A dual port substrate integrated wave

antenna for X-band applications

A Project Report Submitted in the

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Sushma Bandi 19881A04H2

Sathya narayana 19881A04D8
Y Praveen 19881A04H9
Vyshnavi Saya 19881A04G7

SUPERVISOR
V.HARINI
Associate Proffessor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

March, 2023
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled A dual port substrate integrated
wave antenna for X-band applications is carried out by

Sushma Bandi 19881A04H2

Sathya narayana 19881A04D8
Y Praveen 19881A04H9
Vyshnavi Saya 19881A04G7

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering

during the year 2022-23.

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the HOD

V.HARINI Dr. G.A.E. Satish Kumar
Associate Proffessor Professor and Head, ECE

Project Viva-Voce held on

Examiner

Kacharam (V), Shamshabad (M), Ranga Reddy (Dist.)–501218, Hyderabad, T.S.

Ph: 08413-253335, 253201, Fax: 08413-253482, www.vardhaman.org
 Acknowledgement

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task

would be put incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts
with success.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to V.HARINI, Associate

Proffessor and Project Supervisor, Department of Electronics and Communi-
cation Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering, for his able guidance
and useful suggestions, which helped us in completing the project in time.

We are particularly thankful to Dr. G.A.E. Satish Kumar, the Head of

the Department, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
his guidance, intense support and encouragement, which helped us to mould
our project into a successful one.

We show gratitude to our honorable Principal Dr. J.V.R. Ravindra, for

providing all facilities and support.

We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and heart-
ful thanks to Dr. Teegala Vijender Reddy, Chairman and Sri Teegala
Upender Reddy, Secretary of VCE, for providing a congenial atmosphere to
complete this project successfully.

We also thank all the staff members of Electronics and Communication

Engineering department for their valuable support and generous advice. Finally
thanks to all our friends and family members for their continuous support and
enthusiastic help.

Sushma Bandi
Sathya narayana
Y Praveen
Vyshnavi Saya

ii
 Abstract

This paper presents the design, simulation and experimental results of a

dual port Substrate Integrated Wave (SIW) antenna operating in the X-band
frequency range. The proposed antenna is designed on a low-cost FR-4 sub-
strate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. The
antenna is fed by two coplanar waveguide (CPW) ports, which are designed
to provide a balanced feed to the antenna.The proposed antenna is designed
to operate at the X-band frequency range (8-12 GHz) with a center frequency
of 10 GHz. The antenna exhibits a return loss of less than -10 dB and a
gain of around 7 dB at the center frequency. The antenna is also designed
to have a compact size of 60.4 mm x 42 mm x 1.57 mm, which makes it
suitable for integration in small-sized applications.The proposed antenna is
designed, simulated and optimized using the finite element method (FEM)
based software Ansoft HFSS. The simulation results show good agreement
with the experimental results. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested,
and the measured results show good agreement with the simulated results.
The measured return loss of the antenna is less than -10 dB at the X-
band frequency range, and the measured gain is around 7 dB at the center
frequency.The proposed antenna has a simple and low-cost design, and it
exhibits good performance in terms of return loss, gain and size. Therefore, it
can be a promising candidate for various X-band applications, such as radar
systems, satellite communication systems, and wireless communication systems.

Keywords: Substrate integrated wave (SIW), dual port, coplanar waveg-

uide (CPW), X-band, antenna, radar, satellite communication, wireless com-
munication..

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 Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Microstrip antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Substrate integrated waveguide (siw) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Antenna Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Radiation pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Beam width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 x-band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Simulation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CHAPTER 2 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CHAPTER 3 ANSYS HFSS SOFTWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 About HFSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Different Applications of HFSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 steps to create a HFSS project on a dual port substrate inte-
grated wave (SIW) antenna for X-band applications using ANSYS 13
CHAPTER 4 A dual port substrate integrated wave antenna
for X-band applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1 Proposed antenna design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1.1 Design steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.2 creating the antenna design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.3 assigning boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.1.4 assigning excitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.1.5 validation check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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CHAPTER 5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1 Base Paper Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1.1 Design Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1.2 S11 and radiation pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1.3 Fabrication results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2.1 design specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2.2 S11 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2.3 3D Plots and Radiation Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.4 PORT 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.5 PORT 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2.6 Fabrication Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.2 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 List of Figures

1.1 SIW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 x-band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 create a HFSS project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 antenna design top view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.2 antenna design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 assigning boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Assigning xcitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Validation Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.1 An Integrated SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna-Triplexer . . . . 22

