CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Barangay Itaw, South Upi, Maguindanao is one of the rural area that is far from
cities, however more than thousands of people living in it, mostly are farmers. As
common source of livelihood is through farming like other Filipinos they encounter a lot
of here problems that which affects their everyday living. One of the common problems
of farmers is the low income to support their basic needs, since most of them came from a
simple family or from low income families. Even children have to sacrifice their studies
early morning they went to the field with their father instead of going to school.
Identifying this problem of farmers would provide information to administration in
making appropriate solutions. Through the experience, I’m belong to the low income
family, there’s a lot of factors affecting the low income of farmers. Also one of this is the
on-going increase of agricultural supply, unstable price of export goods or crafts and lack
of assistance from farm to market road. The identification of these factors will serve as a
basic information to people surrounding the farmers to be more cautions and aware about
the factor they are going through. In this way they will be able to understand their
limitations and weaknesses and be provided the support they needed. Many factors can
affect the agricultural productivity which may include the land, labor and capital. Several
decades ago country’s economy and employment have been dependent on agriculture.
Thirty- two percent of the Filipino workforce was engaged in agricultural- related in
2013. As the population is arithmetically increasing, the land suited for agriculture has
declined ; water availability became scarce, too.

On the other hand, the capital that includes technologies, seeds, fertilizers and
other investments that are useful for the production in agriculture declined also. The
production of an output in agriculture may increase depending on the inputs that are
available which leads to additional gross value added. GVA is an indicator of the gross
domestic product. Compared to 1970s and early 1990s, many Filipinos are still inclined
to agricultural activities but it’s percent share to GDP declines, due to many factors. This
paper sought to know the factors that affect the agricultural productivity, specifically how
agricultural land area, employment, government expenditure on agriculture, agriculture
raw material export, and electric consumption per-capital may affect agriculture gross
value added. Agriculture is a critical sector in the economic landscape of the Philippines.
It has an active role to national development, particularly on rural development.
However, the industry is largely characterized by small-scale family farm holdings.
Majority of farmers are poor with low education, vulnerable to physical and economic
risks, and financially stressed with zero savings or worse, indebtedness. As agriculture is
in itself a risky financial and social enterprise, the pressure for the farming families to
stay afloat is saddling.
Statement of the problem

This aims to study the factors affecting the low income of farmers in Barangay
Itaw, South Upi, Maguindanao.

It also sought answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of respondents in terms of:

1.1.Age

1.2.Monthly Income

1.3.Number of years in farming

2.How do these factors affect the low income of farmers in Barangay Itaw, South Upi,
Maguindanao in terms of:

2.1.Education

2.2.Area of land

2.3.Livestock holding

2.4.Family size

Objectives of the study

This study aims to determine the following:

1. Demographic profile of respondents in terms of.

1.1.Age

1.2.Monthly income

1.3.Number of years in farming

2. Factors affect the low income of farmers in Barangay Itaw,South Upi, Maguindanao.
 2.1.Education

2.2.Area of land

2.3.Livestock holding

2.4.Family size

Significance of the study

Farmer- They are the ones who provide us food to eat. Since every person needs proper
food for their living, so they are a necessity in society.

Barangay Officials- As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary
planning and implementing unit of government programs, basic services, projects and
activities and as a forum in which the collective views of the people in the community
may be crystallized and considered.

Business Sector- Are responsible for production. In fact, its not so much a sector as a
process that creates resources for production.

Future Researcher-Improves services and treatments not just for you but also for
future generations.

Scope and limitation of the study

The study focus in the delving factors affecting the low income of farmers of
Barangay Itaw, South Upi, Maguindanao.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Agriculture is the viable leading sector and main vehicle for growth and
development in the Sudanese economy and is certain to remain so far several decades.

The rain-fed sub sector, which account for 85 to 90 percent of agriculture area in
Sudan depending on the season is based on a low – input. Low – output premise
conditioned by the unreliable nature of the rains Alema(2012). Most households in the
Barangay Itaw depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. Traditional rain-fed

