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Techniques & Steps To Follow in SPSS
Techniques & Steps To Follow in SPSS
Techniques & Steps To Follow in SPSS
Analysis Scales
Frequency Descriptive Nominal and Identify the Eating Out
Distribution Univariate ordinal population and Habit
sample for the
study
Rank Order Descriptive Ordinal scale Identify the Most Eating Out
Univariate Preferred and the Habit
Least Proffered
variable
Cross Tabulation Descriptive Nominal with Identify the Eating Out
Bivariate Nominal, Nominal Relationship Habit
with ordinal, between 2
ordinal with ordinal variables
Chi Square Test Inferential Nominal with Identify the Eating Out
Bivariate Nominal, Nominal Association Habit
with Ordinal, between 2
Ordinal with variables
Ordinal
One Sample t-Test Inferential Interval/Ratio scale Identify the Perception
Univariate favorable and on Plastic
unfavorable Bags
parameters for the
study
Two Independent Inferential 2 variables; Identify the Perception
Sample t-Test Bivariate variable 1 - favorable and on Plastic
Interval/Ratio scale unfavorable Bags
variable 2 - perception amongst
Nominal scale with 2 different groups
2 options
Paired Sample t- Inferential Two variables; Identify the Comparative
Test Bivariate variable 1- comparative Perception
Interval/Ratio scale perception between of Mess
variable 2 - two products or Food and
Interval/Ratio scale companies etc Dhabas –
Interval-Interval IIFT Case
Ratio-Ratio
One-Way ANOVA Inferential 2 variables; Identify the Paid Kids
Multivariate variable 1 - favorable and Care Unit in
Interval/Ratio scale unfavorable a Mall
variable 2 - perception among
Nominal scale with more than two
more than 2 options groups
Two-Way Inferential More than 2 Identify the Malhotra
ANOVA Multivariate variables; variable favorable and Spices Co.
1 - Interval/Ratio unfavorable Pvt. Ltd.
scale perception among
2 or more variables more than two
- Nominal scale groups
with 2 more than 2
options
Correlation Inferential All variables are on Identify the MRP
Multivariate Interval/Ratio scale relationship among Biscuits
the variables
Regression Inferential Independent Impact of all the MRP
Multivariate Variable – independent Biscuits
Variable 1 – variables on
Interval/Ratio scale dependent
Dependent variables
Variables – more
than 2 variables –
Interval/Ratio scale
If Independent
variable is being
taken as a Nominal
variable then add 1
random error term
Factor Analysis Inferential Interval/Ratio scale Identify the main Purchase of
Multivariate factors for the B-Segment
study Cars
1. Steps to Test Reliability of an Instrument Using ‘Cronbach Alpha’ in SPSS
Analyze Scale Reliability Analysis Take all the relevant variables to “items” on RHS
“Model” selected should be “Alpha” Go to “Statistics” Tick on “Scale if item deleted”
under “Descriptives for” head Tick on “Correlations” under “Inter-Item” head Click on Ok
Analyze Dimension Reduction Factor Take all the relevant variables to “Variables” on
RHS Go to “Descriptives” Tick on “Coefficients” and “KMO and Barlett’s test of
sphercity” under “Correlation Matrix” head Click on Continue
KMO and Barlett’s test of sphercity value indicates whether the selected sample size is
adequate or not.
Value ≥ 0.8 indicates that our sample size is adequate and in case the value < 0.8, the
researcher needs to increase the sample size before carrying out any hypothesis testing.
Significance value of KMO and Barlett’s test of sphercity should be less than 0.05 (level of
significance). If it exceeds 0.05 that means set of questions that the researcher has taken are
not meeting his research objectives and the questions need to be changes/reframed before
carrying out any hypothesis testing.
Total variance explained indicates in totality all the questions put together are able to explain
how much of the objective.
