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    Chapter 7

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    Ahmed Elkammar
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    CHAPTER 7 Trigonometric Identities and Equations Getting Started, p. 386 3x = 2or 2x = -S © 8 = - 3x2) Qe 5 1. a) Do the following to isolate and solve for x: 3 Bx 7=5- 9% > 5 Sx - 74 9x oe sage xa > es «Use the quadratic formula to solve for x as e-7472547 Phaah 12x = 12 pete Wax _ 12 x=-lt v2 £) Move all terms to the left side of the equation and un use the quadratic formula to solve for x as follows: 2 Bx = 3x41 44 32 -3x-1=3rt1-3e-1 xy 3x - 3x -1=0 2 r-45 x ©) Factor the left side of the equation and solve for 32VCy AED “vas follows. Se ve - Sx-24=0 (2-8) +3) =0 x-8=Oorr+3=0 x-848=0+8orx43-3=0-3 x= Borx=—3 4) Move all terms to the left side of the equation, 2, To show that AB = CD the distance formula factor, and solve for x as follows should be used as follows eT First for AB s+ ly = 10= 10-1 ~ Vapor Gx’ + Jlx - 10=0 gh Sse (Gx = 2) +5) =0 3x-2=0 of 2x+5=0 3x -24+2=042o0r2x +5 ~ Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7A Now for CD: d=V(e— nF + O27 nh y + (6-5 So, AB = CD. 3.aysin a = Opposite side hypotenuse cos A = SMiacent side hypotenuse opposite side (an A gjacemt side exc A = Pupotenuse “opposite side hypotenuse SCA cgiacentside 15° cot A = Adjacentside _ 15 opposite side 8 b) To determine the measure of 2A in radians, any ofthe ratios found in part (a) can be used. In this case, sin A will be used sina =% nA ay 1 Se sin“ (sina) = sino? 8 LA = sin massa mZA = 05 radians 72 ©) From the figure: 1s sn B= 35 sin”? (sin B (8) jin”? (sin BY al) m2B = sin (8) mB = 61.9° 4.8) 7, PS 2, ene ao 4-2 Da 4 b) Drawing a segment from (~2,2) down to the negative x-axis forms a right triangle with two legs of length 2. The tangent of the related acute angle is For! ‘The measure in radians of the acute angle that has @ tangent equal to 1 is £50 the vale ofthe elated acute angle is © radians. «) Since the point at (—2, 2) is in the second quadrant, the terminal arm of the angle @ must also be in the second quadrant. Since the angle with a terminal arm in the second quadrant and a tangent 3H 3 of ~1 measures * radians, 6 = = radians. 5. a) The x-coordinate of point A is cos 4 while the y-coordinate is sin =. Therefore, the coordinates of point A are (*2,%2). The x-coordinate of point B is cos 5, while the y-coordinate is sin 5. Therefore 8). The the coordinates of point B are (3 an x-coordinate of point C is cos *, while the y-coordinate is sin. Therefore, the coordinates of point Care (1,4) ‘The x-coordinate of point D the is cos 7, while the y-coondinae is sin. Therefore, coorinates of point Dare (~¥,1). The xcoordinate of point Bs 08, wit te connate sin ‘Therefore, the coordinates of point E are (~ Sm ‘The s-coordinate of point Fis cos *, while the Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations Sn ‘y-coordinate is sin “*, Therefore, the coordinates of point Fare (4, an Gis cos “=, while the y-coordinate is sin °8). Te xcoordnate of point 3 ‘Therefore, the coordinates of point G are (—}, Sn ‘The x-coordinate of point H is cos **, while the Se y-coordinate is sin “. Therefore, the coordinates of cos, while he ycoorinat i sin”. Therefore the coordinates of point J are (2, -¥#). The -coordinate of point J is cos, while the y-coordinate is sin“. Therefore, the coordinates of point J are (34, ~4). b) i) cos a is equal to the x-coordinate of the point (29) 4i) sin“ is equal to the y-coordinate of point J so cos = : 4 osinU™ =] So oye iii) cos 7 is equal to the x-coordinate of the point at (=1,0), so cos 7 = =1, iv) ese a is equal to the reciprocal of the y-coordinate 6. a) Since tan x = ~}, the leg opposite angle x in a right triangle bas a length of 3, while the leg adjacent to angle x has a Jength of 4. For this reason, the length of the bypotenuse can be calculated as follows: Baga? 9416 25 255 Therefore, if the angle » is in the second quadrant, the other five trigonometric ratios are as follows: opposite len _ 3 sin x = CPEORIE 8 _ =. ** hypotenuse 5 cos = Sdiacent ep _ 4 S* "hypotenuse 5 hypotenuse _ 5. ‘opposite leg 3 hypotenuse __5 adjacentleg ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual adjacentleg _ _4 opposite leg 3 Uf the angle xis in the fourth quadrant, the other five trigonometric ratios areas follows cotx sin = PPOs Le _ 3 hypotenuse 5 hypotenuse 5 cxex = __ hypotenuse _ 5. Seex® Gdjacentleg 4° adjacent con fiacent leg _ opposite leg, b) To determine the value of the angle x, any ofthe ratios found in part a) can be used. If in the second quadrant, sin x = 3, so.x can be solved for as follows: sin (sin x) x=25 If xis in the fourth quadrant, sin x be solved for as follows’ §, sox can 3 sin“! (sin.x) x 7.2) tan 6 = 28, cos 0 + O's tue b) sin? @ + cost @ = 1 is te ©) sec 0 = 51, sin @ # 0 js false, since see is the reciprocal of cos 6, not sin 0 4) cos’ @ = sin® @ ~ 1is false. This can be shown, by performing the following operations: cos’ 6 = sin? @~ 1 cof +1 = sin’ = 141 cos’ @+1= sin? a cos 6 + 1 — cos @ = sin? @ ~ cos? 8 sin? @ ~ cos? @ = 1 73 Since sin? @ + cos? # = 1is true, sin? @ ~ cos? @ = 1 must be false, ¢) 1 + tan? @ = sec? @ is true cos 6 fH cord = S° 5, sing # Ois true. 8, The sinusoidal function y = sin x is transformed into the function y = asin k(x ~ d) + cby vertically stretching or compressing the function ) x by a factor of a, horizontally stretching or are 1 ‘compressing it by a factor of reflecting it in the axis if @ <0, reflecting it in the y-axis is k <0, vertically translating it units up or down, and horizontally translating it d units to the right or the lefi, Therefore, an appropriate flow chart would be as follows Perform a vertical stetch/compression by a factor of ja aan vse |} to determine the horizontal stretch/compression. a Use a and £10 determine whether the function is reflected in the y-axis or the x-axis, ieieees ieee Perform a vertical translation of units up or down. aa | Perform a horizontal translation of d units to the right or the left 7.1 Exploring Equivalent i Trigonometric Functions, pp. 392-393 1. a) Answers may vary. For example: The graph is that of the trigonometric function y = cos 6. Since the period of y = cos @ is 2ar radians, the graph repeats itself every 2m radians. Therefore, three possible equivalent expressions for the graph are y= cos (@ + 2m), y = cos (# + 477), and cos (9 ~ 27), 74 b) The trigonometric functions y = cos @ and y= sin (6 + a) are equivalent. Since the period of y= sin (+ 2) is 2 rains, the graph repeats itself every 27 radians. Therefore, three possible equivalent expressions for he gap sing the sine tnionarey = (0+ $).