PASSI CITY COLLEGE

City of Passi, Iloilo

SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

CDI 8 – VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

LESSON 1
HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE

Course Description: Drug abuse prevention and education control program of the government that includes the recognition of the
nature and extent of the drug problem; causes and influence of drug abuse; origin, identification and classification of commonly abused
drugs, prohibited and regulated drugs and symptoms of drug abuse the course also include preventive drug abuse education and
information program in school and communities; and treatment and rehabilitation program for drug dependents.

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
 Articulate the impact and influence of drug abuse to a person who has lost the power of self-control in respect of a drug.
 Explain how vices and alcoholism affect society and environment as a whole
 Analyse the concepts of treatment and rehabilitation approach as applied to drug dependents.

Lesson Overview:
This module presents the historical perspective of drug abuse, the common methods of administration of drugs and how it
works in our body and the underlying causes/ influences of drug abuse.

The Holy Bible is a very reliable source in tracing the early use and abuse of narcotics. The Book of Judges of the Old
Testament revealed that the mighty Samson was put to sleep by Delilah by means of a drug-laced wine before cutting his hair, the
source of his strength, and subsequently gouged his eyes before the feasting Philistines already “high spirited” with narcotics mixed
with intoxicants. There are so many allusions of drug abuse in the old cities of Sodom and Gommorah, which might have led to the
widespread adultery, bestiality and incest (Sotto, 1994).

Ancient Greek and Roman literature likewise are replete with stories alluding to drug abuse, as in the lamentable and tragic
romance of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra, in desperation over her disprized love drank a narcotic-laden wine before allowing
herself to be bitten to death by a poisonous asp from the River Nile. Even in the practice of oracles and black magic during the Roman
Ancient times were believed to be accomplished by “narcotics” (Sotto, 1994).

Historians credited that marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) is the world’s oldest cultivated plant started by the Incas of Peru.
Peruvian and Mexican Incas have also the common practice to use the coco leaves during religious offering ceremonies. It was also
known marijuana was a “sacred tree’ in the belief of the Assyrians being used during religious rituals – some 9,000 years B.C. the use
of marijuana is also deeply ingrained in the cultures of many countries such as India, Jamaica, Morocco, Nepal, Mexico and Peru
(Sotto, 1994). The first reference of introduction was in Northern Iran as an intoxicant. And from there it spread throughout India by the
Hindus used for religious rituals in the belief that it is a source of happiness and “laughter provoker”. The word “hashis” (resin) of the
marijuana plant was derived from the name Hasan or Hashasin, the Muslim cult leader who fed his disciples a preparation made from
the resin of the female hemp plant as a reward for their successful activities in assassination.

American Indians too are believed to use not only the stimulant tobacco but also opium in their peace pipes in order to
“narcotize” an oppositionist to their common objectives (Sotto, 1994).

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 Knowledge on the opium poppy plant (Papaver Somniferum) goes back about 7000 years B.C. cultivated and prepared by the
Summerians. Even the Ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, prescribed the juice of the white poppy plant as
early as 5,000 B.C. in the belief that it can cure many illnesses both in the internal and external use. The plant was first harvested in
Mesopotamia and its use to spread throughout the neighbouring Mediterranean areas, then to Asia. From there, it was introduced to
Persia, India and China by the Arab came caravans (Dungo, 1988).

Opium use in China was stemmed out from India and became widespread in the 19 th Century. From Middle East, the plant
was cultivated in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Five centuries later, An opium trade between China and Portuguese merchants
became a lucrative business. The British took over the trade from the Portuguese and established the Opium trade Monopoly through
the British East Indies Company.

In an attempt to stop the extremely high rate of opium addiction in China, Emperor Yung Chen prohibited the smoking of
opium and attempted to close ports for its importation. This triggered the “opium war” of 1840 which induced China to accept the British
sponsored opium trade and forced to sign a treaty permitting the importation of opium into China after her defeated.

It was in 1806 that a German pharmacist in the name of Friedrich W. Serturner discovered Morphine, the first derivative of
opium. He called this new drug as “Morphium” and later changed to Morphine after the Greek god of dream, Morpheus. This was the
first attempt to cure opium addiction. But morphine addictive properties came to prominence during the American Civil War vast
numbers of American soldiers became addicted to the drug – so much so that morphine addiction became known as “soldiers’
disease”.

The second attempt of treating opium and morphine addiction started in 1896 when Heroin (Diacetylmorphine), synthesized
from the drug morphine, was discovered by a British chemist in the name of Alder Wright. It was called the “miracle drug” because it is
believed that it can cure both opium and morphine addiction. It was named after the word “hero’ due to its impressive power. So
physicians began to use heroin but it became a substitution of one addiction to another. It turns out later that heroin is the most
addictive of all drugs.