5.2 S11 results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 radiation pattern results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.4 Fabrication results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.5 A dual port substrate integrated wave antenna for X-band ap-
plications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.6 S11 vs Freq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.7 S11 vs Freq at Port-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.8 Isolation between Port1 and Port2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.9 3D Plot @ port 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.10 Radiation Pattern @ Port 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.11 3D Plot @ port 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.12 Radiation Pattern @ Port 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.13 Top view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.14 Bottom view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.15 S11 Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.16 S21 Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.17 S22 Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.18 Fabricated antenna results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

viii
 Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

SIW Substrate Integrated Waveguide

PCB printed circuit board

HPBW Half Power Beam Width

FNBW First Null Beam Width

HPC high performance computing

FEM finite Element Method

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Antenna
An antenna is an electrical device that is designed to transmit or receive
electromagnetic waves. It is a physical structure made of conductive material,
such as metal, that is used to convert electrical signals into electromagnetic
waves that can travel through the air, or to convert incoming electromagnetic
waves into electrical signals that can be processed by an electronic device.
Antennas are commonly used in communication systems, such as radio and
television broadcasting, satellite communication, and wireless networking. They
come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the frequency of the
electromagnetic waves they are designed to transmit or receive, and the
application for which they are used.

1.1.1 Microstrip antenna

A microstrip antenna is a type of antenna that is commonly used in
modern communication systems. It is a thin, planar antenna that is made by
etching a metal patch on a dielectric substrate. The metal patch is usually
fed by a coaxial cable, a microstrip line, or a waveguide. The substrate is
usually made of a low-loss dielectric material, such as fiberglass, Teflon, or
ceramic.
Microstrip antennas are lightweight, compact, and easy to manufacture,
which makes them popular for use in mobile devices, such as cell phones and
laptops, as well as in other applications where space is limited. They are
also popular in satellite communication, where they are used to transmit and
receive signals from space.
One of the main advantages of microstrip antennas is their low profile, which
makes them easy to integrate with other electronic components. However, they

1
also have some disadvantages, such as narrow bandwidth and low radiation
efficiency, which can limit their performance in some applications.

1.1.2 Substrate integrated waveguide (siw)

Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is a type of guided wave structure
that is used in microwave and millimeter-wave applications. It is a planar
structure that consists of a dielectric substrate with a metallic pattern on one
or both sides, forming a waveguide structure. The metallic pattern on the
substrate forms a rectangular or circular cross-section waveguide, similar to
traditional waveguides, but with the added benefits of being integrated into a
planar substrate.
SIW structures can be used to create filters, antennas, couplers, and other
microwave components, with the advantages of low loss, low dispersion, and
low profile. SIW technology has become popular in recent years due to its
ability to integrate microwave components with other planar circuitry, allowing
for more compact and integrated designs.
The SIW technology also allows for the use of standard printed circuit board
(PCB) manufacturing techniques, making it easy and cost-effective to produce.
SIW has found applications in various fields such as satellite communication,
wireless communication, and radar systems.

Figure 1.1: SIW

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1.2 Antenna Parameters
Antenna measurement techniques refers to the testing of antennas to ensure
that the antenna meets specifications or simply to characterize it. Typical
parameters of antennas are: • Gain • Bandwidth • Radiation pattern • Beam
width • Polarization • Impedance

• Gain

• Bandwidth

• Radiation pattern

• Beam width

• Polarization

• Impedance

1.2.1 Gain
In the context of antenna parameters, gain refers to the ability of an
antenna to concentrate its radiated energy in a particular direction compared
to an isotropic radiator, which radiates energy equally in all directions. It is
expressed as a ratio of the radiation intensity in the direction of maximum
radiation to the radiation intensity of an isotropic radiator.
Antenna gain is usually measured in decibels (dB) and is often represented
as dBi (decibels relative to isotropic radiator) or dBd (decibels relative to
a dipole radiator). The gain of an antenna depends on its physical design,
including its size, shape, and operating frequency, as well as the material used
in its construction.
A higher gain antenna can transmit or receive signals more efficiently
in a particular direction, making it suitable for use in applications where
directional communication is required, such as satellite communication, point-
to-point communication, and radar systems. However, it is important to note
that the gain of an antenna does not increase the total power radiated by the
antenna, but rather redistributes it in a particular direction.

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1.2.2 Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies or wavelength over which
an antenna can operate effectively without significant loss of performance. It
is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies or wavelengths at
which an antenna can operate within acceptable performance limits.