~ (0) and y = sin (0+) 2. a) The graph of the trigonometric function ¥y = esc is symmetric with respect to the origin, soy = ese is an odd function. Therefore, ese (= 8) = ~ esc 4. The graph of the trigonometric function y = seed is symmetric with respect to the yraxis, so y = sec is an even function. Therefore, sec (—0) = sec @. The graph of the trigonometric function y = cot @is symmetric with respect to the origin, so y = cot @ is an odd function, Therefore, cot (—8) = ~cot 8. ) If the graph of the trigonometric function y= ese is reflected in the y-axis, the equation of the resulting graph is y = ese (—8). Also, if the graph of y = ese @ is reflected in the x-axis, the equation of the resulting graph is y = ese 0. Sinee the graph of y = ese @ is symmetric with respect to the origin, a reflection in the y-axis is the same as a reflection in the x-axis. Therefore, the equation ese (—6) = —cse @ must be true. If the graph of the trigonometric function y = sec @ is reflected in the y-axis, the equation of the resulting graph is y = sec (~8). Since the graph of y = sec 0 is ‘symmetric with respect to the y-axis, a reflection of the function in the y-axis results in the function itself. ‘Therefore, the equation sec (~8) = sec # must be ‘ve. If the graph of the trigonometric function Y= cot is reflected in the y-axis, the equation of the resulting graph is y = cot (~6). Also, if the raph of y = cot 6 is reflected in the a-axis, the equation of the resulting graph is y = —cot 8. Since the graph of y = cot 0 is symmetric with respect to the origin, a reflection in the y-axis is the same as a reflection in the x-axis. Therefore, the equation cot (=8) = ~cot # must be true. 3.a) Since sin 6 = cos G - °), G-3)-= 5-9 Qn = cos 6 = cos Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations ‘b) Since cos @ = sin z-0), oS -sa($-2) 12 12, gales ae ¢) Since tan @ = cot 2 Gis G]F Gia Sis = 4) Since cos @ = sin ee on 2 €) Since sin @ = sin 8 1) Since tan = cot (Z = D tan = 6 ‘Therefore, ese @ = sec a Since cos # = sin G i, carol Therefore, sec = ese @ = ) Advanced Functions Solutions Manual Since tan @ = cot Therefore, cot 6 = tan (5 - 0) >) The trigonometric function y = sec (' aig) 2) ie can also be writen as y = se(-(0 ~ iph of the trigonometric function y= see(-(0~ 3) isteected inte yas, he : quan ofthe sling graph sy = see (0~ 2 Since the graph of y = see (-(@ ~ 3)) is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, a reflection of the function in the y-axis results in the function itself. For this 0) =se(0-2),s0 ee eee exc @ = see (# ~ 5). Therefore, 5 =e orsind = cos (0 ~ 2). This isa brown deni, reason, sec (5 G the cofunction identity esc @ = sec ( ~ @) must be twue. The trigonometric function y = ese (F ~ 8) can 5). If the graph of the trigonometric function y xe (- (0-5 also be writen a8 y = ex (-(0 ~ 2) js reflected in the y-axis, the equation of the resulting resuling graph sy ~ ce (@ ~ 2), Since he raph of y= ese(-(0~ 2))isaymmetrie with respect the origin, a reflection in the y-axis is the same as a reflection in the x-axis. For this reason, “ee(§-0)-s=(¢-3)0 os(5-4)-o(0- $4) se(0+5) seco 1 1 oi Therefore, > = —7-—y, sin é =) sec@ ese (0 + Ts This is a known identity, so the cofunction identity sec@ = ese (F ~ @) must be tue ‘The trigonometric function y = tan #) can also F)). AF the graph of the trigonometric function y = tan (- (6- 5) is reflected in the y-axis, the equation of the resulting araphisy= ton (-(#-2)) Since he saphofy = tan (-(0 ~ 2) isomeric with respect to the origin, a reflection in the y-axis is the same as a reflection in the x-axis. For this eason, tan (2 ~ 6) = an (0~ 2), tan (¥ - 8) = tan(¢- + 2) = tm(0 +2) be writen as y = tan (~(0 ~ so cot d= tan (0+ 3), Therefore 1 cord “aes or tan 6 = cot (@ + 5). This is a known identity, so the cofunction identity cot = tan ~ @) most be te 5.) Since sin 8 = sin(m ~ 4), Tn 8 ee ©) Since tan 6 = 4) Since cos @ = lin cos liz o> eos(2e - 2%) 16 ©) Since sin @ =sin (27 ~ 8), f) Since tan @ = ~tan (27 ~ 8), Z 1" 1 g Is 6. a) Assume the circle is a unit circle, Let the coordinates of Q be (x, y). Since P and Q are reflections of each other in the line y = x, the coordinates of P are (y, x). Draw a line from P to the positive x-axis. The hypotenuse of the new right Uwiangle makes an angle of (5 ~ 6) with the Positive ans, Since the x coordinate of Ps y, #) = y. Also, since the y-coordinate of cos 2 Qis y, sin @ = y. Therefore, «os ( 6 'b) Assume the circle is a unit circle. Let the ‘coordinates of the vertex on the circle of the right triangle in the first quadrant be (x, y). Then sin @ = y, 50 ~sin @ = ~y. The point on the circle that results from rotating the vertex by ” = sing, ‘counterclockwise about the origin has coordinates (-y.x), 50 cos (F +8) = ~y. Therefore, oos(¥ +8) = ~sine 7. a) true; the period of cosine is 27 b) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let 8 = 3. ‘Then the left side is sin 5, or 1. The right side is ~sinZ or -1 ¢) false; Answers may vary, For example: Let 6 = 7. Then the left side is eos a, or ~ 1. The right side is os Sa, oF } €) false, Answers may vary. For example: Let @ = 2 ea Then the left side is tan =, or ~Y. The right side istan 7, or @) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let @ = Then the left side is cot, or -1, The right side is tan 7, oF 1 Chapter 7: Trigonomettic Identities and Equations 1) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let 1. a) Since sin (a + ) = sina cos b + cosasin b, sin a cos 2a + cos asin 2a = sin (a + 2a) = sin 3a b) Since cos (a + b) = cos a cos b ~ sin asin b, 0s 4x cos 3x ~ sin 4x sin 3x = cos (Ax + 3x) = costs 2. a) Since tan (@ ~ b) = 14 tanatans’ tan 170° — tan 110° 7 : T+ tan 170 tan rie 8 170" 0) = tan 60° = V3 1b) Since cos (a — b) = cos a cos b + sina sin b, Sao Sat (= =) cos == cos + sin sin = = cos (5% = J 2 W 12°" 13 12” 72 eee oe = cos se = cos = 3. a) Two angles from the special triangles are 30° and 45°, s0 75° = 30° + 45°. 1b) Two angles from the special triangles are 30° and 45%, s0 — 15° = 30° — 45°. ¢) Two angles from the special triangles are 7 and g i or ae 4) Two angles from the special wiangles are and. pn” 24 6 €) Two angles from the special triangles are 45° and 60°, s0 105° = 45° + 60° f) ‘Two angles from the special tangles are > and =, 6 6 6 3 4, a) Since sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + cosa sin b, sin 75° = sin (30° + 45°) = sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45° OZ) GN ~M2, Mb oo} 4 = Mi+ v6 ~ 4 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual b) Since cos (a — b) = cos acos b + sin asin b, 20s 15° = cos (45° ~ 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30° “2VE) 20) ve v3 474 = M+v6 4 tana + tanb 1 tanatanb" )om(5+) H+ ©) Since tan (a + b) = on an a2 are tan + tan? 3V9+94+343V5 3V3 +3V3-3 12 + 6V3 @) Since sin (a ~ b w(3)-al = sin F cos 5 ~ cos 7 sin 5 “AO-A) Eee a4 ~Mi-ve 4 €) Since cos (a + b) = cosa cosh ~ sina sin b, ‘cos 105° = cos (45° + 60°) 108 45° cos 60) ~ sin 45° sin 60° “(AQ-AZ) 140 ()(0) _1+0 tana + tanb tana tan ea (te) eae 0D 2m i2)7'™ 1) Since tan (a + b) = +em(-2) sat -n(3) + o() tana ~ tan 1+ tanatand" wa): 6 6 6 v3 1 - of) oH) =04 (4) on Te ) Since cos (a ~ b) = cosa cos b + sin asin b, cos m cos = + sin a sin 4 4 we COPE) OCF) py smecasfa #9) = oes = nasa cos (+ %) = cos cos ~ sin $ sin Z = o($)- a 78 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations 6.a) Since sin (a +b) = sina cos b + cosasin b, sin (a + x) = sin 7 cosx + cos x sinx (O)(cos x) + (~1)(sin x) 0+ (-sinx) = sinx = -sinx 1b) Since cos (a + 6) = cos a cos b ~ sin asin b. ( %) E bs cos (x +) = c0s x cos = (cos.x)(0) ~ (sin x)(~1) = 0 = (Asin x) = sinx ©) Since cos (a + 6) = cosa cos b ~ sinassin b, cos (x +2) = cosx cos ~ sin x sin ( ) 2 2 = (cos x)(0) = (sin x)(1) =0-sinx = -sinx tana + tanb €) Since tan (a + b) 1-tanatand’ tanx + tant ed) 1 ~ tanxtan 7 = tanx 6) Since sin (a ~ b) = sina cos b ~ cosasin b, sin (x = a7) = sin x cos a ~ cos xsin a7 (sin x)(—1) = (cos .x)(0) 1 tan 2a tan x __O-tane 1+ (O)(tanx) Stan Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 1a) Since sin (a + x) = sin (x + 7), sin (w + 2) is equivalent to sinx translated 7 units to the left, which is equivalent 10 ~sin x by ets (c+ 22) sequen os wasued 3 nits tothe left, which is equivalent to sin x 6 eas (x +2) sequent co tanta units tothe left, which is equivalent to ~ sin x. 4) tan (x + 7) is equivalent to tan x anslated fr units to ihe lft, which is equivalent to tan x 2) sin (1 ~ 7) is equivalent 0 sin x translated x units to the right, which is equivalent to ~sin x. f) Since tan (24 ~ x) = tan (—x + 2z7), and. Since the period of the tangent function is 2, tan (27 = x) is equivalent to tan (~x), which is squivalent i ton x reflected in the y-axis, which is > c+ c- sin C + sin D = 2sin (SS? eos (S$?) can be developed as follows: c+D vel — oro) = (m2) (ode) (22) in (oeS\u'2) Wor ae 5) (w$) 102) 2) - (5) (8) = sin C + sin D tana + tan b T= tanatand’ cot (x + y) in terms of cot x and cot y can be determined as follows: cot (x + y) _ 1 “tan ty) aE 17. Since tan (a + ) 1 = tanxtany van + tany 1 tantany Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations C cot xcoty = Solxcoty _ cotxcoty ~ corn coty To ty eal corx + cory cot xeoty + cotxcoty cotzeoty — __wolseoty _ cot cot y cot x coty GET CHT ~~ corxeoty ~ cotx + coty col oot ‘ot x cot cot + coty 18. Let C= x + yand let D =x ~y. cos C + cos D = cos (x + y) + cos (x ~ y) = cos.x cosy ~ sinxsiny + cos x cos y + sinx sin y = 2 c08 x c0s y C+D_xtytx-y i : y 7 saensc +0 d= 200 (2) (£52) 19, Let C = x + yand let D =x ~ y. cos C ~ cos D = cos (x + y) — cos (x = y) = cos.x cosy ~ sinx sin y — (cos x cos y — sinx sin y) = —2sinxsiny C+D xtyix y | 2 2 tae) 2 2 o So, cos C ~ cos D 7 (& Dyn (S ) ao 2 1. a) Since sin 26 = 2 sin 6 cos 8, 2 sin Sx cos Sx = sin 2(5x) = sin 10x. b) Since cos 20 = cos? @ — sin® 4, cos? 8 = sin? 6 = cos 28. ©) Since cos 26 = 1 ~ 2sin*@, 1 ~ 2 sin? 3x = cos 2(3x) = cos 6x. 2tan 4) Since tan 26 = = er ‘and (FMB = ta (64) = tne ©) Since sin 26 = 2 sin 0 cos 6, 4 sin 6 cos 6 = (2)(2 sin 8 cos 8 = 2sin 28. f Since cos 26 = 2 cos? # ~ 29 1 ~ cag of 2) = read? 1 =cn(?) = eose Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 2. a) Since sin 20 = 2 sin 6 cos 6, 2 sin 45° cos 45° = sin 2(45*) = sin 90° b) Since cos 26 = cos? @ ~ sin? 8, 1 cos? 30° ~ sin? 30° = eos 2(30°) = cos 60° = > ©) Since sin 28 = 2 sin 6 cos 8. dino ain(Z) =a =! 4) Since cos 26 = cos? 6 ~ sin® 8. f) Since sin 26 = 2 sin 8 cos 8, sin 60°) cos? 60°" cos or) 2 = 2 sin 60° cos 60° = sin 2(60°) 2 tan 60° cos? 60° = a 3.a) Since sin 26 = 2 sin # cos 8, sin 4@ = 2 sin 26 cos 24 b) Since cos 26 = 2cos*# ~ 1 cos 3x = 2 cos*(1.5x) ~ 1 tan 6) Since tan 20 = 7 __2tan (05x) fans = tan? (058) 4) Since cos 20 = cos — sin? 6, cos 66 = cos? 39 ~ sin? 30 2sin @ cos 8, 2sin (0.5x) cos (0.5x) 2tan@ T= tan'6 2tan (2.56) T= tan? (2.58) 1) Since tan 26 = tan 50 = 4. Since cos @ = 3, the Jeg adjacent to the angle 6 ina right triangle has a length of 3, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 5 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows, Bry 75 16 y= 4,in quadrant J ppOSIE IE sin g hypotenuse Therefore, since sin 24 = 2 sin @ cos 6, moa Also, since cos 28 = cos? @ ~ sin® (-G) Since sin # = cos 28 paseee 25” 25 ve tan @ = SPPESHE ER on Finally, since tan @-= STO tan 8 = 2uané Since tan 20 tan 20 5, Since tan # = —Z, the leg opposite the angle # in.a right triangle has a length of 7, while the leg adjacent to the angle @ has a length of 24. For this reason, the hypotenuse of the right triangle can be calculated as follows P+ m= 49+ 576 = 2 ¢ = 25, in quadrant I Since sin @ = a sin 6 = %, and since adjacent leg ‘nyporenuse? 28 4. (The reason the sign is negative is because angle @ is in the second quadrant.) Therefore, since sin 26 = 2sin @ cos @, — 3. Also, since cos 8 = te get “39 * 537 "527 6. Since sin @ = ~#, the leg opposite the angle 6 in a right triangle has a length of 12, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 13, For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: xiv = 13 xP 144 = 169 x? 4 dd — 144 = 169 ~ 144 25 5, in quadrant IV Since cos @ cos @ = ¥. Therefore, byporenuse” since sin 24 = 2 sin 6 cos 6, sin 20 = (2)(-#)(, 0s 26 = cos? 6 ~ sin? 8, opposite leg adjacent leg’ the sign is negative is because angle @ is in the fourth quadrant.) Since 2tano since tan 6 = 42. (The reason tan 26 tan 20 i-G 7, Since cos 6 the leg adjacent to the angle @ in a right triangle has a length of 4, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: 3, in quadrant J ‘opposite leg hypotenuse Therefore, since sin 26 = 2 sin 6 cos 8, sin 20 = (2)(3)( 5S Also, since cos 26 = cos? 0 ~ sin? 6, Since sin Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations o9-(J-0) we. 6 9 7 25° 25” 25 Finally, since tan 6 = ae tang = ~4) ‘The cosine of 3 is %, so (he eason the signisnegave sbeause gle is ff ~ eon VD) in the second quadrant) Since tan 20 = -="25,, Sig ue 8. To determine the value of a, first rearrange the equation as follows: 2tanx ~ tan 2x + 2a = 1 ~ tan 2x tan? x 2tan x — tan 2x + 2a + tan 2x zy = tan 2x tan?x + tan 2x * a Dian +24 1~ tan 2x tan?x + tan2x Since T isin the frst quadrant, the sign of sin Fis 2ianx + 2a~ 1 =1—tan2xtan?x + tan2x~1 positive. Therefore, sin Z = 5H, 2tanx + 2a — 1 = tan 2x ~ tan 2x tan? x e 2tanx + 2a —1= (tan 2x)(1 ~ tan? x) 10. Marion can find the cosine of 5 by using the 2tanx +2a—1_ (tan 2x)(1 ~ tan?x) formula cos 2x = 2 cos? x ~ 1 and isolating cos x “Tans ante (on one side of the equation as follows: ae oan aioe cos 2x = 20s? x — 1 (any = y= tan x cos 2x + 1 = 2eos'x-141 2uano cos 2x +1 = 2eos?x Since tan 20 = j= 8255, the value of 2a —~ 1 must oo TT oe equal 0. Therefore, a can be solved for as follows: = 2a-1= + t-1+1 etsicon2e 2a 2 22 ae 2 9. Jim can find the sine of § by using the formala cos 2x = 1 ~ 2 sin? x and isolating sin x on one side of the equation as follows: cos 2x cos 2x + 2 sin? x cos 2x + 2 sin? x cos 2x + 2sin’ x ~ cos 2x 2sin?x 2sin? x 2 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7a Since is in the first quadrant, the sign of cos = 24+ V3 2 ” is positive. Therefore, cos a 11, a) Since sin 20 = 2 sin 6 cos 0, sin 4x = 2sin 2x cos 2x = (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos 2x). At this point, either the formula cos 20 = 2 cos" @ — 1, cos 26 = cos? @ = sin? or cos 20 = 1 ~ 2sin? @ can be used to simplify for cos 2x. If the formula cos 26 = 2.cos? 6 ~ 1 is used, the formula for sin ax can be developed as follows: sin 4x = (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos 2x) = (2)(2 sin x cos x)(2.cos? x ~ 1) = (Asin x c0s 1)(2 cos?.x ~ 1) = 8cos' xsinr ~ 4sinx cos x Ifthe formula cos 26 = cos? @ ~ sin? is used, the formula for sin 4x can be developed as follows: sin 4x = (2)(2 sinx cos x)(cos 2x) = (2)(2sin.xc08 x) (cos? x ~ sin? x) (si ~ sin? x) = 4 cos’ x sin ~ 4 sin? x cos x If the formula cos 28 = 1 ~ 2 sin? @ is used, the formula for sin 4x can be developed as follows: sin 4x = (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos 2x) = (2)(2sinxc0s.x)(1 ~ 2sin®x) = (4sin x cos x)(1 — 2 sin? x) = 4 sins cos.x ~ 8sin? x 608 x b) The valve of sin% is 2. Using the formula sin 4x = Asin x eos ~ 8sin®x cos x, 3 3 3 . 