BPS5225 - Building Energy Audit and

Performance Measurement and Verification

Lecture : Measurement and Verification

Professor Chandra Sekhar

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 SS591-2013 Scope –
Specifies Requirements

For sensors and instruments in

capturing relevant Process Parameters

Their Installation, commissioning,

operational monitoring & maintenance

To perform continuous, long term

measurement of central CHW system
energy efficiency
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 SS591-2013 Scope –
Also specifies ….

Appropriate uncertainty levels for cont meas for

proper energy efficiency of equipment and plant

Parameters and performance indicators for

continuous measurements

Installation details for easy comparison of sensor

calibration and as-installed performance

Recommends development of useful

presentation formats for data collected
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2 M&V System

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1. M&V System Approach – Retrofit Isolation Approach
(RIA) as described in ASHRAE Guideline 14:2002 –
Boundary of M&V is around the central CHW system
only
2. Depending on design and layout of central CHW
system, the M&V system to account for all heat input
and heat output of the plant – to determine &
monitor its energy performance on a continuous and
long term basis
3. M&V system to include instrumentation, hardware &
software of data communications – collection and
archiving of all data – to generate, display and report
measured & calculated data 6
 Data Points –where measuring instruments
are to be supplied and installed to monitor at
one-minute intervals and trended over the
entire life-cycle of the central CHW system

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Primary Pumps Variable Primary Flow
Dedicated Pumping Design

Automatic Condenser
Isolation Valves
Evaporator
Z
VSD

Condenser

Evaporator
Z

VSD

Condenser

Evaporator
Z

VSD
Bypass
Valve

Flow Meter

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Primary Pumps Variable Primary Flow
Header Pumping Design (More Common)
Automatic Condenser
Isolation Valves
Evaporator
Z

VSD Condenser

Evaporator
Z

VSD
Z

Condenser
VSD
Evaporator

Bypass
Valve

Flow Meter

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 Constant Primary Flow/Variable Secondary Flow

Primary Pumps

CS Z Secondary Pumps

Z
VSD
Z

CS

Z
VSD

Z
VSD
Z

CS

IMPORTANT: Primary flow is always GREATER than Secondary flow

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Source : SS591-2013
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Source : SS591-2013
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Source : SS591-2013
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Source : SS591-2013
 Performance
System cooling
Indicators
load, CHW or
(RT) 15
 Performance
System cooling
Indicators
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) 16
CHWS Temp
- TCHWS (°C)

Performance
System cooling
Indicators
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) 17
 Heat Balance
Substantiating COP of CHW System
Test (%) [Only (kWT/kWE)
for water Inverse of Central
) cooled CHW System η
condensers)

Central CHW
ΔTCHW (°C) System Eff
(kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

CHWS Temp Equipment Energy Effi

- TCHWS (°C) (kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

Performance
RECOMMENDED
System cooling
Indicators
Ind chiller energy eff,
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) Chiller Effi
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(kWE/kWT) or (kWE/RT)
 Heat
Rejected,
CDW load
(kWT) or (RT)

ΔTCHW (°C)

CHWS Temp
- TCHWS (°C)

Performance
System cooling
Indicators
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) 19
 Heat Balance
Substantiating COP of CHW System
Test (%) [Only (kWT/kWE)
Heat for water Inverse of Central
Rejected, cooled CHW System η
CDW load condensers)
(kWT) or (RT)
Central CHW
ΔTCHW (°C) System Eff
(kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

CHWS Temp Equipment Energy Effi

- TCHWS (°C) (kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

Performance
RECOMMENDED
System cooling
Indicators
Ind chiller energy eff,
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) Chiller Effi
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(kWE/kWT) or (kWE/RT)
 Heat Balance
Substantiating COP of CHW System
Test (%) [Only (kWT/kWE)
Heat for water Inverse of Central
Rejected, cooled CHW System η
CDW load condensers)
(kWT) or (RT)
Central CHW
ΔTCHW (°C) System Eff
(kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