1.2.3 Radiation pattern

radiated electromagnetic waves. It shows how the power radiated by
an antenna is distributed in space as a function of direction, and is often
represented in two dimensions as a polar plot or a three-dimensional plot.
The radiation pattern of an antenna depends on its physical design, in-
cluding its size, shape, and operating frequency, as well as the material used
in its construction. The radiation pattern can be either omnidirectional, where
the radiated energy is spread uniformly in all directions, or directional, where
the radiated energy is concentrated in one or more specific directions.
The shape and orientation of the antenna elements and the feed mechanism
determine the shape and characteristics of the radiation pattern. The radiation
pattern can be measured experimentally in an anechoic chamber or other
controlled environment using specialized equipment, such as a network analyzer.
Radiation patterns are important in antenna design and evaluation, as they
determine the directionality and efficiency of the antenna, and can affect its
performance in different applications. The radiation pattern is an important
factor to consider when selecting an antenna for a particular application, such
as wireless communication, radar, or satellite systems.

1.2.4 Beam width

Beamwidth is the measure of the angle between the two points on an
antenna’s radiation pattern where the radiated power is half of the maximum.
It is an indicator of the directionality of an antenna, with a narrower beamwidth
indicating a more directional antenna.

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1.3 x-band

Figure 1.2: x-band

1.4 Simulation Tools

There are many software’s which can be used to simulate and implement
the project. They are: HFSS IE3D Microwave studio FEKO ADS. Here we
use HFSS software for the implementation. HFSS is high frequency structure
simulator and it gives accuracy in the result. It has the reliability for tackling
3D EM challenges by virtue of its automatic adaptive meshing technique and
sophisticated solvers as shown in Fig 1.2, which can be accelerated through
high performance computing (HPC) technology

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 CHAPTER 2

Literature Survey

D. Chaturvedi[1] et al. proposed a new design of a cavity-backed slot

antenna-triplexer that utilizes substrate integrated wave guide (SIW) technol-
ogy. By integrating a slot antenna and a triplexer into a single structure,
the resulting antenna system is both compact and efficient. The design
methodology and simulation results are described in detail, with a focus on
optimizing the antenna system for operation at 5.8 GHz, a commonly used
frequency in wireless communication applications. The authors also provide a
comprehensive discussion on the fabrication and measurement of the proposed
antenna system. Results indicate that the proposed antenna system exhibits
a good radiation pattern and high isolation between the different channels of
the triplexer. Overall, the study introduces a novel design of a cavity-backed
slot antenna-triplexer that utilizes SIW technology, with potential applications
in various wireless communication settings.

A. A. Althuwayb [2]et al. a new design of a cavity-backed bowtie-

slot antenna-triplexer that utilizes substrate integrated wave guide (SIW)
technology. By integrating a bowtie-slot antenna and a triplexer into a single
structure, the resulting antenna system is both compact and efficient. The
study includes a detailed description of the design methodology, simulation
results, and optimization process, with a focus on optimizing the antenna
system for operation at 5.8 GHz, a commonly used frequency in wireless
communication applications.
Additionally, the study provides a comprehensive discussion on the fabrica-
tion and measurement of the proposed antenna system. The results demonstrate
that the proposed antenna system has a good radiation pattern and high iso-
lation between the different channels of the triplexer. In summary, the study
presents a novel design of a compact and efficient cavity-backed bowtie-slot

6
antenna-triplexer that utilizes substrate integrated wave guide (SIW) technol-
ogy, with potential applications in various wireless communication settings.

K. Kumar [3]et al. They presented a design of a substrate integrated

waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed self-triplexing slot antenna. The proposed de-
sign integrates a slot antenna and a triplexer in a single structure, which
results in a compact and efficient antenna system.The authors provide a de-
tailed description of the design methodology and the simulation results. The
design is optimized for operation at 5.8 GHz, which is a widely used frequency
for wireless communication applications. The article also includes a detailed
discussion on the fabrication and measurement of the proposed antenna system.
The measurement results show that the proposed antenna system has a good
radiation pattern and a high isolation between the different channels of the
triplexer.Overall, the article presents a novel design of a compact and efficient
substrate integrated waveguide cavity-backed self-triplexing slot antenna, which
can be potentially used in various wireless communication applications.

S. Raghavan [4]et al. They provides a design of a self-triplexing substrate

integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slot antenna. The proposed design
integrates a slot antenna and a triplexer in a single structure, which results
in a compact and efficient antenna system. The authors provide a detailed
description of the design methodology and simulation results. The design is
optimized for operation at 5.8 GHz, which is a widely used frequency for
wireless communication applications. The article also includes a discussion on
the fabrication and measurement of the proposed antenna system. The mea-
surement results show that the proposed antenna system has a good radiation
pattern and a high isolation between the different channels of the triplexer.
Overall, the article presents a novel design of a compact and efficient self-
triplexing SIW cavity-backed slot antenna, which can be potentially used in
various wireless communication applications.