3 wn = h2)(-3)- (2) ( 728 8 sin sin = 3 12. a) Since sin (a + 6) = sina cos b + cos asin b, sin 36 = sin (26 + 8) = sin 26 cos @ + cos 26 sin 8. Since sin 24 = 2 sin 6 cos 8. sin 39 = (2sin 6 cos #)(cos @) + cos 26 sin cos? @ sin @ + cos 26 sin 8, At this point, either the formula cos 20 = 2 cos? @ ~ 1 0s 26 = cos? # ~ sin? 6, or cos 29 = 1 ~ 2sin?@ can be used to simplify for cos 28. If the formula 0s 20 = 2cos’@ ~ 1 is used, the formula for sin 36 can be developed as follows sin 39 = 2.cos? @sin @ + cos 20 sin 6 sin 36 = 2 cos? @sin @ + (2 cost @ ~ 1)(sin 8) sin 39 = 2 cos'@ sin @ + 2.cos? @ sin ~ sin sin 3 = 4 cos’ @sin @ — sin 8 If the formula cos 24 = cos? @ ~ sin? @ is used, the formula for sin 36 can be developed as follows: vial sin 34 = 2 cos’ @ sin 6 + cos 26 sin 8 sin 30 = 2 cos? @sin 6 + (cos? 6 ~ sin? 6)(sin @) sin 30 = 2 cos? @sin @ + cos? 0 sin @ ~ sin’ 8 sin 30 = 3 cos? @sin @ — sind 0 If the formula cos 26 = 1 ~ 2 sin? is used, the formula for sin 38 can be developed as follows: sin 30 = 2 cos? @ sin 6 + cos 20 sin @ sin 39 = 2 cos’ @ sin @ + (1 ~ 2sin®8)(sin 8) sin 39 = 2cos*@ sin @ + sin @ ~ 2sin®4 b) Since cos (a + b) = cos.a cos b ~ sin asin b, cos 39 = cos (26 + 8) = cos 2 cos 6 — sin 6 sin 20, Since sin 26 = 2.sin 8 cos 8, cos 34 = cos 28 cos 6 ~ (sin 6)(2 sin 6 cos #) -08 24 cos 6 — 2 sin? @ cos 8. At this point, either the formula cos 26 = 2.cos?@ = 1, cos 20 = cos? @ ~ sin? @, or cos 20 = 1 ~ 2sin?@ can be used to simplify for cos 26. If the formula cos 20 = 2 cos? 6 = 1 is used, the formula for cos 39 can be developed as follows cos 38 = cos 28 cos 8 — 2 sin? # cos cos 36 = (2 cos" # ~ 1)(cos @) ~ 2sin’ 8 cos @ cos 38 = 2 cos’ 6 ~ cos 4 ~ 2 sin? cos é If the formula cos 26 = cos’ 0 — sin’ is used, the formula for cos 39 can be developed as follows: cos 39 = cos 20-cos 8 ~ 2sin? 6 cos 6 0s 39 = (cos*@ ~ sin? @)(cos 6) ~ 2sin® # cos 608 39 = cos? # = sin? @ cos 6 ~ 2-sin® 8 cos 8 0s 39 = cos’ ~ 3sin? 0 cos # Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations If the formula cos 28 = 1 ~ 2 sin? @ is used, the formula for cos 39 can be developed as follows: cos 34 = cos 20 cos # ~ 2sin® # cos 0 cos 38 = (1 ~ 2 sin? @)(cos @) ~ 2 sin? 6 cos 6 cos 36 = cos @ — 2sin’ 6 cos 8 ~ 2sin? 8 cos 6 0s 34 = cos 6 ~ 4sin? @cos 8 tana + tanb Since tan (a + b ©) Since tan (a+b) = 7 tan a tan B tan 26 + tan tan 36 = tan (26 + @) = 0225 Ot fan 30 = tan (20 + 8) = Tao tan 8 2tan0 Since tan 26 =", T= tan? duane Diane Stan @ ~ wane 1 tan? 1 tne _Btang = tant 1 tan?@ T-tan’@ "1 — Stare _ Stan # = tan’ @ i= Stan'@ 13. a) Since sin’ x = §, and since the angle x is in the second quadrant, sin x = \/§ = 44 = 242, Since sin x = *¥2, the leg opposite the angle x in a right triangle has a length of 2/2, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 3 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: xt + (2VOP =F 48-9 xv +8-8 x = —1, in quadrant [Advanced Functions Solutions Manual jacent leg Since cos x = and since the angle 2 is in sypotenuse the second quadrant, cos x Since sin 28 = 2 sin # cos 6. 2 4 sin 2x = 2 sin x c0s.x = aZ\- Nd by Since sin® x = §, and since the angle x is in the second quadrant, sin x = \/3 = ¥ =? Since sin x = *¥2, the leg opposite the angle x in a right triangle bas a length of 2V3, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 3 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: P+ Qviy= 2 PHB=9 P4+8-8=9 Pel x= ~1,in quadrant 1 since cos = SUE an since te angle xis in the second quadrant, cos x = ~3. Since cos? = sin’ 6, C3) (The formulas cos 20 = 2 cos? 6 ~ 1 and cos 20 = 2sin? @ could also have been used.) 8 ©) Since sin? x = §, and since the angle x is in the Vi-4= Since sin x = 2¥2, the leg opposite the angle x in a right triangle has a length of 22, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 3 For this reason, the other leg of the right tiangle can be calculated as follows: 4 QV = 3% second quadrant, sin x B+8=9 748-8=9-8 i = 1, in quadrant I adjacent leg Since cos x = SHEER ang since the angle x is, ypotenvse in the second quadrant, cos x = —4. Since ° cos 20 = 2 cos! # — 1, cos @ = 2e0s?5 ~ 1, and r9 since cos.x = ~4 = Dos = 1-Te vate ot con® can now be dtm fos 2 Name 4) Since sin? x = 8, and since the angle xis in the second quadrant, sin.x = \/§ vi Y= 4 since sin x = 292, the leg opposite the angle x in right triangle has a length of 22, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 3. For this reason, the other ley of the right triangle can be calculated as follows H+ Qvay=F vel ~1, in quadrant Since cos x = HIMCERSE, and since the angle xis in the second quadrant, cos x = —}, Since sin 36 = 3 cos? @ sin 8 ~ sin? 6, sin 3x = 3 cos? xin x ~ sin?x a (2) ez) ai 2) 3 3 of) 194 = OOS cy 6v2 _ 16v2 77 14. If sin a is written as >, where y is the side opposite angle ain a right triangle, and r is the radius of the right triangle, the side x adjacent to 7-20 angle a can be found with the formula x? + y? = Once x is determined, cos a can be written as 3, and since the terminal arm of angle a lies in the second quadrant, cos a is negative. With sin a and cos a known, sin 2a can be found with the formula sin 26 = 2 sin 6 cos @, Therefore, an appropriate flow chart would be as follows: Write sin a in terms of 2. Solve for x using the Pythagorean theorem, x? + y? Choose the negative value of x since and determine cos a. Write cos a in terms of 5. Use the formula sin 2a = 2 sin a cosa to evaluate sin 2a, 15. a) Since sin 20 = 2 sin 6 cos 0, sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x. For this reason, sna tarers = sin x cos x. Therefore, the raph of f(x) = sin x cos x isthe same as that of Als) = 22%. The graph of f(x) = "8% can be obtained by vertically compressing f(x) = sin x by a factor of } and horizontally compressing it by a factor of }. The graph is shown below: y b) Since cos 2 = 2 cos? @ ~ 1. 30s 2x = 2 cos? x ~ 1, For this reason, s 2x + 1 = 2eos?x~ 1 +1 = 2cos*s. Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations ‘Therefore, the graph of f(x) = 2 cos x is the same as that of f(x) = cos 2x + 1. The graph of lx) = cos 2x + 1 can be obtained by horizontally compressing f(x) = cos x by a factor of } and vertically translating it } unit up. The graph is shown below: an 2e For this reason, a xy) Therefore, the graph of tan 2x 2 Y= tent > is the same as that of f(x) Picasa fo) = 2 ‘The graph of f(x) = "2 can be obtained by vertically compressing f(x) = tan x by a factor of } and horizontally compressing it by @ factor of }. The graph is shown below: 16. a) To eliminate A from the equations x = tan 2A and y = tan A to find an equation that relates x10 y, first take the tan” of both sides of both equations and solve for A as follows: x= tan 2A tan“! x = tan“! (tan 24) Advanced Functions Solutions Manual =2A tan! ar = tan A tan”! (tan A) tan" y tan” and A = tan“ y, stanly ») To eliminate A from the equations x = cos 24 and y = cos A to find an equation that relates x to y first take the cos~ of both sides of both equations and solve for A as follows: cos 2A cos” (cos 2A) =2A ce = cosy ) To eliminate. from the equations x = cos 2A and y = esc A to find an equation that relates x to first take the cos~? of both sides of the first equation and the esc"? of both sides of the second equation and solve for A as follows: cos 24 cos"! (cos 2A) 2A csc A ese" (ese A) ese“!y cos? x and A = cos” y, cos tx 1 = osc! yor = sin™ 0 y 4) To eliminate A from the equations x = sin 2A ‘and y = see 4A to find an equation that relates x to y, first take the sin” of both sides of the first rH equation and the sec” of both sides of the second equation and solve for A as follows: x= sin 2A Since A sin? x _ sey sin 2 arg 4 17. a) Since cos 2# = 1 ~ 2 sin’ 8, the equation 0s 23 ‘This equation can be solved as follows 1 = 2sintx = sin x 1 = 2sin’x + 2sin’x — 1 = sinx + 2sin’x-1 2sintx + sinx 1 (2sinx ~ 1)(sinx + 1) = 0 2sinx-1=0 Qsinx-~1+1=041 2sinx = 2sinx sinx = orsinx +1 = sinxt1~1 sinx ‘Therefore, x ) Since sin 26 = 2 sin 6 cos 6, and since cos 28 = 2 cos? @ ~ 1, the equation sin 2x ~ 1 = cos 2x can be rewritten 2sin x eosx — 1 = 2 cos’ x ~ 1. This equation can be solved as follows: 2sin xcosx ~1 = 2costx-1 2sinxcosx—1+1=2cos?x-1+1 2sinacosx = 2.cos? x 2sin x cos. x ~ 2 sin x cos x = 2cos? x ~ 2sinx cos x 72 sin x can be rewritten 1 ~ 2 sin? x = sin x. 2eos'x ~ 2sin.x cos.x (2.008 x)(cos x = sinx 2cosx 2eosx or cos x ~ sinx = 0 cosx ~ sinx + sinx = 0+ sinx cosx = sinx tand Vi + tan’@ a) sin 26 = 2 sin 6 cos @ Et tan@ ( Vie canta) 2 it b) cos 2 = cos?@ ~ sin? y-( tané ) 0. V1 + tan’ @, ©) Use the results from parts a) and b) 2rané Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations 2une 4) Since ~cos 6 = cos (m + 6), i+ tanto TS tana + 1 ~ ae 1+ tame 2tana ane ne T+ ane 2tan@ | 1+ tan?6 Qn 7 2uané Therefore, ~sin 2 = sin ) Since tan (7 + @) = tan @, tan @ = tan (x + 8), 3a an 2tan’@ 1+ tan?@ ‘Therefore, tan ~~ = tan iG + — ) Beant 4 4 T+ tant@ “Diana ee = uan6 = ton (4 + =) = tan 2 ‘wiachaptar Review pant 2. Since cos 0 = sin (8 +), the equation 1. a) Since cos (2 ~ 6) = cos 6, cos 6 = cos (2m ~ 8). Therefore, ~6008 (x +2) + 4 canbe rewrten u ; ~6sin(x +545) +4 cos cos (28 - 2) ~6sin (x + 7) + 4. Since a horizontal | - translation of a to the left or right is equivalent to a reflection in the x-axis, the equation y= ~6sin (x + 7) + 4 can be rewritten y= 6sinx + 4. Therefore, the equation y= ~6c0s (x +3) + 4.can be rewritten yy = 6sinx +4 Therefore, sin“ = sin (= - 3.) Since cos (@ + b) = cos.a.cos b ~ sina sin b, ; sin (2 oat) 9 ©) Since tan (a + 8) = tan 6, tan 6 = tan (108 5 98 a oe cos (+5) = cos x08 5 ~ sin sin ; os2)(3) = (sin a(- “ 1 v seosx + sinx 2 2 Advanced Functions Solutions Manval 723 1b) Since sin (a + b) sin a cos b + cosa sin b, sne+ ) = in nfeor®2) + onain®2) ~ na(-“2) + conn(2) =legsx- 4 = feosx- Bsine tana + tanb T= tana tan Sr tanx + tan=Z ©) Since tan (a + b) = 1 = tan x tan tanx +1 wm(e+)- cam “Y= (tanx)(Q) _ 1s tans “T= tanx 4) Since cos (a + b) = cos a cos b ~ sina sin by (- ‘) 4a 4a os (x +5 10s x cos “= — sin x sin = = toen(2)~ ns M3 inn sine = 5 4, a) Since sin (a ~ 6) = sin.a cos b ~ cos a cos b, in( = uz) = sin x cos 2 — c0s x sin UE _ 6 ce 6 - «sina - wot) te) oe AS sinx + 5 cos x 2 2 cos x tana — tan b- 1+ tanatanb +b) Since tan (a ~ b) = an (o-f “7 tanxtan® 3 _ tune V3 tans ~ V9, “TF an (V5) 1+ Votan b) = cosa cosh + sinasinb, (cos (cos 2) + (sin sin 22) « con( 2) + nn(-°2) v2 ©) Since cos (a 724 ) Since sin (a ~ b) ~ sin a cos b ~ cosa sin b, (sin (cos?) = (cos x) (sn 22) tsinxy(~4) - (os fa 1 ~ssinx — 2 2 na — tan b 1+ tanatand® @ — tan 8m Si g tng an (8 22) — LE = ton (FZ - ane = = * cos x $.a) Since tan (a ~ b} = tan = V5 b) Since sin (a ~ b) = sina cos b ~ cos asin b, 299% a 299% m ee 298-298, 298 sin = 0 ©) Since sin (a ~ b) = sin acos b ~ cosasin b, ‘sin 50® cos 20° — cos 50° sin 20° = sin (50° ~ 20°) = sin 30° = 5 4) Since sin (a +b) = sina cos b + cos asin b, aa 8 ‘ 6.8) Since tan a + y= RAINE 2a tanx + tan tan’x 1 — (tan.x)(tan x) = tan (x + x) = tan 2x b) Since sin (a + b) = sin.a cos b + cos asin by ee ee sin § cos + cos Fain = sin (5 + 5 = sin = sinx 3s (2 — x) = cos ® cos x + sin sine dea ($-2)+ ca Zens +0 (0) cos x + (1) sin x = sinx anan(S +2) =o coer +o (1) cosx + (0)sin x = cos x Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations oeos(% +2) 4 cos($ +x) = 2005(3 +2) w oe cons ~ sn a Geos Fan] w(B)ae-(Ba] pun(v-2)= tana tan(@) _ tana = V3{c0s x ~ sin x) 4)” Te taprian(Z) 1+ tans 1. a= Vaand b = ~3,50 R= VGAP EE f 1 Vi2 = 2V3 sing Wi 7 Since cos a is positive and sin a is negative, a is in the fourth quadrant. @ = = iien(s+3) 8. a) Since cos 26 = 2 cos? 6 ~ 1, seo -1=co(ea(2) So, V3cos x 3 sinx = cos % = -} 32 b) Since sin 28 = 2 sin 6 cos 4 ia iar ea sin UE = sin ((2)(=2 asin Feo = so (e0(")) ©) Since cos 28 = cos’ ~ sin? 6, wot ant? = cn (02) lan In = cos" = cos 8 8 4) Since cos 24 = 1 ~ 2 sin? a, . (a(Z))=2=-1 9. a) Since cos! x = Hcos x = +\/B +92 = MD, and since angle xis inthe third quadrant, cos x is negative. For this reason, Mi. Since cos x cos x = ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual sdjacent to the angle x in a right triangle has a length of VITO, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a Jength of 11. For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: 2 (vio) +? =a mo + y= 121 210+ y? = 110 = 121 = 110 yeu y = ~ Vii, in quadrant IL Since sin x = SPP2S228, ang since angle x is in hypotenuse the third quadrant, sin.x = b) Since cos?x = #8, cosx = =} G35, and since angle x is in the third quadrant, 208 x is negative. For this reason, cos x = «) Since cos?x = 8. cosx = =V/H 4B, and since angle xis in the third quadrant, 20s x is negative. For this reason, eos x = ~ “il Since cos x = — 4 the leg adjacent to the angle rin a right tiangle has a length of VITO, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 11 For this eason, the other leg ofthe right triangle can be calculated as follows: (V0 + y? =P 110 + y= 121 110 + y? ~ 110 = 121 ~ 110 ul ‘Vil, in quadrant HT posite eg and since angle xis in wypotenuse the third quadrant, sin x sin 26 = 2 sin 0 cos 6, sin 2x il, since sin x cos x = =H, and since angle x is in the third quadrant. cos x is negative. For this reason, cos x =~“ Since cos x = ~~, the leg adjacent to the angle x in a right triangle has a length of V110, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has @ length of 11 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: (vil0y + y? = 1? 110+ y? = 121 110 + y- 110 = 121 ~ 110 7-25 yeu y =~ VAT, in quadrant It opposite leg Spmerene? and since angle x is in the third quadrant, sin x = -“2, Since cos 26 = cos? ~ sin? 6, cos 2x = cos? x ~ sin? x “BY = B- b= H (The formulas = 2sin?