CHWS Temp Equipment Energy Effi

- TCHWS (°C) (kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

Performance
RECOMMENDED
System cooling
Indicators
Ind chiller energy eff,
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) Chiller Effi
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(kWE/kWT) or (kWE/RT)
 Heat Balance
Substantiating COP of CHW System
Test (%) [Only (kWT/kWE)
Heat for water Inverse of Central
Rejected, cooled CHW System η
CDW load condensers)
(kWT) or (RT)
Central CHW
ΔTCHW (°C) System Eff
(kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

CHWS Temp Equipment Energy Effi

- TCHWS (°C) (kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

Performance
RECOMMENDED
System cooling
Indicators
Ind chiller energy eff,
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) Chiller Effi
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(kWE/kWT) or (kWE/RT)
 Heat Balance
Substantiating COP of CHW System
Test (%) [Only (kWT/kWE)
Heat for water Inverse of Central
Rejected, cooled CHW System η
CDW load condensers)
(kWT) or (RT)
Central CHW
ΔTCHW (°C) System Eff
(kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

CHWS Temp Equipment Energy Effi

- TCHWS (°C) (kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

Performance
RECOMMENDED
System cooling
Indicators
Ind chiller energy eff,
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) Chiller Effi
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(kWE/kWT) or (kWE/RT)
 Heat Balance
Substantiating COP of CHW System
Test (%) [Only (kWT/kWE)
Heat for water Inverse of Central
Rejected, cooled CHW System η
CDW load condensers)
(kWT) or (RT)
Central CHW
ΔTCHW (°C) System Eff
(kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

CHWS Temp Equipment Energy Effi

- TCHWS (°C) (kWE/kWT) or
(kWE/RT)

Performance
RECOMMENDED
System cooling
Indicators
Ind chiller energy eff,
load, CHW (kWT)
or (RT) Chiller Effi
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(kWE/kWT) or (kWE/RT)
3 Measurement and Instrumentation

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Uncertainty and Calibration
Overall Meas system – Temp, Flow & Power

Each system – sensor, signal conditioning, data acquisition & wiring

Overall uncertainty of meas system – combination of individual

uncertainty of each meas system
√(T2 + F2 + P2)

Instruments used in monitoring & meas of central CHWS – calibrated

against meas stds traceable to national stds or equivalent

All calibrations documented – demonstrate each meas system

meets uncertainty requirements (Table 1)

Recommended – calibration facilities shall conform to requirements

for quality mgt system & technical competency to produce valid
data/results as stipulated I ISO/IEC 17025:2005 26
 Table 1 – Maximum allowable uncertainty (%) for each and
overall measurement system under lab condition
Meas System (including Maximum allowable uncertainty (%)
sensor & data (calibration under lab condition)
acquisition system)
Temperature1 Maximum allowable uncertainty of temp meas
system shall be within ±0.05°C
Overall maximum allowable uncertainty of temp
meas system used to measure ΔT between CHWS
and CHWR & CWS and CWR to be calculated as
shown below:
√[(0.05°C)2 + (0.05°C)2] x 100% = ± 1.3
5.5° C
Flow2 ±1

Power ±2

Overall Overall maximum allowable uncertainty of M&V

system shall be calculated as shown below:
√(1.32 + 12 + 22) = ± 2.6 27
1. Uncertainty of ±0.05°C for temp meas
system only applicable to central CHW
system working at a temp range of 0°C to
40°C and a designed ΔT of 5.5°C. Different
uncertainty values (as deemed applicable)
to be used for other temp ranges & ΔT s

2. In the event of clamp-on and insertion-

type flow meters installed where central
CHW system cannot be shut down or pipe
dia does not allow so – the maximum
allowable uncertainty of the flow meter
shall be ±2%
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Uncertainty of in-situ measurements

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Temperature
Max allowable uncertainty of temp meas system : ±0.05°C
over the working range of 0°C to 40°C
Entire chain : temp sensor, transmitter, wiring data acquisition
system etc

