pins per denticle, length of the ray and the location and size of the
micronucleus. In T. chlorophora the micronucleus is in the +y position, where-
as in T. helisomarum it is in the -y1 position. T. tranquillis Raabe and Raabe,
1961, is larger than T. chlorophora. The former has more denticles and fewer
radial pins than T. chlorophora; however, T. planorbicola has 12 radial pins per

Fig. 2.-Camera lucida of the denticle of T. chlorophora

in microns, figures in parentheses are ranges
T. physetlarum T. helisomarum T. baltica T. tranquillis T. planorbicola
Richards, 1948 Richards, 1948 Raabe, 1965 Raabe & Raabe 1961 Machado Filho, 1965
P. ampullacea P. ampullacea Theodoxus Planorbis planorbis Australorbis tenagophilus
P. traskii P. traskii fluviatilis A. glabralus
Stanford U., Cal. Stanford U., Cal. Poland Poland Guanabara, Brazil
U.S.A. U. S.A.
Pulmonary cavity Pulmonary cavity Mantle cavity Pulmonary cavity
56.5 (52-66) 52 (45-62) 42-51 80-95 50-90
47.7 (40-57) 45 (39-49) - 64-76 60-90
28.9 (23-34) 28.5 (25-35) 25-30
27.0 (26-30) 30.0 (38-34) 22-26 28-32 22-28
10 8 6 12
4050 4050 4000

7.6 (6.6-8.2) 9.1 (8.0-12.0) 8-10 4-5

-_____ _ -7-8 5.5

2.5 2.0
4 3.3

?-7-4.6 ?-10.3-4.1 ?-4.5-? ?-4.5-?

3.5X4.5; +y=3 3.1 X 4.2; -y=?
absent absent absent present absent

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474 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 88(2)

denticle. Without a more detailed study of T. planorbicola, the two cannot

adequately be compared. Finally, T. baltica from Theodoxus fluviatilis, as
described by Raabe (1965), cannot be compared due to the lack of biometric
information for the species.
It appears that the trichodinids occurring in aquatic gastropods have a
broad geographic range and broad host specificity. Raabe and Raabe (1961)
and Raabe (1965) reported T. baltica from nine mollusc species from five
geographic locations throughout Central Europe. Richards (pers. comm.) has
collected specimens of T. chlorophora from Maryland to Florida and Washing-
ton to California and found T. chlorophora in a number of Physiidae. This
report of T. chlorophora from P. gyrina in Illinois along with Richards' work
seems to indicate that T. chlorophora may occur in Physa throughout the con-
tinental United States.

REFERENCES
HOSIER, D. W. AND B. FRIED. 1969. Trichodina sp. (Cilata) from the kidney of
a pulmonate snail, Physa sp. J. Parasitol., 55: 32.
LOM, J. 1958. A contribution to the systematics and morphology of endopara-
sitic trichodinids from amphibians, with a proposal of specific charac-
teristics. J. Protozool., 5: 249-263.
. 1970. Observations on trichodinid ciliates from freshwater fishes. Arch.
Protistenk., 112:153-177.
MACHADO-FILHO, D. A. 1965. Contribution to the study of the ecology of the
Planorbinae: II. Contribution to the study of Trichodina Ehrenberg,
1831 (Ciliophora, Mobilia, Urceolariidae) and Gossatella Butschli, 1883
(Ciliophora, Sissilina, Scyphidiidae). Atlas Soc. Biol. Rio de Janeiro,
9: 108-110'.
RAABE, J. AND Z. RAABE. 1961. Urceolariidae from freshwater and terrestrial
molluscs in Poland. Acta P'arasitol. Pol., 9:153-160.
RAABE, Z. 1965. The parasitic ciliates of gastropods in the Ohrid Lake. Acta
Protozool., 3:311-320.
RICHARDS, C. S. 1949. Descriptions and host relations of four new species of
Trichodina from freshwater molluscs. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford Univ.
153 p.
LAWRENCE J. BLECKA AND GEORGE GAROIAN, Department of Zoology, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale 62901. Submitted 7 September 1971; accepted
8 November 1971.

Paragonimus kellicotti in Kentucky

ABSTRACT: The North American lung fluke, Paragonimus kellicotti Ward,

1908, is reported for the first tim,e naturally occurring in Kentucky. Cercariae
were found in the snail Pomatiopsis lapidaria, metacercariae in the crayfish
Cambarusbartoni, and adults in the'lungs of muskrats.Data also indicated the
snail, Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis, was capable of being a first intermediate,host
and the crayfishOrconectes juvenilis a second intermediate host. These last two
hosts are new naturally occurring host recordsfor North America.
INTRODUCTION
Only one unpublished report, occurring in 1918 (cited by Ameel, 1934),
could be found concerning the presence of Paragonimus kellicotti Ward, 1908,
in Kentucky. Adults were found in two mink raised in confinement at Camp-
bellsville, Ky. La Rue and Ameel (1937) further reported that Ameel examined
crayfish from Kentucky but failed to find any metacercariae. As a result, this
study was undertaken.

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