3. Recoding a Variable in SPSS
Transform Recode into Different Variables Take the variable to be recoded to RHS put
the name of the variable being created (variable name cannot have special characters except _ ;
length of variable name should not exceed 8 characters) under “Name” Enter the name of this
created you want to appear in all the results under “label” Click on Change Go to Old and
New Values Click on Range Put old range in “Old Value” and the new coding scheme in
“New Value” Click on Continue Click on Ok
Univariate Analysis
Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies Take all the relevant variables to “variables”
on RHS Go to Charts Select Bar Chart or Pie Chart under “Chart Type” Select
Frequencies or Percentages under “Chart Values” Click on Continue Click on OK Once
the output is received double click on the chart Select “Show Data Labels” under “Elements”
Charts - Histograms
Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies Take all the relevant variables to “variables”
on RHS Go to Statistics Tick on all the required statistics Click on Continue
Bivariate Analysis
Nominal/Ordinal – Cross Tab (Use to find out relationship between nominal & nominal
variable; nominal and ordinal variable; ordinal and ordinal variable)
Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs Take any variable in row and another in
column Go to Cells and tick on “Total” under “Percentages” Click on Continue Click
on OK
Inferential Analysis – Testing of Hypothesis
Univariate Analysis
Interval/Ratio
One-Sample t-Test
Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T Test Take all the relevant variables (on
Interval/Ratio Scale) to RHS under “Test Variable(s)” Put the Test Value (value of mean to
be tested) Click on OK
Bivariate Analysis
Nominal/Ordinal – χ2 Test (Use to find out association between nominal & nominal
variable; nominal and ordinal variable; ordinal and ordinal variable)
Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs Take any variable in row and another in
column Go to Statistics Tick on Chi Square Tick on the test which is applicable (Phi
and Cramer’s V or Contingency Coefficient) under the head “Nominal” Click on Continue
Go to Cells and tick on “Total” under “Percentages” Click on Continue Click on OK
Step 2: Formulate the hypothesis and carry out chi-square test to see if there exists any
relationship between the variables
In case H0 is rejected then there is a relationship between the 2 variables and hence to
identify how much relationship exists, we use
Contingency Coefficient in case the matrix is a square matrix (i.e. no. of categories in
both the variables is same)
Phi and Cramer’s V test (Phi in case of 2X2 matrix and Cramer’s V in all the cases where
matrix is not square)
In case H0 is not rejected then there is no relationship between the 2 variables and hence there
is no need to do any further test
Interval/Ratio with Nominal having 2 categories
Analyze Compare Means Independent-Samples T Test Take all the relevant variables
(on Interval/Ratio Scale) to RHS under “Test Variable(s)” Take the relevant Nominal/Ordinal
Variable with 2 categories under “Grouping Variable” Enter the categories no. you have used
while coding say 1 for male and 2 for female Click on OK
Step 1: First we need to find out whether the populations from which samples have been
obtained have equal variances or not. For this Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances is
carried out.
Step 2: If the variances are equal, p-value corresponding to top row is picked for further
hypothesis testing to be carried out on equality if means otherwise p-value corresponding to
bottom row is picked for further analysis
Analyze Compare Means Paired-Samples T Test Take all the relevant variables (on
Interval/Ratio Scale) to be compared to RHS under “Paired Variables” Click on OK
Multivariate Analysis
One-Way ANOVA
Analyze Compare Means One-Way ANOVA Take the dependent variable (on
Interval/Ratio Scale) to RHS under “Dependent List” Take the independent variable (on
Nominal/Ordinal scale with more than 2 categories) under “Factor” Click on OK
In case H0 is not rejected then the means between the groups are same, i.e. the Interval/Ratio
scale variable is independent of nominal variable
Two-Way ANOVA
Analyze General Linear Model Univariate Take the dependent variable (on
Interval/Ratio Scale) to RHS under “Dependent Variable” Take the required Nominal
variables under “Fixed Factor(s)” Click on OK
Correlation
Analyze Correlate Bivariate Take all the relevant variables (on Interval/Ratio Scale) to
RHS under “Variables” Click on OK
Step 1: Find out the value of coefficient of correlation (r) between variables
Step 2: Test whether these values of r are significant or not (this is done to find out if any
variable needs to be dropped from regression analysis)
Regression
Analyze Regression Linear Take the dependent variable (on Interval/Ratio Scale) to
RHS under “Dependent” Take all the independent variables (on Interval/Ratio Scale) to RHS
under “Independent(s)” Click on OK
Step 1: Find out the value of coefficient of determination R2 (consider R2 in case of simple
regression and adjusted R2 in case of multiple regression)
Step 2: Test whether the model is significant or not by testing the value of R2 is significant or not
(this is done to find out whether model is statistically significant or not)
Step 5: For the independent variables that are significant, relative importance is determined by
the standardized coefficients called Beta