Unit-1: Water in Our Lives

Chapter -2: colligative properties of solutions

Learning Outcome (2): Demonstrate understanding that water from different natural
sources contains different varieties of dissolved substances and discuss the
environmental sources and effects of the dissolved substances.

Key Concepts:
 water in the environment
 properties and types
 measuring densities, conductivity, pH, boiling points.
 effect of solutes on physical properties
 colligative properties
 elevation in B.P.
 depression in F.P.
 Osmotic pressure.

Colligative properties are Properties that depend on the concentration of solute

particles but not on their Identity.
The presence of solutes affects the properties of the solutions.
Some of these properties are not dependent on the nature of the dissolved
substance but only on how many dissolved particles are present.
In calculations involving some colligative properties, the concentration is given in
terms of molality (m).

Colligative properties include:

1- vapor- pressure lowering
2- Elevation of boiling point
3- Depression of freezing point
4- Osmotic pressure.

Colligative properties are mostly studied for dilute solutions, whose behavior may
often be approximated as that of an ideal solution.
 1- Vapor-Pressure Lowering
The boiling point and freezing point of a solution differ from those of the pure
solvent.
the nonvolatile solute raises the boiling point and lowers the freezing point.

A nonvolatile substance is a nonvolatile solute has no tendency to escape from

solution into the vapor Phase.

The presence of a nonvolatile solute inhibits the escape of solvent molecules from
the liquid and so lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent at the same
temperature.

Addition of sucrose, a nonvolatile solute, lowers the concentration of water

molecules at the
Surface of the liquid. This lowers the tendency of water molecules to escape from
the solution to the vapor state.

Vapor pressure is measure the tendency of molecules to escape from a liquid.

Thus, the vapor pressure of the solution is lower than the vapor pressure of pure
water.

Note: Nonelectrolyte solutions of the same molality have the same concentration
of particles.
Dilute solutions of the same solvent and equal molality of any nonelectrolyte
solute lower vapor pressure equally.

Explain: Why 1m aqueous solution of the nonelectrolyte glucose (C6H12O6)

lowers the vapor pressure of water the same of 1 m solution of nonelectrolyte
sucrose, (C12H22O11) at the same temperature .

Because, vapor-pressure lowering depends on the concentration of a nonelectrolyte

solute and is independent of solute identity, it is a colligative property.

This lowers the freezing point and raises the boiling point. It follows depending on
the concentration of solute.

Raoult’s law:

Where Psoln is the observed vapor pressure of the solution,

X solvent is the mole fraction of solvent and
P° solvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

Problem:
Calculate the expected vapor pressure at 25° C for a solution prepared by
dissolving 158.0 g of common table sugar (sucrose molar mass = 342.3 g/mol)
in 643.5 cm3 of water. At 25° C ,the density of water is 0.9971 g/cm3 and the vapor
pressure is 23.76 torr.
Solution
Moles of sucrose =158.0 g / 342.3 g/mol = 0.4616 mol
Mass of water = D × V = 0.9971 × 643.5 = 641.6 g
Moles of water = 641.6 g / 18.01 g/mol = 35.63 mol
The mole fraction of water xH2O = 35.63 / ( 0.4616 + 35.63 ) = 0.9873
Psoln = xSolvent . P° solvent = 0.9873 × 23.76 = 23.46 torr
The vapor pressure has been lowered by 0.30 torr.
 2- Elevation of boiling point

The boiling-point elevation (ΔTb ) is the difference between the boiling points of
the pure solvent and a solution of that solvent, it is directly proportional to the
molal concentration of the solution.

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
liquid is equal to the prevailing atmospheric pressure.

Therefore, the vapor pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is lower

than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. This means that more heat will be
required to raise the vapor pressure of the solution to equal the atmospheric
pressure. Thus, the boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the
pure solvent.

The molal boiling-point constant (Kb) is the boiling-point elevation of the

solvent in a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile solute.

.
Boiling-point elevation can be calculated by the equation.
(Nonelectrolyte solute)
ΔTb = Kb . m

Boiling-point elevation can be calculated by the equation.

(Electrolyte solute)
ΔTb = Kb . m .i

When Kb is expressed as °C/m , m is expressed in (molality), ΔTb is expressed

in °C and i the number of ions per formula unit.
 3- Depression of freezing point

The freezing-point depression (ΔTf ) is the difference between the freezing

points of the pure solvent and a solution of a nonelectrolyte in that solvent, it is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution

The molal freezing-point constant (Kf ) is the freezing-point depression of the

solvent in a 1molal solution of a nonvolatile solute.

if the molal concentration is doubled, the freezing-point depression is doubled.

Freezing-point depression can be calculated by the following equation.

( Nonelectrolyte solute)

ΔTf = Kf . m

Freezing-point depression can be calculated by the following equation.

(electrolyte solute)

ΔTf = Kf . m .i

Kf is expressed as °C/m , m is expressed in (molality), and ΔTf is expressed in °C

, and i the number of ions per formula unit.
Applications:

The salts ( NaCl) applied to icy roads are electrolytes. They lower the freezing
point of water and melt the ice.

Adding Ethylene glycol as antifreeze lowers the freezing point of water and
prevents it from freezing car radiator.
( molar mass Ba(NO3)2 = 261.3 g/mol , Kf =1.86 °C/m )
ΔTf = Kf . m .i
n = mass / molar mass = 62.5 / 261.3 = 0.24 mol
m = 0.24 mol / 1Kg = 0.24 m , i=3
ΔTf = 1.86 × 0.24 × 3 = 1.34 °C
 4- Osmotic pressure.
Osmosis: The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the
side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher solute concentration.

Osmosis occurs whenever two solutions of different concentrations are separated

by a semipermeable membrane.

Semipermeable membranes allow the movement of some particles while

blocking the movement of others.
The level of the sucrose solution will rise until a certain height is reached.
What causes the level of the solution to rise?
The semipermeable membrane allows water molecules but not sucrose molecules,
to pass through. The sucrose molecules on the solution side allow fewer water
molecules to strike the membrane than strike on the pure water side in the same
amount of time.
Thus, the rate at which water molecules leave the pure water side is greater than
the rate at which they leave the solution. This causes the level of the solution to
rise.

Osmotic pressure : is the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis.

In the example given above, osmosis caused the level of the solution to rise until
the height of the solution provided the pressure necessary to stop osmosis. Because
osmotic pressure is dependent on the concentration of solute particles and not on
the type of solute particles, it is a colligative
property.

The greater the concentration of a solution has the greater osmotic pressure of the
solution.

Regulation of osmosis is vital to the life of a cell because cell membranes are
semipermeable. Cells lose water and shrink when placed in a solution of higher
concentration.
They gain water and swell when placed in a solution of lower concentration. In
vertebrates, cells are protected from swelling and shrinking by blood and lymph
that surround the cells.
Blood and lymph are equal in concentration to the concentration inside the cell.

For the osmotic pressure of nonelectrolyte solutions, the equation is

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis. a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure of the solution is
applied, which causes a net flow of solvent molecules (blue) from the solution to
the pure solvent. The solute molecules (green) remain behind.
For the osmotic pressure of electrolyte solutions, the equation is