@ Since sin x = 0s 26 = 2cos? # = 1 and cos 24 = could also have been used.) 10. Since sin x = 4, the leg opposite the angle x in a right triangle has a length of 3, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: eaves xe49 vit : since sin 26 = 2 sin 6 cos 8, sin2s~2sinncose ~9(2)(8) 28 Also, since cos 20 = cos? @~ sin? 8, cos 2x = cos'x — sin? x = (8? - (3) % (The formulas cos 26 = 2 cos? @ ~ 1 ~ 2 sin? @ could also have been used.) 11, Since sin x = {4, the leg opposite the angle x in a right triangle has a length of 5, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 13. For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: eee a? + 25 = 169 x? +25 - 25 = 169 ~ 25 v= 1d x = 12, in quadrant} Since cos x = *228PUEB gs = H. Typotenuse ‘Therefore, since sin 26 = 2 sin 6 cos 6, 5\(12) _ 120 sin 2x = 2sin.x cos.x = aX) -3 12. Since cos x = ~4, the leg adjacent to the angle «xin a right triangle has a length of 4, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 5 7:26 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as follows: e+pas 16+ y? = 25 16 + y?- 16 = 25-16 yao 3, in quadrant 1H Since tan x = SPPESIEIES tay y = 3, (The reason aciacent ep the sign is positive is because angle isin the third quadrant.) Since tan 29 = 224, it) 41, Although sin x = cos x is tue for x = 7, it is not true for all values of x, and therefore, itis not an identity. A counterexample is a value of x for which sin x = cos xis not true, Many counterexamples exist, so answers may vary. One counterexample is since sin e 6 2. a) The graphs of f(x) = sin x and g(x) = tan x cos x are as follows: f(x) = sin x: AV WV tan x cos x: 4, and since cos 6 ax) ) Since the graphs of f(x) = sin x and a(x) = tan x cos x are the same, sin x = tan x c0s x. 5) To prove that the identity sin.x = tan x c0s x is rue, tan x cos x can be simplified as follows: cos x eos x Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations 4 The idensty snot te when cosx = Whecanse when cosx = 0, tan x oF 2, is undefined. This Js because 0 cannot be in the denominator of a fraction. 3, a) The graph of y = sin x cot x is as follows: The graph of y = cos.x is as follows ‘The graph of y + 2 sin x cos x is as follows: Since the graphs are the same, the answer is B. 4) The graph of y = sec? x is as follows: VU. Since the graphs are the same, the answer is C b) The graph o 2ssin! x is as follows: ‘The graph of y = 2 cos? x ~ 1 is as follows sa 7 NAA - Pl Wal) Since the graphs are the same, the answer is D €) The graph of y = (sin x + cas.x)? is as follows: y Advanced Functions Solutions Manual oF ‘The graph of. + cos? x + tan? xis as follows: is Sarre Ope ae Since the graphs are the same, the answer is A. 4, a) The identity sin x cot x = cos x can be proven as follows cos x (sin (2 +) ) The identity 1 ~ 2sin’®x = 2eos? x ~ 1 can be proven as follows: 1 - 2sin?x = 2cos?x 1 sin.x cos x sin x cot cos x 1 2sin?x - 2eos?x 41-0 2 = 2sin?x ~ 2eost'x = 0 2 ~ 2(sin? x + cos? x) = 0 2-20) =0 2-2=0 0=0 «) The identity (sin x + cos x)? = 1 + 2sin x cos.x san be proven as follows: (Sin x + cos x)? = sin? x + 2sinx cos.x + cos! x (sin? x + cos’ x) + 2 sin.x cos x 1+ 2sinxcosx 727 4) The identity sec?x = sin? x + cost x + tan?x ccan be proven as follows: sin?x + cost x + tan x (Sin? x + cos? x) + tan? x = trans costx | sin’x cost x” cos’x sin? x + cox sec’ x 5:4) The equation eos x= <2 isnt ne forall values of x, and therefore, it is not an identity. A counterexample is a value of x for which i cos x = =~ is not tue. Many counterexamples exist, so answers may vary. One counterexample 2 aw i is x = % since cos® = ¥, and since —z 6 6 cos = 1a oot . awyrard * b) The equation 1 ~ tan? x = sec? x is not true for all values of x, and therefore, itis not an identity. A counterexample isa value of x for which 1 = tan? x= sec* x isnot true, Many counterexamples exist, so answers may vary. One counterexample isx = ©, since 1 ~ tan! (7) =1- a? 0, and since sec? () = (Vip =2. ©) The equation sin (x + y) = cos x cosy + sin x sin y is not true for all values of x and y, and therefore, itis not an identity. ‘A counterexample is values for x and y for which sin (x + y) = cos x¢0s y + sin.x sin y is not true Many counterexamples exist, so answers may vary. One counterexamples x = and y= a, since s(n) = sn) = “ham sn cs(F)om +n) = (0)(-1) + (YQ) 4) The equation cos 2x = 1 + 2 sin? x is not true for all values of x, and therefore, it is not an identity. A counterexample is a value of x for which cos 2x = 1 + 2sin? x is not true. Many counterexamples exist, so answers may vary =1- 7-28 One counterexample is x = 7, since on (QS) -on (8) “Sato vase (2-14 a) cise) fete 6. Answers may vary. For example, the graph of 1 = tax = is as follows: TF tants the funetion y ‘The graph is the same as that of the function y= cos 2x, So an appropriate conjecture is that cos 2x is another expression that is equivalent to 1 tani 1 wants 7. The identity fae = cos 2x can be proven as follows Ce —— TFtanx see sect _ cost = sin?x 1 cor sex coty—sintx ye F Oe A x cost x = cost x — sin’ x cor x cos 2x ‘tame _ 1 tony 8. The identity 822 can be proven Foor colx-1 as follows: 1+ tanx = tanx Ls RS 1+ cotx cotx= 1 _1#tanx 1 = tanx _lttanx _ d= tanx = Sanx tT Stan lan Tans = tanx = tanx Since the right side and the left side are equal, Linx 1 = tanr Chapter 7: Tigonometric Identities and Equations cost ~ sin 8 9.4) The identity See SEA = 1 ~ tan d can be proven as follows: cos? @ ~ sin? ‘cos’ @ + sin 8 cos @ (cos 6 — sin 9)(cos 6 + sin 8) (cos @)(cos + sin 6) cosd—sing cod sin@_y ig cosé cos cos b) The identity tan? x ~ sin? x = sin? x tan? x can bbe proven as follows: LS = tan? x ~ sin? x ‘cos x w4er,-i) sin? x(sec? x — 1) sin? x tan? x 0 sin? x tan? x. 1 + cot? x is a known identity, Since ese? x tan? x — sin? x must equal sin® x tan’ x ©) The identity tan? x = cos? x = 1 ~ cos?x can be proven cos! x as follows’ : 1 tan? x — cos*x = —3~ ~ 1 ~ cos? cos x 2 2 2 1 tan? x — cos x + cos'x = Sad ~ cos? x + cos? x; tan? x 2 tan? x tan?x tan? x tan? x 1 ae 4) The identity + ph = jean be proven as follows 1, datos TF esd * Tred” WF ewsdr~ c0s8) * T= cos (1 + 0058) ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual _ Le cosd , 1+ 008 “cos 6” 1 costo _ Le cos +1 + cosé 2 ~ 1 cos’ @ 1= cos’ sin? @ 10, a) The identity cos x tan’ x = sin x tan? x can be proven as follows cos x tan?x = sin x tan? x cos xtan?x _ sinxtan?x tan’ x tan? x cos x tan x = sin x sinx cos coon (3) sinx 1b) The identity sin’? @ + cos* @ = cos? @ + sin‘ @ can be proven as follows: sin? @ + cost @ = cos @ + sint sin? @ + cost @ — sin’ @ = cos?