VIS O US FLU I D F LO
LOWW
Third Edition

Fra nk M . W hit
hi t e
University of Rhode sland

Me
Graw
Hill
Higher ducation

Boston Bur
Burrr Ridge IL Du buq ue IIA
A M adiso n Wl New Yo
Yorrk
San Franci
San Francisco
sco St. Louis
Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur
Lisbon
Lisbon London M adrid Mex ico City City Milan Montreal New Delhi
Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
 

CONTENTS

Preface xiii
List  o f  Sy m b ols xvii

1 P reli
relimm in ary Conc ep ts  
inary 1
1-1 Historical Ou tline 1
1-2 Some Ex am ples of Viscous-Flow P henom ena 4
1-3
1-3 P roperties of a Fluid 15
1-4 Boundar
Boundaryy Cond itions
itions for Visc ous-Flow P robl em s 45
Summary 54
Problems 55

2 Funda
Fundamm ent
ental
al Equations
Equations of Com p ress
re ss ible Viscous Flo
Floww 59
2-
2-11 Introduction 59
2-2
2-2 Classifi
Classificati
cation
on of The Fund am ental Equations 59
2-
2-33 Cons ervation of   M a s s :  The Equation of Continuity 60
2-4 Conser
Conservati
vation
on of Mom entum : The Nav ier-Stokes Equations 62
2-5 The Ener
Energy
gy Equation First L aw of Therm odynam ics) 69
2-6 Boundar
Boundaryy Conditions for Viscous Heat-Cond ucting Flow 74
2-7 Orthogona
Orthogonall Coo rdinate Sy stem s 75
2-8 Mathem ati
atical
cal Charac ter of The Bas ic Equations 77
2-9 Dim ensio
ensionless
nless Param ete
eters
rs in Viscous Flow 81
2-10
2-10 Vor
Vorti
ticit
cityy Considerati
Considerations
ons in Incom pres sib le Viscous Flow 84
2-
2-11
11 Two-Dim ensional Con siderations : The Stream Func tion 86
2-
2-12
12 Noninert
Noninertial
ial Coo rdinate Sy stem s 88
2-
2-13
13 Contro
Control-Volum
l-Volum e Form ulations 89
Summary 92
Problems 92

ix
 

X CONTENTS

3 Solutions   o f  The Newtonian Viscous-Flow Equations  96

3-1 Introduction and Class ificati
ification
on of Solu tions 96
3-2
3-2 Couette Flows Du e to Mov ing Surfaces 98
3-3
3-3 Po iseuille Flow thro
through
ugh Duc ts 106
3-4
3-4 Unsteady Duc t Flows 125
3-5
3-5 Unsteady Flows with Mo ving Boun daries 129
3-6
3-6 Asy m ptotic Suction Flows 135
3-7
3-7 Wind-Dr
Wind-Driveniven Flow s: The Ekm an Dri
Drift
ft 141
3-8
3-8 Sim ilar
ilarit
ityy Solutions 144
3-9
3-9 Low Reynolds Num ber: L ineari
inearized
zed Creeping Motion 165
3-10
3-10 Com putat
putationa
ionall Fluid Dy nam ics 183
Summary 205
Problems 205

4 L a m i n a r B o u n d a r y L a y e r s  215
4-1 Intr
Introduction
oduction 215
4-2 L am inar Boundary -Lay er Equations 225
4-3 Sim ilar
ilarity
ity Solutions for Steady Two-D im ensional Flow ..230
..230
4-4 Free-
Free-Shear
Shear Flows 251
4-5 Other Analytic Two-Dim ensional Soluti
Solutions
ons 257
4-6 App roxim ate
ate Int
Integra
egrall Methods 261
4-7 Digital-
Digital-Com
Com puter Solutions 271
4-8 Thermal-Boundary-Layer Calculati
Calculations
ons 278
4-9 Flow in the Inlet of Duc ts 287
4-10 Rota
Rotati
tionall
onallyy Sym m etri
etricc Boundar
Boundaryy L ayers 290
4-11 Asym ptot
ptotic
ic Exp ansions and
and Tri
Triple-Deck
ple-Deck Theor
Theoryy 300
4-12 Three
Three-Dim
-Dim ensiona
ensionall L am inar Boundary L ayers 307
4-13 Unsteady Boundary L ayers : Separati
Separation
on Anxiety 318
4-14 Free-
Free-Conv
Conv ection Boundary L ayers 321
Summary 328
Problems 328