Each temp sensor to be individually calibrated against a

measurement standard with a maximum uncertainty rating of
±0.01°C

Fixed points calibration recommended for calibration of

temp sensors. Following references recommended for
calibration:
a) Water triple point at 0.01°C
b) Standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRT)
with temp controlled bath at 15.00°C
c) Gallium fixed point cell at 29.765°C 30
 Flow
Full bore magnetic in-line flow meters to be installed.
Maximum allowable uncertainty of flow meas system within
±1%
Entire chain : flow meter, transmitter, wiring data acquisition
system etc

Clamp-on and insertion-type flow meters - maximum

uncertainty rating of ±2%
Condenser water flow – appropriate flow sensor to be
chosen considering effects of scaling in pipes

In accordance to ISO 4185 : 1980/Cor 1 :1993, ISO 8316 :

1987 or equivalent standards 31
 Power
Power meas device - True RMS power based on measured
current, voltage and power factor

Maximum allowable uncertainty of power meas system rating

within ±2%
Entire chain – digital power meter, any associated voltage and
current transformers, wiring, data acquisition system etc

In accordance to IEC 62053-22:2003 for digital power meters,

IEC 61689-2:2012 for current transformers and IEC61689-
3:2011/IEC 61689-5:2011 for voltage transformers.
Equivalent standards can be used
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Data Acquisition System (DAS)

Able to record and store values up to at least 3 dcp

DAS (including its control network and field panels) –

capable of collecting data at all points at a minimum
sampling interval of 1 minute without measurably
affecting control performance

Sized for at least 3 years of storage capacity

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 Weather Station

Temp meas uncertainty within ±0.2°C over the working

range of 15°C to 40°C

RH meas uncertainty within ±2% over the working range

of 50% to 90%

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Installation and Set-up

Meet manufacturers’
recommendation

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Flow Meter

Installed away from distortion sources that can cause

rotational distortion in the velocity flow profile
(elbows, expanders, reducers, valves)

Magnetic in-line flow meter – sensor location away from

distortion sources – minimum clearance of 5 pipe dias
upstream and 3 pipe dias downstream

In the absence of air-vents or other air removal equipment in

the system piping, appropriate air-removal equipment to be
installed downstream of flow meter
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Temperature Sensor
Insertion type, installed in thermowells for both CHW and CW temp
meas – direct contact with water
Insulation provided for temperature sensors taking measurement at
the CHW lines
Test-plugs/additional thermowells before and after each temp
sensor to be installed along CHW and CW lines for verification
purposes
Screw-on protection covers to be provided for all unoccupied
thermowells

Thermistors recommended as they show greater sensitivity for a

similar change in temperature as compared to temp sensors

Recommended to install temp sensors close to the inlet of

temperature changing devices (chillers, cooling towers). When
there is mixing, install as far downstream as practical to ensure any
temp stratification in the outflow is well mixed 37
Power Meter

For equipment with VSDs, digital

power meter to be installed at
the incoming side of the power
supply to the VSDs

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Wiring

All measuring and control cables to have a

common screen (aluminium or copper-foil) –
to eliminate any extraneous influences and
to prevent faulty signals

Screens of control cables leading from meas

sensors, signal transmitters etc to be
connected to earthing points, and
subsequently, to indoor earthing rings
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 Data Collection, Handling
4 and Presentation

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 Use of
control
system

Data point
Graphics
naming
Display
Data convention
collection,
handling &
presentation

Data
Trending
storage
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Trending – Recommended points be
trended in BMS/EMS

Start/stop control, ON/OFF status, Trip status, Active

Power (kW), Active energy (kWh), Apparent power (kVA),
Phase current (A), Phase voltage (V), Phase power factor,
phase full load ampere (A), phase part load (%), evaporator
and condenser approach temp (°C) of chillers