@ + sin‘ @ ~ sin‘ @ sin? 8 + cost @ ~ sin‘ @ = cos’ 6 sin? @ + cos*@ ~ sin’ @ ~ sin? cos! @ ~ sin*@ = cos? # ~ sin? @ (cos? @ + sin? 8)(cos? @ ~ sin’ 6) cos @ + sin? @ = 1 1=1 ©) The identity cot @ ~ sin? sin x + cos x (ins + cosn( ee) ee an tanx sinx can be proven as follows: 2 tntx+1) 1 2 oe) tanx ) cosx” sinx ‘sect x cos x sinx + cosx)(= i 0sx)| =) x COS X é _ x ze : ) sinx 1). a= ce janx)” cosxsinx cos _ sin x + osx (sin x + cos x){ x) _ Sinx cose costx)\sinx) ~~ cos xsin x arm) sinx + cos x cos x sin x (sin x + cos x)| = cos x sin x sinx + cosx cos x sin x 4) The identity tan? B+ cos? B + sin® B can be proven as follows tan? B + cos? 8 + sin? B = 1 cos? B 7:29 tan’ B + 1 = sec’ p Since tan’ B + 1 = sec! Bis 2 known identity tan? B + cos! 6 + sin? 8 must equal >. aE ©) The identity = 4 x) + sin(Z sin(E +x) + sin(2 can be proven as follows: we (Es) vaa(2 ~2) = Views Z cosx + cos % sin x + sin = cos sin 7 cos.x + cos © sin x + sin cos x 4 4 4 2) = Vicosx ~ cos T sin x = VE.c0s x; 2sin™® con x = VBcos al¥ 2) (082) Vicos x Vi cosx = V2 cos x 1) The ident sin (2 — x) con( +) = -sinx can be proven as follows sin(Z~sJeai(F +s =sin x, a 7 (sn Zens asso) cos % cos.x ~ sin sin x x (2 ‘af Sn Zeose teu tans) (ay (eosx) ~ (0)(sin.x) ((Qiers (sin x (1){608 x) ¥ (O)(sin x) ~ ~sinx = -sinx 11. a) The identity == = cot x can be proven as follows, cos 2x + ' sin 2x =14+1 = cotx in x 608 x 2oos?x = cotx Zsin x cos x cos x = cotx cotx = cotx b) The identity 2 7 cot x can be proven as follows = cotx cos 2x 2sinx cox og T= (= 2sin?x) 2sinxeosx 1+ 2si 2sin x cos x ESR = cot x 2sin?x cos x ee cotx sinx cot x = cotx ©) The identity (sin x + cos.x)? = 1 + sin 2x can be proven as follows: (sinx + cos x? = 1 + sin 2x; sin?x + sinxcos.x + sinxcos.x + costx 1+ 2sinxcos.x, sin? x + 2sin x cos.x + cos®x = 1 + 2sin x cos.x; (cos? x + sin? x) + 2sin x cos = 1+ 2sin.x cos x; 1+ 2sinxcosx = 1+ 2sinxcosx 4) The identity cos* # ~ sin @ = cos 26 can be proven as follows: cos @ ~ sint @ = cos 28 (cos? # + sin? @)(cos? @ ~ sin® 8) = cos? @ = sin? 6 (1)(cos? 6 ~ sin? 8) = cos? @ ~ sin? cos? @ = sin? 6 = cos? ~ sin? @ €) The idemtity cot @ ~ tan @ = 2 cot 28 can be proven as follows: cot @ = tan 6 = 2 cot 26 cos _ sind _ cos 20 m6 cos@ “sin 20 cox sito a cos 20 sinB cos6 cos sin@ 2 eos sind cos? = sin? @ cos 20 SinBeos@ cos sin cos 20 cos Osin@ cos@ sind Chapter 7: Trigonometric identities and Equations ( 1 The identity cot @ + tan 6 = 2esc 24 can be proven as follows: cot é + tan# = 2ese 20 cos sin@_ 4 1 sin6 cos sin 26 cos? si? olse 1 ) Sin @ cos 8 ” cos @sin@ eos 6 sin 6 cos? @ + sin’ @ 7 sin6cos@ cos sind 1 1 cos #sin@ cos @siné 1+ ane 4) The entity 22 = n(x + 2) canbe proven as follows: Tttanx (yo 2 a tanx + tan = +tanx __tanx +1 Stanx T= (tanxy() +tanx 1+ tanx T—tanx 1—tanx hh) The idendty ese 2x + eu 2x = cot eau be proven as follows: esc 2x + cot 2x 1 sin dy * tan 2x 1 piston) T—tanx 1 tanxtan® 1 1 i ‘Ot X; Ol: sot ae cots 2sinxcosx | _2tanx tans L= tan? eo ee Tsinxeosx ”” 2tanx 1 tan? x eet EE - cot x; 2sinxcosx 958% 2sin.x cosx sin sin x” 1, (eosx)(1 = tan? x)(c0s x) 2sin x cos (cos x)(2 cos.x) © (sin x)(2 cos x)" : 1, (cos? x)(1 ~ tan! x) 2sin x cos x 2sin x cos x 2sin x cos x 2eostx nx cosx’ fl cost x 2sin x cos x 2 sin.x cos x Advanced Functions Solutions Manual _ 20s? x * Fein x cos’ 1 cos? x 2sinxcosx 2sinxcosx — 2sinxcosx’ Lt cos?x—sin'x __ 2cos?x 2sinxeosx 2 sin x cosx’ Lt costx-sin?x 2eostx 2sinxcosx 2sinxcosx 2cos! x 20s? x Zsinxcosx 2sin x cosx 1+ cos? x ~ sin? x ~ 2 cos? x 2sinx cosx 1 = sin? x — cos? x 2 sin x cos x in? x + cos’ x) 2sin x cos x ini 2sin x cosx we 2sin x cos x o=0 2ta9 x indy can be proven as follows: Bian x _ sin oe sin 2x sin 2x (2tan x)(cos? x) = sin 2x sin 2x sin 2x = 2sin.x cos x Since sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x is a known identity, {EEL must equal sin 2x jp The identity see 2r = SS can be proven as follows eset see 2t 1 cos 21 cos 2 731 2sin? 1 sine ne sint “1 = 2sin?r 2sin?t oe cos2t cos 2 k) The identity ese 26 = j sec @ csc can be proven as follows: esc 26 Fsec@esea 1 ae ) 1 wa (3)(aca)(ana) Heme sin 26 cos # sin @ ; 2sin@cos@ 2sin6cos6 sin2r_ cos2r 1 The identity see + = S22 can be proven as follows 1__2sinteost ‘The graph is the same as that of the function y= tam x, $0 an expression equivalent to sins + snd i. ay ¥ cosx 4 cosy 8 140% sinx + sin2x 13, The identity S22 S823 = tan x can be proven as follows: __ sina + sin 2 1+ cosx + cos 2x x + 2sinxcos.x = tanx. 1 + cos x + cos 2x (sin x)(1_+ 2.c0s x) = tanx T+ osx + cos 2x > '"* x)(1 + 208 x) T+ cosx + 2eosx-1 “™* (sin s)(1 + 20x) _ cos x + 20s x (sinx)(1 + 2 cos x) _ (cos x)(1 + 2cosx) ™"* aoe = tanx cos x tan x = tan 14, A trigonometric identity is a statement of the. equivalence of twa trigonometric expressions. To cost Sint prove it, both sides of the equation must be shown sint __ 2sinteos'r to be equivalent through graphing or simplifying’ costsint sintcosi cos sin rewriting. Therefore, the chart can be completed as sint__ 2sintcos's 2cos?rsins—sinr _‘follows: costsini sin reost cos sin Definition Methods of Proof sint__ 2sin eos’ - (2cos*rsint ~ sins) | A statement of the Both sides of the cos tsinz sin cost equivalence of two | equation must be sint __ 2sinscos't ~ 2sinrcos'e + sint trigonometric shown to be equivalent earTaianie Gress? expressions through graphing or ' cosfsin’ — cosisint 12. Answers may vary. For example, the graph of the function y = is as follows T+ cose + cosde | simplilying/rewriting. Trigonometrie Identities Examples cos 2x + sin? x = cos? cos 2x + 1 = 2cos* x Non-Examples cos 2x ~ 2sin? x cot x + eschx = 1 15. She can determine whether the equation 2sim x cos x = cos 2x is an identity by uying to simplify and/or rewrite the left side of the equation so that itis equivalent to the right side of the Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations equation. Alternatively, she can graph the functions y = 2sin x cosx and y = cos 2x and see if the graphs are the same. if they're the same, it's an identity, but if they're not the same, i's not an identity, By doing this she can determine it’s not an identity, but she can make it an identity by changing the equation to 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x. 16. a) To write the expression 2 cos? x + 4 sin x cos x in the form asin 2x + b cos 2x + ¢, rewrite the expression as follows: 2 cos? x + 4sin x cos x Deos? x + (2)(2 sin x c0s x) (2cos?x ~ 1) + (2)(2sin x cos x) +1 = cos 2x + 2sin 2x +1 = 2sin 2x + cos 2x +1 Since the expression can be rewritten as 2 sin 2x + cos 2x + 1, the values of a, b, and ¢ are a=2,b=Lande=1 b) To write the expression 2 sin.x cos x ~ 4 sin? x in the form a sin 2x + b cos 2x + ¢, rewrite the expression as follows: ~2sinx cosx ~ 4 si =2sin.x cos x + (2 ~ 4sin?x) ~ 2 ~2sinx cos x + (2)(1 ~ 2sin? x) — ~sin 2x + 2 cos 2x ~ 2 Since the expression can be rewritten as =sin 2x + 2 cos 2x ~ 2, the values of a, b, and c area = —1,b = 2, and e = ~2. 17. To write the expression 8 cos* x in the form cos dx + bcos 2x + ¢; it’s first necessary to develop a formula for cos 4x. Since cos 2x = 2 cos?x ~ 1, cos 4x = 2.cos? 2x — 1. The formula cos 2x = 2.cos? x ~ 1 can now be used again to further develop the formula for cos 4x as follows: cos 4x = 2 cos? 2x ~ 1 cos dx = (2)(2.c08 x ~ 1)? = 1 cos 4x = (2)(4 cost x ~ 2 cos? x =2eoext1)~1 cos 4x = (2)(4 cost x = 4eos?x +1) —1 cos 4x = 8cos' x — Scov?x +21 cos dx = Boosts ~ Scostx +1 Since cos 4x = 8 cos‘ x ~ 8cos?x + 1, the value of @ must be 1. Now, to turn the expression Scos* x — 8cos? x + 1 into the expression 8 cos* x, the terms ~8 cos? x and 1 must be eliminated First, 10 eliminate ~8 cos? x, 4 cos 2x, or Advanced Functions Solutions Manual (4)(2.cos?.x — 1), can be added to the expression 8cos* x — 8cos?x + 1 as follows: Bcostx — Scos?x + 1 + (4)(2cos’x ~ 1) Bcostx — 8cos?x +1 + 8castx - 4 Bcostx 3 Since adding 4 cos 2x to the expression eliminated che term ~8 cos® x, the value of b must be 4. Now, 10 turn the expression 8 cos* x — 3 into the expression 8 cos* x, 3 must be added to it as follows: Beostx -3 +3 Boos’ x Therefore, the value of ¢ must be 3, and the expression must be cos 4x + 4 cos 2x + 3. ibeae=3 78 Solv ava sin 6, the equation 1a) From the 5 ofy sin @ = 1 is true when 6 b) From the graph of