History ASSIGNMENT

From
Syed Abdurrehman (2111261-BBA-2D)

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TWO NATION THEORY:
The rise of Islam in the Sub-Continent sparked the phenomenon of Two Nation Theory.
Pakistan's creation left an unusual impression because it was based mostly on ideological
convictions in the light of Islam. The fundamental premise of the Two-Nation Theory was that
Muslims and Hindus were two distinct nations from every perspective. As a result, Muslims had
the right to their own country in the Muslim-majority parts of the Subcontinent, where they could
live their lives according to Islam's glorious teachings.
And it was only this idea that sparked two opposing political ideologies that resulted in the
division of the Subcontinent.

REASONS BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO NATION THEORY:

Following were the major reasons which play the role behind the development of Two Nation
theory:

1. Social Differences
2. Hindu Nationalism
3. Religious Differences
4. Economic Differences
5. Political Differences
6. Language
7. Educational Differences

1. SOCIAL DIFFERENCES:

The social lifestyles of the two Sub-Continent groups differ as well. Clothes, meals, household
equipment, housing structures, salutation phrases, actions, and everything about them was
unusual and plainly referred to their unique heritage.

2. HINDU NATIONALISM:

A number of Hindu nationalist groups that occurred throughout Indian history poured fuel to the
fire by escalating tensions and enmity between the two populations. The Muslims' substantial
contribution to Indian society in terms of encouraging education and other social activities was
largely ignored by Hindu nationalist leaders. Their works and beliefs inflamed sectarian tensions
between Hindus and Muslims, further fouling the political situation.

3. RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES:
Separate religions are practised by Hindus and Muslims. Islam believes in man's equality before
the law and preaches Tawheed (Allah's oneness). Muslims have a united attitude to life and
believe in God, the Holy Prophet (PBUH), and the Holy Book Quran. Hinduism, on the other
hand, is built on the concept of several Gods. Their civilization is separated into four classes and
operates on a caste system, with a relatively limited perspective on life.

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 4. ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES:
The Muslim economy was suffocated, and all trade measures were geared to exacerbate the
problem. They were fired from government posts and had their estates and properties taken,
while Hindus were granted various opportunities for economic advancement.

5. POLITICAL DIFFERENCES:
The evolution of the Two Nation hypothesis has been influenced by the political contrasts
between two nations. Hindus believe that Urdu should be written in Hindi rather than Persian
script. As a result, a new gulf between Hindus and Muslims has emerged.
While claiming to speak for all Indian communities, the Indian National Congress suppressed
any Muslim ideas while siding with Hindus. The partition of Bengal gave Muslims with a variety
of political advantages, but it was met with opposition from Hindus.

6. LANGUAGE:
Muslims and Hindus spoke and wrote two different languages. The muslims' native language
was Urdu, which was written in Arabic. Hindus, on the other hand, spoke and wrote Hindi,
which was written in Sanskrit. Writing, poetic thoughts, arts, painting, and musical words are all
distinct in Urdu and Hindi. Even this minor difference sparked a simmering tension between the
two countries.

7. EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES:
The Hindus had made educational progress because they quickly and easily accepted English
instruction. Muslims, on the other hand, lacked access to contemporary education, which had a
tremendous economic impact.

ORIGIN OF TWO NATION THEORY:

1. Religious Differences
1. Religious Differen
The two-nation thesis can be traced back to the aftermath of the 1857 Indian Revolt in the United
States. Both Hindus and Muslims banded together against the British, hoping to drive them out
of India. Muslims, on the other hand, began to feel that the British targeted them for the war as
part of their retribution strategy in the aftermath of the revolution. In every way possible, they
were treated with harshness. They went to tremendous efforts to demolish Muslims socially,
economically, and politically. Muslims believed that the Indian Subcontinent's dominant group
supported the British in their desire to subdue Muslims altogether.

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CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE TWO NATION THEORY:
Leaders contribution for the Two Nation Theory are as following:

1. SIR SYED AHMED KHAN:

The two-nation philosophy was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, and it became the focal point
of the entire liberation struggle. He saw India as a one entity and was a passionate advocate for
Hindu-Muslim unity. He made the announcement at a meeting of the Indian Association, “Look
at both Hindus and Muslims through the same eyes, as if they were my own. I use the term
"nation" to refer to only Hindus and Muslims, and nothing else. We, Hindus and Muslims, share
the same land and are governed by the same government. Because our interests and concerns are
similar, I believe the two sides to be one nation." Sir Syed Ahmed Khan worked hard to educate
Indian Muslims about the differences between Muslims and Hindus in terms of faiths, social and
linguistic identities, national and international identity, and he did so by introducing them to a
new idea known as "Two Nation."Sir Syed believed that Hindus and Muslims could not coexist
in a united kingdom after the Hindi-Urdu conflict.

2. ALLAMA IQBAL:

Allama Iqbal was a key player in the formation of the Two-Nation Theory and Pakistan's
founding. He realised that Hindus and Muslims couldn't live together since the Hindu-Muslim
rivalry was more than just religious. It was a clash of civilizations between two persons who
spoke different languages, came from different literary backgrounds, and had opposing
viewpoints on art. Iqbal gave his renowned talk at the All India Muslim League's twenty-first
session, which was held in Allahabad. In this session, he proposed that Muslims on the Indian
subcontinent seek territorial clarity in the form of a separate state based on a distinct cultural
unit. He was the first to suggest a country for Muslims from the platform of the All India Muslim
League, the subcontinent's only representative political organisation.

3. QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMED ALI JINNAH:

Muhammed Ali Jinnah knew how to use hindu techniques. He finally came to believe that the
Hindu majority wanted to dominate and subjugate Muslims rather than treat them decently. He
knew the Hindus would not tolerate the Muslims after the British left. During the annual
assembly of the Muslims League, he claimed that India is neither a nation nor a country, and that
Hindus and Muslims are members of two independent religions with different social norms,
literature, and viewpoints on life. Muslims in Lahore have responded positively to the resolution.
Pakistan's claim encompassed not just freedom from tyrannical Hindus, but also a separate and
autonomous Islamic state where Muslims could live according to their religion's precepts.

CONCLUSION:

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Muslims were afraid of losing their identity if they stayed in Hindu society. They also recognised
the differences between themselves and Hindus and requested a separate electorate on the
grounds that they were a separate country from Hindus.

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