Meanwhile, codeine, the third derivative of opium was discovered in France while in the process of discovering other drugs
that could cure opium, morphine and heroin addiction but it also ended in the same tragic result. Today, it is widely used as an
ingredient in most cough syrup.

There are of course other historical events that would reveal drug abuse in the history of man, the greatest influence of the
modern medical practice today. In fact, physicians all over the world still consider narcotics as the most effective pain reliever (Sotto,
1994)

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Very little known about drugs in the Philippines during the pre-Spanish era. The intoxication and stimulants used by the early
Filipinos were fermented alcoholic beverages and the masticatory preparations known as “nga-nga” in vernacular. Narcotics, including
marijuana, were not in the list of vices in the country at that time. The opium poppy plant and the coca bush were absent in the
Philippine vegetation prior to 1521.
During the Spanish era, drug control laws prohibited the use of opium by the native Filipinos and other people except the
Chinese. Chinese residents in the Philippines particularly in Manila and of the more distant Chinese pariahs (ghettos) started smoking
opium in 1780. As a vice, it was not widespread and was particularly accepted and tolerated by the authorities. In 1844, the Spanish
colonial government laid down an opium monopoly, which entitled the importation by the Spanish government and its sale to Chinese
users. At this period, opium smoking became widespread among Chinese as its use was forbidden to Indians, Mestizos and the
Filipinos. This compromise policy lasted up to 1896, a period of revolt and insurrection.

The Americans took over the rule of the country, and after establishing a civil government in 1901, a systematic survey was
conducted and it was found out that there were 190 joints where the Chinese smoke opium. It was observed that the habit had not yet
gained foothold among Filipinos. In 1906, partial legislation allowed Chinese addicts to obtain a license to use opium in their homes for
a fee of P5.00. The opium was sale under the government control and the quality was limited.

In 1908, the total ban of opium was affected. The campaign continued until the Japanese occupation in 1946, at which point
all supplies of opium were cut off from the country and during that period the number of opium addicts was probably the lowest in Asia.

In 1953, Republic Act No. 953 was enacted which provided for the registration of collection, and the imposition of fixed and
special taxes upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal-in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium,
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marijuana, opium poppies, or coca leaves or any synthetic drugs which may declared as habit forming. The law also declared as a
matter of national policy, the prohibition of the cultivation of marijuana and opium poppy.

Sometime in 1955, the marijuana plant was introduced in Pasay City by foreigners for purpose of producing “reefers”. These
were sold on taverns in Pasay City and introduced into elite schools in the same area. The PC Criminal Investigation on January 8,
1959 conducted the first marijuana raid in Pasay City when several potted marijuana plants were seized.

The Philippines has been relatively heroin-free until the early 60’s when small heroin laboratories opened in Manila. In 1963,
new trends appear. There was a waning of opium addiction among the Chinese but a concurrent increase among the Filipinos, just the
latter contributed 63 percent of the total arrest from drug offenses.

Recognizing the deleterious effect of drug abuse on the health and well-being of the Filipino youth and the threat that it poses
to national security, then President Ferdinand Marcos signed into law Republic Act No. 6425 known as the “Dangerous Drug Act of
1972” on March 30’ 1972. This law which was amended by Presidential Decree No. 44, dated November 9, 1972 placed under control
not only narcotics by also psychotropic substances. On November 14, 1972, the Dangerous Drug Board was organized to provide
leadership, direction and coordination in the effective implementation of R.A. 6425. By early 1974, addition to opiates and barbiturates
had almost disappeared among the native population.

During the period 1975-1980 the cultivation of marijuana increased and became geographically widespread, thus the pattern
of drug taking involved marijuana, abuse of pharmaceutical products (especially cough syrup) and the inhalation of solvents. There was
very little trafficking of heroin, cocaine and LSD and the non-availability of narcotic drugs made the price sour beyond the reach of
Filipino drug abusers.