Agriculture is the dominant seasonal farming activity across the region (abdur, 2000)
stated that the traditional sector is made up of small family units of 2 ha (Darfur) to 50
ha, farming for both income and subsistence. Some people practiced other economic
activities in the dry season these activities are trade, government jobs, handicraft
production and forestry related ventures, e.g. Gam – Arabic and charcoal production. Due
to the rural area suffering from lack of work opportunities during the dry season, some
people have migrated to look for work in nearby cities. As mentioned before the farm
household objectives are primarily to produce for home consumption and income
generation is the second. On the average a farm household has three to four income, the
rest is distributed between non-farm and transfer incomes. Cash is needed for household
needs,farm managements,taxes,school fees and other expences.It has been found that by
Tesfaye,1992,income genersted from the above sources is used foe consumption needs
which is accounted on average of 70 percent of total household budget in normal year and
assets accumulation to supplement crop production. Without urgent action, climate
change could push an additional 100 million people into poverty, says the world bank.
Imagine being a farmer, pastoralist or fisher in a low- income country. You're likely
already struggling to provide of your family. You have no insurance, no savings to speak
of and no social safety net. Climate change and poverty are deeply intertwined because
climate change dis-proportionally affects poor people in law-income communities and
developing countries around the world. Those in poverty have a higher chance of
experiencing the ill-effects of climate change due to the increased exposure and
vulnerability .Because of larger temperature-driven reductions in GDP per capital in the
poorest countries, it is estimated that the ratio between the top and bottom income
decides is likely to be 25% lager today than it would have been in the absence of
experienced global warming. The effects of climate change dis-proportionately fall on
under-served communities who are least able to prepare for, and recover from, heat
waves, poor air quality, flooding, and other impacts according to an environmental
protection agency report released Thursday. Climate change looms over all countries ,
promising severe droughts, superchanged storms, and blistering heat waves but these
consequences are unevenly felt around the world. Above all, they threaten the most
vulnerable populations across the globe. Climate change is going to amplify the already
existing divide between those who have resources and those who do not Eliot Levine,
director of the environment technical support unit at mercy corps, told global citizen.

We are already seeing the impacts of climate change around the world, and the
latest IPCC reports clearly illustrate that we are very quickly heading towards
experiencing them at a greater scale and degree of severity than we had previously
understood he added. As global temperatures and sea levels rise, as the oceans ocidify
and precipitation patterns get rearranged, people living in poverty are the most severely
impacted. Since climate change affects everything from where a person can live to their
access to health care, million of people could be plunged further into poverty as
environmental conditions worsen. This is especially true for poor people living in low-
income countries. Just as climate change deepens inequalities within a country, it also
further stratifies international relations because some nations are more threatened by it
than others. And poor countries have fewer resources to deal with the problem.The
worlds poorest communities often live on the most fragile land, and they are often
politically, socially, and economically marginalized, making the especially vulnerable to
the impacts of climate change Christina Chan, director of the world resource institutes
climate resilience practice, told global citizen. More frequent and intense storms,
flooding, drought, and changes in rainfall patterns are already impacting these
communities, making it difficult for them to secure decent livelihoods.The agricultural
sector remains of paramount importance to the Philppine economy . It is the lifeblood of
about 12 million Filipinos, which comprises 33% of the country’s work force. It
contributes 11% to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) valued about US $15
billion ( World Bank, 2014; PSA, 2013).Therefore, its role in economic
growth ,particularly in rural development, cannot be underplayed Ironically, Filipinos
employed in this sector are among the poorest, with most living below the national
poverty line.

Statistics showed that agricultural workers received the lowest daily wage as
compared with workers in industry and service sectors (PSA, 2018). The concentration
therefore of poverty in the country is found in the agriculture sector, calling it aptly “a
poor man’s sector”. This poor condition of the agricultural workers is indicative that the
agriculture sector, despite its national economic contribution, has not been an effective
engine of social growth and human development. Suffice it to say, an ordinary Filipino
farmer can be characterized by poor living standard, small landholding , low education,
vulnerability to physical and economic risks, and zero savings or worse, indebtedness.
The association of agriculture to poverty already drove many children of agricultural
workers toward finding more lucrative employment opportunities in urban areas. This
resulted in low appreciation for agriculture by the young generation and depleting human
resource in the pool of agricultural labor force (IRIN, 2013). Gravely laced with poverty,
many are becoming more hesitant to venture into farming which can be reflected in the
declining number of farming families, area on agricultural production , and share of
agriculture in the total economy across years (PSA, 2013).Poverty among agricultural
workers is mainly attributed to the lack of enough attention to the agricultural sector-one
of the greatest blunders any developing country such as the Philippines could do. There
have been weak policies and programs, excessive import reliance, and corruption (IRIN ,
2013; Ibon Foundation Inc, 2007).Despite the 11% contribution to GDP, the governments
investment in the sector is only around 4% of the national budget . adding to this is the
very low investment for research and development (R&D), averaging to only about 1% of
the total national budget. This is far below the recommended R&D budget for developing
countries which is 3% of GDP. With such dismal funding, the Philippines lag behind its
neighboring countries in terms of allocation for R&D. Another concern is the bias of
government policies on increasing yield without much consideration on the well-being of
the farmers and their families (Elauria,2015).This perennial problem shows that the crisis
of the agricultural sector is primarily structural and political.

Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework of this study focus on Delving on the factors affecting
the low income of farmers in Barangay Itaw,South Upi,Mguindanao is shown below. The
factors serve as independent variable and low income is the dependent study. Independent
variable of the dependent variables.

Independent variable Dependent variable

Factors Low Income

Fig. 1 The conceptual framework of this study entitled” Delving on the factors affecting
the low income of farmers in Barangay Itaw Upi, Maguindanao.

Definition of terms

1. Factor- influence as a relevant element when making decision.

2.Farmer- a person who can manage the ground and expendable from the start of

planting until harvesting.

3. Farming- it is the process of working the ground planting what kinds of plants

according to her decision.

4. Income- a collection from harvesting of the result.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design,research instrument, sampling

technique, data gathering procedure and the statistical analysis use in this study to come
up with the good result.

Research Design

This study utilize the qualitative research design to describe the characteristic of
the sample studied. The qualitative method describes, analyses and interprets the data
gathered through a close ended questionnaires .It helped the researchers manage the
information

Locale of the study

This study will be conducted in Barangay Itaw, South Upi, Maguindanao. Focus
on delving on the factors affecting the low income of farmers in Barangay Itaw, South
Upi, Maguindanao
 Fig 2.
Location
Study area
map of
the study
Respondents of the study

The respondents will be 10 farmers of Barangay Itaw,South Upi,Maguindanao.

Sampling Technique

The researcher will use convenient sampling techniques to gather the respondents
based on their availability.

Instrumentation

The researchers will make use of a questionnaire as the primary instrument for
gathering data. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first parts was the
socio-economic profile of the respondents including their personal (name, age, civil
status) and economic (source of income, monthly income) information the second part is
open ended questionnaire regarding the factors affecting the low income.

Data gathering Procedure

The researcher used a questionnaire which will be submitted for validation and
approval to the adviser and panelist. After the approval of the questionnaires, the
researcher coordinated to the Barangay captain of Barangay Itaw, South Upi,
Maguindanao by sending a letter, asking permission to conduct a survey to the

selected respondents .The researchers personally distributed the questionnaire to the

selected respondents. After the respondents were done answering the researchers politely
retrieved the questionnaire. All answers to the questionnaires were be tabulate, analyze
and interpret to come up with valid conclusions.

Analysis Data

The researchers will tally and tabulated the data. Frequency count and percentage will
be used to tally the responses in every item on the respondent’s profile, economic profile
and the open ended questionnaire with the use of interview guide questionnaire.
References

Socio-Economic Factors affecting the Income of Small-scale Agroforestry Farms in Hill

Country Areas in

Yemen : A comparison of OLS and WLS Determinants.

How Climate Change Impacts Poverty / World Vision Canada

https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki

How does climate change shape inequality, poverty and economic.

https://www.economicsobservatory.com>..

Climate change disproportionately affects marginalized communities

https://www.axios.com>2021/09/02

Sharie Al - Faiha A. Lubang Science Research Specialist Crop Research Division (CRD),
Philippine Council

for Agricultural, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development

(PCAARRD),Department of

Science and Technology (DOST)

 Table of contents

Title Page
Front page i
Approval sheet ii
Table of contents iii

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1-2

Statement of the Problem 3

Objectives of the study 3-4

Significance of the study 4

Scope and Delimitation 4

CHAPTER 11. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature 5-8

Conceptual Framework 8

Definition of terms 8

CHAPTER 111. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 9

Locale of the study 9

Respondents of the study 9

Sampling technique 10

Research Instruments 10

Data Gathering Procedure 10

Statistical Analysis 10
 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

DELVING ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOW INCOME OF

FARMERS IN BARANGAY ITAW, SOUTH UPI, MAGUINDANAO

PART 1: Demographic Profile

Name:

Age:

PART II: Factors affecting the low income of farmers…

QUESTION 1: What problems did your family encounter during you face crisis?

How did it affect your children?

QUESTION 2: Being a farmers, is it easy or difficult?

QUESTION 3:

QUESTION 4: What would you say have been the biggest changes you’ve implemented

On your own farm since you’ve been farming here?

DELVING ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOW INCOME OF
FARMERS IN BARANGAY ITAW, SOUTH UPI, MAGUINDANAO

A RESEARCH
PROPOSAL
PRESENTED TO
THEFACULTYAND
STAFF
OF NOTRE DAME OF UPI, INC. NURO, UPI, MAGUINDANAO

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

JONALYN M. SARA

JUNE 2022