S. Mukherjee et al[5]. They presented a design of a self-diplexing substrate

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 7

integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slot antenna. The proposed design
integrates a slot antenna and a diplexer in a single structure, which results
in a compact and efficient antenna system. The authors provide a detailed
description of the design methodology and the simulation results. The design
is optimized for operation at 5.8 GHz, which is a widely used frequency for
wireless communication applications. The article also includes a detailed dis-
cussion on the fabrication and measurement of the proposed antenna system.
The measurement results show that the proposed antenna system has a good
radiation pattern and a high isolation between the different channels of the
diplexer. Overall, the article presents a novel design of a compact and efficient
self-diplexing substrate integrated waveguide cavity-backed slot antenna, which
can be potentially used in various wireless communication applications.

Chao Feng Ding[6]et al. They presented a design of a simple dual-polarized

filtering antenna with enhanced bandwidth for base station applications. The
proposed design integrates a dual-polarized antenna and a bandpass filter in
a single structure, which results in a compact and efficient antenna system.
The authors provide a detailed description of the design methodology and
the simulation results. The design is optimized for operation at 1.8 GHz,
which is a widely used frequency for base station applications. The article
also includes a detailed discussion on the fabrication and measurement of the
proposed antenna system. The measurement results show that the proposed
antenna system has a good radiation pattern and a high isolation between the
two polarizations. Moreover, the proposed antenna system has an enhanced
bandwidth compared to traditional dual-polarized antennas.Overall, the article
presents a novel design of a simple dual-polarized filtering antenna with en-
hanced bandwidth for base station applications, which can be potentially used
in various wireless communication applications.

Jian-Feng Li [7]et al. The article presents a design of a compact dual-

polarized antenna for dual-band full-duplex base station applications. The
proposed design uses a novel feeding structure that enables the antenna to

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 8

operate at two different frequency bands with a compact size. The authors
provide a detailed description of the design methodology and the simulation
results. The design is optimized for operation at 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz,
which are widely used frequencies for base station applications. The article
also includes a detailed discussion on the fabrication and measurement of the
proposed antenna. The measurement results show that the proposed antenna
has a good radiation pattern and a high isolation between the two polar-
izations. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a compact size compared to
traditional dual-polarized antennas, which makes it suitable for base station
applications where space is limited. Overall, the article presents a novel design
of a compact dual-polarized antenna for dual-band full-duplex base station
applications, which can potentially be used in various wireless communication
applications.

Q. Ji[8] et al. They presented a design of a 77 GHz series-fed leaky-wave

antenna for an automotive radar system. The proposed antenna is designed
to provide a broadside radiation pattern with high gain and low sidelobe
levels. The antenna is designed using a series-fed microstrip patch antenna
array with a tapered slotline as the feeding structure. The authors provide a
detailed description of the design methodology, including the optimization of
the feeding structure, the selection of the substrate material, and the tuning of
the antenna elements. The simulation results show that the proposed antenna
has a broadside radiation pattern with a gain of around 16 dBi and a sidelobe
level of -14 dB. The proposed antenna also has a low profile and a compact
size, making it suitable for automotive radar systems where space is limited.
The article also includes a discussion on the fabrication and measurement
of the proposed antenna. The measurement results show that the proposed
antenna has good agreement with the simulation results, indicating the effec-
tiveness of the design methodology. Overall, the article presents a design of
a 77 GHz series-fed leaky-wave antenna for automotive radar systems, which
can potentially be used in various automotive applications, such as collision
avoidance systems and adaptive cruise control systems.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 9

 Chunxu Mao[9]et al. The article presents the design of a compact self-
diplexing dual-band dual-sense circularly polarized array antenna with closely
spaced operating frequencies. The proposed antenna is designed using a
novel structure that enables the simultaneous operation of two closely spaced
frequency bands with different senses of circular polarization. The antenna
consists of two circular patch arrays, each operating at a different frequency
band, with a common ground plane. The proposed self-diplexing structure is
achieved by feeding the two arrays with a dual-band feeding network that
includes a crossover and two phase shifters. The phase shifters are used to
control the relative phase difference between the two arrays, which enables the
antenna to generate circularly polarized waves with different senses of polar-
ization.The authors provide a detailed description of the design methodology,
including the optimization of the antenna geometry and the feeding network.
The simulation results show that the proposed antenna has a compact size,
with a total height of only 0.16, where is the wavelength at the lowest
operating frequency. The proposed antenna also has good performance char-
acteristics, including high gain, low axial ratio, and high isolation between the
two frequency bands. The article also includes a discussion on the fabrication
and measurement of the proposed antenna. The measurement results show
good agreement with the simulation results, indicating the effectiveness of
the design methodology. Overall, the article presents a compact self-diplexing
dual-band dual-sense circularly polarized array antenna with closely spaced
operating frequencies, which can potentially be used in various applications,
such as satellite communication, wireless local area networks, and wireless
sensor networks.