5  T h e Stability  o f L a m i n a r F l o w s  33
3377
5-1 Intr
Introduc
oduc tion: The Con cep t of Sm all-Disturbanc e Stabilit
Stabilityy 337
5-2
5-2 L inea
ineariz
rized
ed Stabili
Stability
ty of P arallel Viscous Flows 344
5-3
5-3 P arametric Effe
Effects
cts in the L inea
inearr Stabilit
Stabilityy Theory 357
5-4 Transiti
Transition
on to Turbulenc e 370
5-5 Engineering P rediction of Transition 378
Summary 394
Problems 394

CONTENTS XI
 6 I n c o m p r e s s i b l e T u r b u l e n t M e a n F l o w  398
6-1 Phy sical and Mathem atical Des cription of Turbu lence 398
6-2 The Reynolds Equations of Turbulent Motion 406
6-
6-33 The Two-Dim ensional Turb ulent-Boundary-L ayer Equations 41 1
6-4 Vel
Veloci
ocity
ty P rofi
rofiles:
les: The Inne
Inner,
r, Outer, and Ov erlap L ayers 41 4
6-5 Turbule
Turbulent
nt Flow in P ipes and Channels 425
6-6
6-6 The Turbulent Boundary L ayer on a Flat P late 43 3
6-7
6-7 Turbulen
Turbulence
ce M odeling 44 0
6-8 Analysis of Turbulent Boundary L ayers with a P ress ure Gradient 454
6-9 Fr
Free
ee Turbulence: Jets, Wakes, and M ixing L ayers 473
6-10
6-10 Turbulent Conv ective Heat Transfer 48 5
Summary 498
Problems 498

7 C o m p r e s s i b l e - B o u n ddaa r y - L a y e r F l o w   505
7-1 Int
Introduct
roduction
ion:: The Com press ible-Boundary-Lay er Equati
Equations
ons 505
7-2 Simila
Similari
rity
ty Solut
Solutions
ions for Com pressib le L am inar Flow 511
7-3 Solut
Solution
ionss for L am inar Flat-Plate and Stagnation-Point Flow 51 4
7-4 Com pressible L am inar Boundar
Boundaryy L ayers under Arbitr
Arbitrary
ary Condit
Conditions
ions 525
7-5 Specia
Speciall Topics in Com press ible L am inar Flow
Flow 539
7-6 The Com pressible-Turbulent-
pressible-Turbulent-Boundary-Lay
Boundary-Lay er Equati
Equations
ons 544
7-7 Wal
Walll and
and Wake L aws for Turbulent Com pres sib le Flow 547
7.8
7.8 Com pressible Turbulent Flow P ast a Flat P late ....
....553
553
7-9 Com press ible-Turbulent-Boundary-L ayer Calc ulation with a P ressu re Gradient 561
Summary 566
Problems 566

A p p e n d i c e s  571
A Tra
Transport
nsport P roperties of Vari
Various
ous New tonia
toniann Fluids 571
B Equat
Equation
ionss of Motion of Incom p ressib le New tonian Fluids in
Cylindrical
Cylindrical and Sp herical P olar Coordinates 58 1
C A Runge-Kutta Sub rout
routine
ine for
for   N  Sim ultaneous Differe
Differenti
ntial
al Equations 585

Bibliography   590

Index   xxx