Set Points – CHWS temp (°C), CHWR temp (°C) , CHW Flow
Rate (L/s), Current limit set point (A), Water differential
pressure set point (kPa)
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Graphics Display – Key elements
All sensor locations with list of instruments specified

Operating status of individual equipment of CHW system (chillers,

CHW pumps, CW pumps & cooling towers)

Summary of set-points trended by BMS/EMS

Instantaneous values of foll:

1) Overall system energy eff (kWE/RT) and COP (kWT/kWE) of the
central CHW system and energy eff of each group of
equipment (chillers, CHW pumps, CW pumps, cooling towers)
2) Outdoor WBTs (determined from outdoor DBT and RH sensors)
3) Total system cooling load (RT) and total heat rejected (RT)
4) Total elect power input to central CHW system (kW) and elect
power input to each group of equipment (chillers, CHW
pumps, CW pumps and CTs)
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Graphics Display – Key elements contd
Instantaneous & cumulative values of total elect energy (kWh)
consumed by the central CHW system and the elect energy
consumed (kWh) by each group of equipment (chillers, CHW
pumps, CW pumps and CTs

Graphic to match the actual layout of equipment and

instruments – for visual identification from a screen print when
visiting the CHW system

BMS/EMS to include a graphic showing the calculated system

heat balance of the central CHW system and the value of its
related parameters

BMS/EMS to include a graphic showing instantaneous values of

electrical parameters of each chiller – including each phase’s
voltage (V), current (A), power factor, kilowatt (kW) and kVA.
Cumulative values of elect energy consumed to be shown 44
5 Testing and Commissioning

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Demonstration/Witness Test

Contractor to demonstrate to owner that

the M&V specs are fully implemented

Checks & Tests to assure that the Design

Intent of the M&V system is met

CHECKS and TESTS – Verify the foll

1) All instruments provided and in proper location as specified
2) Proper use of point naming convention
3) Programming of calculated values
4) Proper implementation of graphic instruments
5) Field verification of a sample of measured points
6) 7-day data loss test. Verify that 99% of data is archived
7) Readings from instrument transmitter are consistent with
BMS/EMS readings displayed – verify by per minute
trending for 15 minutes 46
 Verification of meas result

• Random meas points at each meas system for verification

• Independent verifier, if needed
System heat
balancing Temperature Flow Power
substantiating test

• HB within ±5% for • multipoint • multipoint • multipoint

80% of sampled consistency check at consistency check at consistency check at
points in steady various pointsin the various points in the various points in the
state operation central CHW system central CHW system central CHW system
• Insert highly – compare sum of – compare sum of
accurate & ind chillers with sum power consumed by
calibrated temp of flow rates at eqp with power
sensors into risers from the main
adjacent spare test • Compare • Compare
plugs and compare instantaneous flow instantaneous
readings readings displayed power readings
• CHW/CW S&R temp at the transmitter displayed at meter
sensors can be with BMS/EMS display with
interchanged to • Portable Ultrasonic BMS/EMS
verify meas results flow meter – spot
meas check 47
Training

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 Instrumen-
tation
documents

M&V T&C BMS/EMS

Report Documents
Documen-
tation

Quality
Training
Assurance
documents
Documents
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M&V
Central CHWS schematic
T&C diagram – location of
Report instruments
Multipoint consistency check
TEMPERATURE
- CHW S&R Temp – comp
header/riser with ind chiller
readings
- CDWST – compare
header/riser readings with
ind operating chiller
- Average uncertainty
between two Temp Sensors <
0.07°C
Heat Balance substantiating
test - % HB at 1 min interval in
steady state operation for a
minimum of 1 week.
HB within ±5% for 80% of
sampled points (Central CHW
system & Individual chillers)
Multipoint consistency check
CHW & CDW FLOW
– comp CHW & CDW
header/riser flow readings
with sum of ind chiller
readings
- Average uncertainty
between two flow meters <
1.4%
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Source : SS591-2013
Long Term
Monitoring

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