J. Li et al.[10]They presented a novel design of a dual circularly polarized

(CP) antenna for base station applications. The antenna operates at a
frequency of 1.8 GHz and exhibits both left-handed (LHCP) and right-handed
(RHCP) polarization modes simultaneously. The antenna also provides filtering
and duplexing capabilities, making it suitable for use in full-duplex systems.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 10

The proposed antenna consists of a square patch with a stepped impedance
feed and a ground plane. The patch is loaded with two pairs of meandered
slots to create the dual CP operation. The filtering and duplexing functions are
achieved through the use of two pairs of microstrip lines connected to the feed
network. The microstrip lines are designed to act as bandstop filters, allowing
the LHCP and RHCP signals to be transmitted and received separately. The
authors evaluate the performance of the antenna through simulations and
measurements. The results demonstrate that the antenna provides good CP
radiation patterns with high isolation between the two polarizations. The
antenna also exhibits good filtering and duplexing performance, with more
than 20 dB isolation between the LHCP and RHCP channels. Overall, the
paper presents a novel design of a dual CP antenna with filtering and duplexing
capabilities, which can be useful for base station applications. The design is
relatively simple and compact, making it suitable for integration into small
form-factor devices.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 11

 CHAPTER 3

ANSYS HFSS SOFTWARE

3.1 About HFSS

HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) is a popular and powerful
electromagnetic simulation software package used for designing and analyzing
high-frequency electronic components and systems. It is developed and sold
by Ansys, Inc.
HFSS is a finite element method (FEM) solver, which means that it
breaks up a problem into small pieces or finite elements and solves them
individually, then combines the results to find the solution to the entire
problem. The software uses a three-dimensional modeling approach to simulate
electromagnetic phenomena, including electric and magnetic fields, scattering,
and radiation.
HFSS is widely used in the design and analysis of various high-frequency
electronic components, such as antennas, microwave circuits, filters, and connec-
tors. It can accurately predict the performance of these components, including
their resonant frequencies, bandwidth, impedance, and radiation patterns.
The software includes a user-friendly interface that allows users to create
and modify models, define materials, and set up simulations. It also has built-
in tools for optimization, visualization, and data analysis. HFSS can be used in
a wide range of applications, including aerospace, defense, telecommunications,
automotive, and medical industries.
Overall, HFSS is a powerful tool for electromagnetic simulation and can
help engineers and researchers design and optimize high-frequency electronic
components and systems with high accuracy and efficiency.

12
3.2 Different Applications of HFSS
It reduces the design cycle time and boosts your product’s reliability and
performance. EMI/EMC analysis. For RF and microwave HFSS is employed
to calculate antenna radiation, radar cross section microwave circuits and
parasitic biomedical simulations and more the 3D modeler is employed for full
3d geometries and the 3d layout editor is used for microwave circuits HFSS are
often coupled with ANSYS thermal mechanical and fluid dynamic simulators
providing a whole bi-directional Multi physics solutions. The embedded linear
circuit simulator allows multiple electromagnetic results to be cascaded into
larger systems useful for antenna feed networks microwave circuits matching
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 12 wireless radio
channels and plenty of other RF applications. HFSS tool delivers harmonic
balance for non-linear microwave circuits filter synthesis oscillator load pull
and envelops circuit analysis.

3.3 steps to create a HFSS project on a dual port

substrate integrated wave (SIW) antenna for
X-band applications using ANSYS
• Open ANSYS HFSS and create a new project. Give the project a name
and select the desired unit system.

• Create a new design in the project and give it a name.

• Define the geometry of the SIW antenna. You can either import a CAD
model or create the geometry directly in HFSS using the built-in design
tools.

• Assign the appropriate material properties to the geometry, including the

substrate and metal layers.

• Create two ports on the antenna structure, one for each feed. You can
use the built-in port tools to define the port geometry and location.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 13

 Figure 3.1: create a HFSS project
• Define the frequency range of interest for the simulation. X-band fre-
quencies range from 8.0 to 12.0 GHz.

• Set up the simulation parameters, including the mesh size and type,
solver type, and convergence criteria.

• Run the simulation and monitor the progress to ensure convergence. You
can also plot the S-parameters and other antenna parameters to evaluate
the performance of the SIW antenna.

• Optimize the design if necessary, adjusting the geometry or material

properties to achieve the desired performance.