Vice- Its Definition and Control

 Drug – is a chemical substance used as medicine or in the making of medicines, which affects the body and mind and have
potential for abuse.
 Chemical – is any substance taken into the body that alters the way and the mind and the body work.
 Chemical Abuse – is an instance when the use of chemical has produced negative or harmful consequences.
 Narcotic Drug – refers to illegally used drugs or dangerous drugs, which are either prohibited or regulated drugs. It also refers to
drugs that produces sleep or stupor and relieves pain due to its depressant effect on the CNS. The term Narcotic comes from the
Greek word “narcotikos”. It is sometimes known as “opiates”.
 Drug Abuse – is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.
 Drug Addiction – refers to the state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug.
 Drug Dependence – refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs following the administration
or use of that drug. WHO defines it as the periodic, continuous, repeated administration of a drug.
 Physical Dependence – an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals itself by development of intense physical
symptoms when the drug is stopped (withdrawal syndrome).
 Psychological Dependence – an attachment to drug use that arises from a drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality
needs of an individual.
 Tolerance – is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect in the body.
 Pusher – any person who sell, administer, deliver or give away to another, distribute, transport any dangerous drug.
 Use – the act of injecting, consuming, any dangerous drugs. The means of introducing the dangerous drug into the physiological
system of the body.
 Administer – the act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person with or without his knowledge.
 Manufacture – the production, preparation, compounding or processing a dangerous drug either directly or indirectly or by
extraction from substances of natural origin or by chemical synthesis.
 Drug Experimenter – one who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any narcotic substances for reasons of curiosity, peer
pressure, or other similar reasons.
 Drug Syndicate – it is a network of illegal drug operation s operated and manned carefully by groups of criminals who knowingly
traffic through nefarious trade for personal or group profit.
 Vice, defined- refers to any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness or corruption. Vices
are generally thought of as habits or behaviors that are, at best, unacceptable, and at their worst… immoral. Yet there are those
vices that have become so commonplace that we’ve ceased to recognize them as such, depending on the culture you live in.

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Importance of the Study of Vice
The importance of studying vice are as follows:
1. It is important because its evil effects are more disastrous, morally and physically that of other crimes;
2. It is important because vice affects the daily lives of many people.
3. It is important because its existence causes a serious problem in law enforcement.
4. It is important because commercialized vice disrupts the social make-up of the community.

 Smoking- half a century ago it wasn’t at all unusual for Americans to smoke everywhere-----in and out of doors, on airplanes, at
the dinner table, etc… Today, our culture has changed due primarily to our understanding of its effect on our health, thus, we no
longer see the kind of smoking that was once very common. Yet it seems that the history of smoking and the presence of tobacco
in the West go back few centuries. Apparently, men and women have enjoyed smoking as long as there’s been something to
smoke. It’s even celebrated in song.
 Coffee- first arrived in Europe via Italy. More specifically, it came to Venice from middle East and quickly spread throughout
Europe. It got huge promotional boost in 1600 when the Pope decreed coffee to be a drink for Christians. By the end of the 17 th
Century, coffee houses has spread like wild fire, including in places such as Leipzig, Germany where they were also popular
venues for musical performance.
It was this very setting that inspired Johann Sebastian Bach to compose his satirical cantata “Schweigt stille, plaudert nicht,”
better known as the “Coffee Cantata,” which tells of a daughter’s addiction to coffee and of her father’s frustration in trying to get
her to stop drinking it. In the end, he doesn’t really succeed in spite of his best efforts.
 Gambling- is another one of those vices that is, depending on who you talk to, variously seen as a recreation, an outright sin, or
distraction falling somewhere in between the two.
 Gambling, defined,
Gambling is the act or activity of betting money, for example in card games or on horse racing. It is a game or scheme wherein
the result of which depends wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazard.
 Chance of hazard- is the uncertainly of the result of the game when the outcome of the game is incapable of calculation by human
reason, foresight, capacity or design/
 Drinking- Wine and spirits have been the libations of choice for many a reveler, and drinking to excess, par for the course.
Countless numbers of the songs and dramas have marked such excess from the middle ages through the present day.
 Alcohol- is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. It is created when grains, fruits, or vegetables are fermented. Ever since,
there has been a continuous effect, everywhere, to control its consumption because of its devastating effects on human life. Many
countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with little success.
 Fermentation- is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into alcohol. Fermentation is used to
produce many necessary items.

Drug Abuse Jargons

“Opiate” – Narcotic “Speed Freaks” – amphetamine addicts

“On-the-Nod/Nodding” – the state produced by opiates like “Uppers” – street slang for amphetamine
being suspended on the edge of sleep. “Rush” – the beginning of a high
“A Hit” – the street slang for injection of drugs “High” – under the influence of drugs
“Work” – an apparatus for injecting a drug “Coke” – street slang for cocaine
“A Fix” – one injection of opiate “Flashback” – user can be thrown back into the drug
“Juni’ – heroin experience months after the original use of drug.
“Junkie” – an opiate addict “Acid” – slang term of LSD
“Skin popping” – to inject a drug under the skin “Acid Head” – LSD user
“A Bag” – a pocket of drug “Drop” – taking drug orally
“Cold Turkey” – the withdrawal effect that occurs after a “Joint” – an MJ Cigar
repeated opiate use “Roach” – butt end of a joint
“Track” – scars on the skin left from the repeated injection “Stoned” – the intoxicating effect of a drug
of opiate “Trip” – the name for the reaction that is caused by drugs
“Overdose” – death occurs because the part of the brain “Head” – drug user
that controls breathing becomes paralyzed. “Downer” – street slang for depressant
“Speed” – amphetamines

