MATH

IF-THEN STATEMENTS

Steps in making a If-then statement form for a sentence.

Studying geometry develops my reasoning and problem-solving skills.

1. Identify the subject and predicate.

Subject: Studying Geometry

Predicate: develops my reasoning and problem-solving skills.

2. Write the statement in "if-then" form.

If-then form: If I study geometry, then I develop my reasoning and problem solving skills.

Basically, Subject is "If" and Predicate is "Then"

Hypothesis (If) - If I study geometry

Conclusion (Then) - then I develop my reasoning and problem solving skills

Counterexample is a figure an explenation or a situation used to justify that a given conditional is

false.

If-then example: If it is a apple, then it is a fruit.

Counterexample: Not all fruit are apple.

Converse: makes conclusion, the hypothesis/ "Then" into "If" and vice versa - If b then a

Inverse: gives negation to the sentence - If not a then not b

Contrapositive: makes the conclusion the hypothesis and vice versa, and gives negation - If not b
then not a

Conditional + Converse = Biconditional (works only if the converse is true) (If and only if) - a is true if
and only if b is true.

REASONING AND PROOFS

Inductive Reasoning - Uses patterns - Specifics to Generalities

Deductive Reasoning - Uses facts, rules, definitions or properties -Generalities to Specifics

Triangle sum property - the sum of the angles of any triangle is always 180 degrees

Syllogism: An arguement composed of 2 statements or premises (major and minor premises)

THE PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY

APE
If a = b, then a + c = b + c.

SPE

If a = b, then a - c = b - c

MPE

If a = b, then ac = bc

DPE

If a = b, then a/c = b/c, c not equal to 0

Distributive Property

a(b + c) = ab + ac

Substitution Property

If a + b = c and b = d, then a + d = c

Reflexive

a=a

Symmetric Property

If a = b, then b = a

Transitive Property

If a = b and b = c, then a =c

Segment Addition Postulate (AB + BC = AC)

Angle Addition Postulate (m<ABC + m<CBD = m<ABD)

Verticle Angles Theorem (congruent)

Complementary Angles (sum of 90 degrees)

Supplementary Angles (sum of 180 degrees)

Right angle (90 degrees)

Perpendicular Lines ( form right angle)

Congruent Angles (Equal Measure)

Congruent Segments (Equal Measure)

Third Angle Theorem - If two angles of one triangle are congruent two angles of another triangle,
then the third angles are congruent
If 2x + 3 = 13, then x = 5

Given: 2x + 3 = 13

Prove: x = 5

1. 2x + 3 = 13 | Given

2. 2x + 3 - 3 = 13 - 3 | APE

3. 2x = 10 | Simplification/Subtraction

4. 2x/2 = 10/2 |DPE

5. x = 5 | Simplification/Division

Given <A and <B are complementary.

m<b = m<A - 10

Prove: m<A = 50, m<B = 40

1. <A and <B are complementary. | Given

2. m<A + m<B = 90 | Def. of Complementary Angles

3. m<B = M<A - 10 | Given

4. m<A + M<A - 10 = 90 | Substitution Property (statements 2 and 3)

5. 2m<A - 10 = 90 | Simplification/Addition

6. 2m<A - 10 + 10 = 90 + 10 | APE

7. 2m<A = 100 | Simplification/Addition

8. 2m<A/2 = 100/2 | DPE

9. m<B = 50 | Simplification/Division

10. m<B = 50 - 10 | Substitution Property (statements 3 and 9)

11. m<B = 40

AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE

Point

-represented by a dot, describe an exact location in a space.

Line

-Line is represented by a straight edge with two arrowheads at the end of opposite directions,
indicating it has no end.

-Infininitely many points on a line

-Name a line by two points on a line or lowercase letter (a)

Plane

-represented by a flat surface that extends forever

-has length and width but no thickness

-a plane is named by three points or capital letters

<---->

AC

Defined Terms are:

Collinear - Points on the same Line

Coplanar - Points/Lines on the same Plane

Defined Terms can be described using known words such as a point or a line

Subsets of a line

Line segment

-finite, no arrowheads on each side/ only dotted lines with arrow

---- ----

AC AB

Ray

-A line with on arrow head

-Goes only to one direction infinitely

---> <---

AB AC

Postulate (Axiom) property or rule that is accepted without proof

Postulate 1
-line formed by atleast 2 different points
-plane is formed by atleast 3 non-collinear points
-space is formed by atleast 4 non-collinear points
Postulate 2
-through any 2 different points there is exactly one line
-through any 3 different non-collinear points there is exactly one plain
Postulate 3
- If 2 points lie in the plane, then the line joining them lies in that plane.
Postulate 4
-If 2 different planes, intersect, then their intersection is a line
Postulate 5
-There is a one-to-one correspondence between the points on the number line and set of real
numbers.
Postulate 6
-Ruler Postulate
-There is a unique distance between any 2 different points on a number line. The distance is
obtained by getting the absolute difference between the coordinates of the 2 points
-Uses absolute value
-Distance is always positive

Betweeness for points

Theorem – Important statement that must be provided with evidence before being accepted

Theorem 1
-If two different lines intersect, then the intersection is exactly one point.
Theorem 2
-If 2 different lines intersect, then they are contained in one plain.
Theorem 3
-If a point lies outside of a line, then exactly one plain contains, the line and the point.