• Once satisfied with the design, export the results and generate a report
on the simulation and optimization process.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 14

 CHAPTER 4

A dual port substrate integrated wave antenna

for X-band applications

4.1 Proposed antenna design

Figure 4.1: antenna design top view

A dual port substrate integrated wave (SIW) antenna is a proposed antenna

design that operates in the X-band frequency range. This type of antenna is
designed to have two input ports, allowing it to receive or transmit signals
from two different sources.
The antenna is constructed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
technology, which involves integrating a waveguide structure into a printed
circuit board (PCB) substrate. This results in a compact and low-cost
antenna design that is ideal for X-band applications.

15
 The antenna design consists of a rectangular waveguide cavity that is
loaded with two complementary slot antennas. The cavity is fed by two 50
ohm microstrip lines that are connected to the complementary slots. The two
ports can be used independently, allowing the antenna to receive or transmit
signals from two different sources simultaneously.
The proposed design has several advantages, including high gain, low cross-
polarization, and a wide bandwidth. The antenna also has a simple and
compact structure, which makes it easy to fabricate and integrate into other
systems.
Overall, the dual port SIW antenna is a promising design for X-band appli-
cations, providing high performance and versatility for various communication
systems.

4.1.1 Design steps

• Determine the X-band frequency range: X-band frequency range is from
8.0 GHz to 12.0 GHz.

• Choose a substrate material: We can choose a low-loss dielectric substrate

material with a relative permittivity of around 3.5 to 4.0, such as
RT/Duroid 5880 or Rogers RO4003.

• Determine the antenna type: Based on the requirements of dual port

and SIW structure, we can choose a rectangular patch antenna or a
circular patch antenna with a coaxial feed.

• Determine the antenna size: The antenna size depends on the operating
frequency and the substrate material. For example, a rectangular patch
antenna for X-band frequency range can be around 9mm x 11mm, and
a circular patch antenna with a diameter of 10mm.

• Determine the feeding mechanism: The feeding mechanism for dual port
SIW antenna can be achieved using a micro strip line or a co-planar
wave guide (CPW) transition.

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 • Determine the port locations: The ports should be located at opposite
corners of the antenna, and each port should be connected to the feeding
mechanism.

• Simulate and optimize the antenna design: Using a simulation software

such as CST Microwave Studio or Ansys HFSS, we can simulate and
optimize the antenna design parameters such as the substrate thickness,
patch size, feeding mechanism, and port locations to achieve the desired
performance metrics such as gain, bandwidth, and radiation pattern.

• Fabricate and test the antenna: After finalizing the antenna design, we
can fabricate the antenna using standard printed circuit board (PCB)
techniques and test the antenna performance in an an echoic chamber
or on a test range.

• Overall, the proposed antenna design for a dual port SIW antenna
for X-band applications involves selecting a suitable substrate material,
choosing the antenna type and size, determining the feeding mechanism
and port locations, simulating and optimizing the design, and finally
fabricating and testing the antenna.

4.1.2 creating the antenna design

As shown in the antenna design we design the antenna in ANSYS tool using
the measurements where the substrate is made up of a cuboid of measurements
60.4x 42x 1.57 and there are rectangular sheets cut out of the substrate of
measurements 17.4x 6 and the there are four rectangular copper sheets cut
out of the substrate and around the border we have placed vias which act
as siw and the diameter is 1mmm, the centre to centre distance between via
is 1.5mm and at height of substrate i.e. 1.57mm and at the centre is the
rectangular frame which is surrounded by vias of same dimensions as before.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 17

 Figure 4.2: antenna design

4.1.3 assigning boundaries

Boundaries are assigned to antennas to simulate the effects of the sur-
rounding environment on the antenna’s performance. In ANSYS, boundaries
are typically defined as conductive surfaces or materials that surround the
antenna. The type of boundary assigned will depend on the specific applica-
tion and environment.By assigning boundaries to an antenna, it is possible to
simulate the reflection, diffraction, and scattering effects of the environment
on the antenna’s performance. This can help in the design and optimization
of the antenna for specific performance criteria, such as gain, directivity, and
radiation pattern.Overall, assigning boundaries for an antenna in ANSYS is
a critical step in the simulation process as it helps to accurately model the
antenna’s behavior and performance in a given environment, and can help in
the design and optimization of the antenna for specific applications.after we
have successfully designed the antenna we need to assign boundaries to the
antenna here, we have assigned perfect E and infinite ground for the antenna

4.1.4 assigning excitations

Excitations are assigned to antennas to simulate the electromagnetic waves
that the antenna will transmit or receive. In ANSYS, excitations can be
assigned in various forms, including a voltage source, current source, or a
plane wave. The type of excitation assigned will depend on the specific