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WHAT ARE DRUGS?
A drug, as defined, is a chemical substance used as a medicine or in making medicines, which affects the body and mind and
have potential for abuse. Without an advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be harmful.
Hundreds of pure chemicals have been developed plants and put into pills, capsules or liquid medicines. There are also two
forms of drugs, natural and synthetic/artificial. The natural drugs include natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium and
marijuana, while the synthetic drugs are produced by clandestine laboratories which include those drugs that are controlled by law
because they are used in the medical practice. Physicians prescribe them and are purchased in the legitimate outlets like drugstore.

Drugs also help a person’s body and mind function better during an illness. But drugs have to be taken correctly in order to do
these things. The wrong drug or the wrong amount of the right one can make an illness, worse, destroy blood cells, damage the body
and many cause death. For this reason, most drugs can be legally purchased only with doctor’s written order called prescription. Only a
medical doctor can prescribe medicine drugs. These drugs could be dangerous and must be used with care, according to the doctor’s
prescription. He gives direction on how much medicine to take and how often.

The practice of taking drugs without proper medicinal supervision is called the non-medical use of drugs or drug abuse.

A.THE PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS

These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They are prescribed according to the
individual’s age, weight and height and should not be taken by anyone else. It is a personal requirement and self-medication that
should be strictly avoided. The pharmacist should never allow the consumer to request them knowingly without first consulting a doctor.

Once again strict emphasis of following directions needs to be stated. In addition to dosage, the physician indicates both when
and for long the medicine should be taken. These directions are intended to safeguard the patient from needlessly treating himself after
his illness has been brought under control or from prematurely stopping a drug because he thinks he is well. Since the chemistry of the
body is subtle and variable, only a physician should have the responsibility of prescribing and directing the use of drugs in the treatment
of illnesses.

B. THE OVER – THE COUNTER – DRUGS (OTC)

These are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization
from a doctor. They are used to treat minor and short term illnesses and any persistent condition should be immediately referred to a
physician. It should be strongly emphasized that “directions” be closely followed and all precautions necessarily taken to avoid
complications.

OTC drugs are used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of minor ailments. The precautions that must be observed when
dispensing OTCs are the following:
1. The correct drug with the correct drug content is given to the correct patient in the correct dosage form;
2. The pharmacist must counsel the patient to make sure that he/she takes the drugs correctly; and
3. The pharmacist must be aware of and know about the possible toxicity’s possessed by the OTC drugs to avoid food/ drug
incompatibilities and overdoses.

OTCs must be used discriminately:

1. To avoid the dispensing of OTC to known identified habitual drug users.

2. To avoid complications, this is done by inquiring from the buyer of the drugs as to the identity of the patient, the patient’s age
and other information such as pregnancy, hypertension, etc.
3. Counselling the patient so as to avoid the “self-medication” syndrome by inquiring about the buyer’s source of information
about the drug.

C. The “Self-Medication Syndrome”

The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose sources of information are people or
literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health workers. These could be members of the family, relatives, and/or neighbours, all
of whom may have previously used the drug for their specific disease or disorder. Self-medication may work against the good of the
user because it can lead to intoxication and other adverse reactions.

Possible outcomes of self-medication are:

1. Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies that may be mild or severe.
2. Possible non-response of the patient to the drug effectively due to incorrect drug usage.
3. Possible drug toxicities, through over dosage which may lead to severe reactions such as nausea, vomiting, rashes, etc.
4. Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic use of the drugs even when such are no longer needed.

HOW DRUGS WORK?

Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface of a cell or in the extracellular fluids of the body. Similar to normal body
chemicals, a drug enters a cell and participates in a few steps of the normal sequence of a cellular process. Thus, drugs may later,

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interfere with or replace chemicals of normal cellular life, hopefully for the betterment of the person. The actual action of a particular
drug depends on its chemical make-up.

When two drugs are taken together or within a few hours of each other they may interact with unexpected results. This is one
reason a physician should also know the names of all drugs one is using. A dose of a drug is the amount taken at one time. The doses
taken become an extremely important part of drug abuse. The amount of drug in a dose can be described as:

1. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any accompanying symptoms
of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual who improperly uses it.
5. Lethal dose – amount of drug that will cause death.

HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED?

The common methods of administration are the following:
1. Oral – this is the safest most convenient and economical route whenever possible. There are however, drugs, which cannot
be administered this way because they are readily destroyed by the digestive juices or because they irritate the mucous lining
of the gastro-intestinal tract and induce vomiting.
2. Injection – this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral method. It makes use of a needle or other
device to deliver the drugs directly into the body tissue and blood circulation.
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the mucous
of the respiratory tract.
4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous membrane.
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of electric current for local
effect.

THE CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY

A drug may cause effects because of any of the following:
1. Overdose – when too much of a drug taken, there may be an over extension of its effects.
2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise of allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood
pressure, suffocation and death.
3. Idiosyncrasy – for unexplained reasons, morphine, which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some women some
maniacal. Perhaps the phrase “catty woman” has pharmacological basis since most mammals are sedated by morphine but
some cats become extremely excited by it.
4. General Protoplasmic Poison Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of being general
protoplasmic poisons.
5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect in the other organ
may constitute a side effect, which is unwanted.

THE MEDICAL USE OF DRUGS

The best use of medicine depends upon the physician, the user or patient, and lastly, the pharmacist. This idea was
subscribed to by both Metro Manila Physicians (PNC Health Education Survey, 1983) and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturer’s
Association of Washington, D.C (U.P., MEC, DDB 1979). Their common agreements on the intelligent use of drugs are presented
below.

1. Takes medicines on doctor’s advice. In prescribing medicine, the doctor considers factors like age and weight, prevalent signs
and symptoms, severity of the disease, results of laboratory examinations, route of administration tolerated by patient, and
presence of impairment in the organ or system. The physician has always a reason for his orders.
2. When taking prescribed medicines, remember carefully the dosage, manner of administration, frequency and time when to
take it. Patient must not trust his memory when taking medicine. The label of the medicine should be read three times – once
when the medicine id remove from cabinet, again before medicine is taken and a third time after it is taken. Medicine should
not be taken in the dark even if patient knows its location.
3. If patient goes to more than one doctor, each one of them must know about all the drugs being taken.
4. Avoid self-medication. Patient should not try to guess what is wrong with him or to select his own medicines even if his
symptoms seem to be familiar to those of his neighbour.
5. Report any untoward effects of medicine to the physician. After taking medicine, tell the doctor if any symptoms develop.
6. Patient should not take additional drugs without asking his physician.
7. See whether the medicine has expired or not.
8. Be sure that the label stays on a prescription container until all is used.
9. Store medicine in a safe, cool and dry place and out of reach of children.
10. Some people just purchase and use common drugs without knowing their functions and contradiction. Thus, instead of being
relieved of some symptoms, their conditions are aggravated. Physicians share the same opinion that the following drugs are
better used under medical supervision to avoid harmful consequences and habit formation.
11. Analgesics relieve pain. However, they may produce the opposite effects on somebody who suffers from peptic ulcer or
gastric irritation.

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 12. Antibiotics combat and control infectious organisms. Ingesting the same antibiotics for a long time can result I allergic
reactions and cause resistance to the drug.
13. Antipyretics can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
14. Antihistamines control or combat allergic reactions. People who on antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicles
since these drugs can cause drowsiness.
15. Contraceptives prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells. Pregnant
woman must not take birth control pills to avoid congenital abnormalities. This advice also applies to women suffering from
heart disease, varicose veins, breast limps, goiter and anemia. The effectiveness of oral contraceptives may be reduced when
take the antibiotic.
16. Decongestants relieve congestion of the nasal passages. Prolonged used of these decongestants might include nasal
congestion upon withdrawal.
17. Expectorants ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat. They are not drugs of choice for the new
born that does not know the cough the phlegm out.
18. Laxatives stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement. They should not be given to pregnant women and those
suffering from intestinal obstruction. Taking purgatives (stronger than laxatives) unnecessarily might result in rupture of the
intestines or appendix if there is an obstruction. Constant use might make the intestines sluggish.
19. Sedatives and tranquilizes calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the mind.
Precautions must be taken in the use of tranquilizers since they can cause impairment of judgement and dexterity.
20. Vitamins are food substances necessary for normal growth and development and proper functioning of the body. A person
who eats a balanced diet goes not need supplements. If they are found necessary, vitamin preparations should be taken with
meals. Vitamins should be treated as drugs since the body does not manufacture them. Excessive dosage of vitamins A and
D can be dangerous and harmful to health. Excess of vitamin D can lead to nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss, calcification
and heart and kidney troubles. Too much vitamin A might result in symptoms of disease of the liver.

End of LESSON 1

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