y = sin @, the equation Sr sin @ = ~1is true when ¢) From the graph of y sin 6 = 0.5 is tue when @ 2 sin 6, the equation Se ons 4) From the graph of y = sin 6, the equation on ile sing Forte ¢) From the graph of y = sin 6, the equation sin @ = Ois true when 0 = 0, 7, or 27. £) From the graph of y = sin 8, the equation = 0.5 is true when sin @ = is true when @ = 5 2. a) From the graph of y = €0s 6, the equation cos 6 = 1 is true when 0 = 0 or 277, ) From the graph of y = cos 8, the equation cos @ = —1 is true when ©) From the graph of y = ¢0s 6, the equation an cos @ = 0.5 is true when @ = 3 or. 4) From the graph of y = cos 6, the equation cos @ = —0.5 is true when 0 = 2 on ©) From the graph of y = cos 8, the equation cos @ = (is true when 6 f) From the graph of y = cos @, the equation Ln cos 8 = “fis true when 6 = F or ~ 3. a) Given sin x 733 2 solutions must be possible, since sin x =“ Jn 2 of the 4 quadrants. b) Given sin. x = “f and 0 = x = 2m, the solutions for x must occur in the Ist and 2nd quadrants, since the sine function is positive in these quadrants, ©) Given sin x = “and 0 = x = 2rr, the related aes ange for the euaion must be x =, since 4, a) Given cos x = =0,8667 and 0° = x = 360°, ‘wo solutions must be possible, since cos x = ~0,8667 in two of the four quadrants b) Given cos x = -0.8667 and 0° = x = 360°, the solutions for x must occur in the second and third ‘quadrants, since the cosine function is negative in these quadrants, ©) Given cos x = related acute angle for the equation must be x since cos 30° = ~ 0.866. d) Given cos x = ~ 0.8667 and 0° = x = 360°, the solutions to the equation must be x = 150° or 210°, since cos 150° = ~ 0.866 and cos 210° = - 0.866. 8. a) Given tan @ = 2.7553 and 0 = @ = 277, two 0.8667 and 0° = x = 360°, the 30°, solutions must be possible, since tan 6 = 2.7553 in two of the four quadrants, b) Given tan 6 = 2.7553 and 0 = @ = 27. the solutions for @ must occur in the first and third ‘quadranis, since the tangent function is positive in these quadrants ¢) Given tan @ = 2.7553 and 0 = @ = 2m, the related acute angle for the equation must be 1.22, since tan 1.22 = 2.755 4) Given tan @ = 2.7553 und 0 = 6 = 2a the solutions to the equation must be 6 = 1.22 or 4.36. since tan 1.22 = 2.7553 and tan 4.36 = 2.7553. 6.) Since tan % = 1 and tan °™ = 1 the solutions Sa to the equation tan 6 = 1 are @ = 7 orf b) Since sin and sin = = J, the solutions #3 solations tothe equation sin # = dare 9 = or = 734 un jince cos = = 98 and ©) Since cos € = *f and cos “¢ 4) Since sin = solutions to the equation sin @ = ~ Sm or. ©) Since cos @? = ~ 4 and cos solutions to the equation cos 8 Se or V3, the solutions to the equation tan 6 = V3 are @ = an f) Since tan 5 = V3 and tan 3 7. a) The equation 2 sin @ = ~1 can be rewritten as follows: 2sin@ = -1 ano 2° 2 1 2 sin@ = Given sin @ = —} and 0° = # = 360°, the solutions to the equation must be @ = 210° or 330°, since sin 210° = ~} and sin 330° = —}. ) The equation 3 cos @ = ~2 can be rewritten as follows: 3cos cos _ 2 2 3 3 us 3 cos = — Given cos @ = 2 and 0° = 6 = 360°, the solutions to the equation must be @ = 131.8° or 228.2° €) The equation 2 tan @ = 3 can be rewritten as follows 2tand =3 Diane _3 22 3 tan 6 = 5 Given tan 6 = § and 0° 160" the solutions to the equation must be @ = $6.3° or 236.3" Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations @) The equation ~3 sin @ ~ 1 as follows: can be rewritten ~3sin@~1=1 —3sing-141 ~3sine -3sin@ 2 =3 73 sind = 2 Given sin @ = ~3 and 0° = 6 = 360°, the solutions to the equation must be 0 = 221.8° or 318.2" ©) The equation —5 cos 9 + 3 = 2 can be rewritten as follows ~Scos@ +3=2 =5c0sd +3-3=2- Given cos @ = } and 0° = # = 360°, the solutions to the equation must be @ = 78.5° or 281.5° f) The equation § ~ tan @ = 10 can be rewritten as follows: 8— tend 0 8 — tang + tan 6 = 10+ tan B= 10 + tand 8-10 = 10+ tan ~ 10 tan@ = ~2 Given tan 8 = 2 and 0° = 6 = 360°, the solutions to the equation must be @ = 116.6° or 296.6°. 8. a) The equation 3 sin.x = sinx + 1 can be rewritten as follows 3sinx=sinx +1 3sin x — sinx = sinx +1 ~ sinx 2sinx = 1 2sinx 1 22 1 2 Given sin. x = } and 0 = x = 27, the solutions to the equation must be x = 0.52 or 2.62 b) The equation 5 cos x ~ V3 = 3 cos x can be rewritten as follows: Scosx — V3 = 3cosx Scosx ~ V3 — 3cosx = 3cosx ~ 3cosx 2eosx ~ V3=0 2eosx — V3+ V3=0+4 V3 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 2eosx = V3 2eosr V3 2 2 Ma cos x Given cos x = %# and to the equation must be x ¢) The equation cos x ~ 1 rewritten as follows: cosx 1 cos x — 1 + cos x 2oosx-1=0 2eosx-1+1=041 2cos x 2.cos x 2 2 = 2m, the solutions 52.01 5.76, cos x can be ~cosx cos.x + c0sx cosx = Given cos x = } and 0 = x = 27, the solutions to the equation must be x = 1.05 or 5.24. 4) The equation 5 sin x + 1 = 3sinx can be rewritten as follows Ssinx +1 = 3sinx Ssina +1 —3sinx ~3sinx ~3sinx 2sinx +1=0 Qsnx+1-1=0-1 2sinx = -1 2sinx 1 2° 2 ef sinx = 5 Given sin x = —] and 0 = x = 2n, the solutions to the equation must be x = 3.67 oF 5.76. 9. a) The equation 2 ~ 2 cot x = 0 can be rewritten as follows’ 2-2eotx=0 2-2eotx + 2cotx = 0+ 2cotx 2 =2eorr 2 _ 2cotx 272 cotx=1 Given cotx = 1 and 0 = x = 2a, the solutions t0 the equation must be x = 0.79 or 3.93. b) The equation ese x ~ 2 = O can be rewritten as follows: escx-2=0 escx-2+2=0+2 cscx = 2 738 Given ese x = 2 and 0 = Seed x 5 d= 143.76 Since the first day when the temperature is approximately 32°C is day 144, and since the period of the function is 365 days, the other day when the temperature is approximately 32°C is 365 — 144 = 221. Therefore, the temperature is, approximately 32°C or above from about day 144 to about day 221, and those are the days of the year ‘when the air conditioners are running at the City Hall. 12, When graphed, the function modelling the height of the nail above the surface of the water is as follows: Time(s) it's necessary to find the first time when the nail is at the surface of the water. This can be done as follows: = ~4sin 201) +25 0-25 = —4sin P(r — 1) +25 - 25 25 = -4sin (1-1) =25_-4 7 Spat Fe-y 0.625 = sin F0~ 1) sin“ (0.625) = sin (sin 2 - ») os7st = 20-1) 0.6751 x4 Fa-1) xt 1-1 = 0.8596 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 1-141 = 0.8596 +1 1= 1.86 Since the first time when the nail is at the surface of the water is 1.86 s, and since the period of the function is 85, the next time the nail is at the surface of the water is6 — 1.86 = 4.145. Therefore, the nail is below the water when 1.868 <1-< 4.14 5 Since the cycle repeals itself two more times in the first 24 s that the ‘wheel is rotating, the nail is also below the water when 9.86 s <1 < 12.14 and when 17.868 <1 < 20.145. 13, To solve sin (x +7) = VZeos 2 for 0 =< x = 2m, graph the functions y = sin (x + 4) and y = V2 cos x on the same coordinate grid as follows. Since the graphs intersect when x Se x= 5%, the solution to the equation is x 4, Given sin 26 = agul + Dak or Dk Tree th %, First, the region d < 3 can be tested by snding H(2) 8 lows d)-s00(8)- since (2) is posite, he Might of the ing hills above sea level relative to Natasha's home is positive in the region d < =. Next, the region 3

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