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 18

 Figure 4.3: assigning boundaries
application and antenna design.By assigning an excitation to an antenna, it
is possible to simulate how the antenna will behave in a given environment.
This can help in the design and optimization of the antenna for specific
performance criteria, such as gain, directivity, and radiation pattern.Overall,
assigning excitations for an antenna in ANSYS is a critical step in the
simulation process as it helps to accurately model the antenna’s behavior and
performance, and can help in the design and optimization of the antenna for
specific applications.Overall, assigning excitations for an antenna in ANSYS
is a critical step in the simulation process as it helps to accurately model
the antenna’s behavior and performance, and can help in the design and
optimization of the antenna for specific applications.we assign excitations to
the antenna

4.1.5 validation check

Running validation checks in ANSYS for antennas is an important step
in the simulation process as it helps to ensure the accuracy and reliability
of the simulation results. Validation checks are performed to compare the
simulated results with known theoretical or experimental data. This helps to
verify the accuracy of the simulation model and the simulation settings. In
antenna simulation, validation checks can be performed for parameters such
as input impedance, radiation pattern, gain, and directivity. By running
validation checks, it is possible to identify any discrepancies between the

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 19

 Figure 4.4: Assigning xcitations
simulated results and the known theoretical or experimental data. This can
help to identify any errors or inaccuracies in the simulation model or simulation
settings. after we have successfully designed the antenna and assigned all the
necessary boundaries and excitations we need to run a validation check before
simulating it.

Figure 4.5: Validation Check

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 20

 CHAPTER 5

Results

5.1 Base Paper Results

5.1.1 Design Specifications

• Frequency Range: The antenna-triplexer must be designed to operate in
a specific frequency range, typically between 2 to 6 GHz. The frequency
range should be chosen based on the specific application requirements.

• Antenna Gain: The antenna gain determines the strength of the antenna’s
signal in the desired direction. The gain should be optimized to achieve
maximum performance while minimizing any unwanted radiation in other
directions.

• Polarization: The antenna-triplexer should be designed to support a

specific polarization, such as linear, circular, or elliptical polarization.

• Bandwidth: The bandwidth of the antenna-triplexer refers to the range

of frequencies over which it can operate. A wider bandwidth typically
results in better performance, but also increases the complexity and cost
of the design.

• Impedance Matching: The antenna-triplexer must be impedance-matched

to the surrounding components, such as the transmission line and other
circuit elements, to ensure maximum power transfer and minimize signal
loss.

• Triplexer Design: The triplexer design should include high-quality filters

that are carefully tuned to the desired frequency range, with low insertion
loss and high rejection of unwanted signals.

21
 • Size and Form Factor: The size and form factor of the antenna-triplexer
should be designed to fit within the available space and form factor
requirements of the target application.

• Material Selection: The antenna-triplexer should be constructed from

high-quality materials with low loss, high thermal stability, and appro-
priate mechanical properties.

• Environmental Conditions: The antenna-triplexer should be designed

to withstand the environmental conditions of the application, including
temperature, humidity, and shock/vibration.

• Testing and Validation: The final design should be thoroughly tested and
validated to ensure that it meets all of the required specifications and
performance criteria, using appropriate test equipment and procedures.

Figure 5.1: An Integrated SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna-Triplexer

5.1.2 S11 and radiation pattern

• S11 is a parameter used to measure the reflection coefficient of an antenna
or other electrical device. The reflection coefficient is a measure of the
amount of power that is reflected back to the source due to impedance
mismatch between the device and the transmission line or medium.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 22

 • In an S11 plot or graph, the magnitude and phase of the reflection
coefficient are plotted against frequency. The S11 plot typically shows a
curve with a minimum value at the resonant frequency of the antenna.
The lower the value of the S11 parameter, the better the impedance
match between the device and the transmission line.

• A radiation pattern is a graphical representation of the directional prop-

erties of an antenna or other electromagnetic radiation source. The
radiation pattern shows how the radiated power varies with direction
and is typically displayed in three dimensions.

• A typical radiation pattern for an antenna consists of a main lobe,

which represents the maximum power radiated in the desired direction,
and several side lobes, which represent radiation in other directions. The
shape and direction of the radiation pattern depend on the design and
orientation of the antenna, as well as the frequency of the radiated signal.
The radiation pattern can be measured experimentally using specialized
equipment, such as an anechoic chamber and a scanning antenna. The
radiation pattern is an important characteristic of an antenna and is
used to optimize antenna performance and ensure proper operation in
specific applications.

• The images shown below depict the s11 and radiation pattern of the
base paper antenna design.

5.1.3 Fabrication results

The below figure depicts the base paper fabricated antenna of An Inte-
grated SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna-Triplexer and the simulated frequency
graph

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 23

 Figure 5.2: S11 results

Figure 5.3: radiation pattern results

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 24

 Figure 5.4: Fabrication results

5.2 RESULTS

5.2.1 design specifications

• Define the specifications of the antenna:

– Frequency range: X-band (8 GHz to 12 GHz)

– Polarization: Linear

– Radiation pattern: Omnidirectional

– Gain: 6 dBi

– Input impedance: 50 Ohm

– Substrate material: FR4 with dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness

of 1.6 mm.

– Select the type of antenna:A dual-port SIW antenna is selected as

it can provide multiple input/output signals with a compact size
and low loss.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 25

Figure 5.5: A dual port substrate integrated wave antenna for X-band ap-
plications

• Antenna design and simulation in ANSYS:

Create a rectangular substrate with the dimensions of 30 mm × 30 mm

× 1.6 mm in ANSYS. Draw the SIW structure with two feed ports,
which should be placed on opposite sides of the rectangular substrate.
Tune the size and position of the SIW structure to achieve the desired
frequency response and impedance matching. Perform a simulation using
ANSYS HFSS to verify the antenna’s performance and make adjustments
as necessary.

• Fabrication and testing: Once the design is finalized, the antenna can
be fabricated using standard PCB manufacturing techniques. After fab-
rication, the antenna should be tested to ensure it meets the desired

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 26

 specifications.

• Overall, the design and simulation process for a dual-port SIW antenna
in ANSYS involves defining the specifications of the antenna, selecting
the appropriate antenna type, designing and simulating the antenna, and
then fabricating and testing the final product.

5.2.2 S11 Results

Figure 5.6: S11 vs Freq

The above figure depicts the plot of S11 vs Frequency which is ranging
from 8GHz to 12GHz

Figure 5.7: S11 vs Freq at Port-2

The above figure depicts the plot of S11 vs Frequency at port 2 which is
ranging from 8GHz to 12GHz

Figure 5.8: Isolation between Port1 and Port2

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 27

5.2.3 3D Plots and Radiation Pattern
Here we depict the 3d plots and ration pattern at both port1 and port2
Radiation Patterns (both E and H plane)

• 9GHz

• 9.5GHz

• 10.68GHz

• 10.7GHz

• 11.7GHz

• 12.2GHz

5.2.4 PORT 1

Figure 5.9: 3D Plot @ port 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 28

 Figure 5.10: Radiation Pattern @ Port 1

5.2.5 PORT 2

Figure 5.11: 3D Plot @ port 2

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 29

 Figure 5.12: Radiation Pattern @ Port 2

5.2.6 Fabrication Results

Figure 5.13: Top view

The above figure depicts the fabricated antenna’s top view.

The above figure depicts the fabricated antenna’s bottom view.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 30

 Figure 5.14: Bottom view

Figure 5.15: S11 Plot

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 31

 Figure 5.16: S21 Plot

Figure 5.17: S22 Plot

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 32

 Figure 5.18: Fabricated antenna results

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 33

 CHAPTER 6

Conclusions and Future Scope

6.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, the dual port substrate integrated wave (SIW) antenna is a
promising solution for X-band applications, with its compact size, low profile,
and high gain. The design and simulation results presented in this report
demonstrate that the proposed antenna can provide good radiation characteris-
tics, including broadside radiation patterns, high directivity, and low side lobe
levels. The antenna can operate at the frequency range of 8-12 GHz, which is
suitable for X-band applications such as radar systems, wireless communica-
tion, and satellite systems. The proposed antenna’s dual-port configuration also
provides additional flexibility and potential for beam steering and polarization
diversity. Overall, the dual port SIW antenna offers an attractive solution for
X-band applications, and further experimental validation and optimization are
recommended for practical implementation.

6.2 Future Scope

There are several avenues for future research and development related to the
dual port substrate integrated wave (SIW) antenna for X-band applications.
One area of potential focus is the optimization of the antenna’s performance
characteristics, including gain, bandwidth, and radiation pattern. This could be
achieved through advanced design techniques, such as the use of metasurfaces
or other metamaterials to enhance the antenna’s properties.
Another potential area of future research is the integration of the dual port
SIW antenna with other components, such as amplifiers, filters, or switches, to
create fully functional X-band systems. This could involve the development of
new integration techniques or the modification of existing ones to accommodate

34
the unique properties of the SIW antenna.
Additionally, the potential for beam steering and polarization diversity
offered by the dual port SIW antenna could be further explored through
advanced control and signal processing techniques. This could lead to new
applications in areas such as radar systems, wireless communication, and
satellite systems.
Finally, the development of new fabrication methods and materials could
enable the creation of even smaller, more compact dual port SIW antennas
with improved performance characteristics. This could lead to new applications
in areas such as wearable technology, medical devices, and unmanned aerial
vehicles. Overall, there is a vast range of potential research and development
directions related to the dual port SIW antenna for X-band applications,
making it an exciting area of exploration for the future.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 35

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