University of Zakho

College of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
Third stage

Fluid drilling

Name : karwan omer mustafa

Teacher : Mr.sarkar

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Table of content

 Introduction …………………………………..

 Type of mud ………………………………….

 Composition…………………………………..

 Equipment ……………………………………

 Conclusion……………………………………

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Introduction
What is mud in drilling ?
drilling mud, also called drilling fluid, in petroleum engineering, a
heavy, viscous fluid mixture that is used in oil and gas drilling operations to carry
rock cuttings to the surface and also to lubricate and cool the drill bit.

Why mud is used in oil industry?

drilling mud, also called drilling fluid, in petroleum engineering, a heavy, viscous
fluid mixture that is used in oil and gas drilling operations to carry rock cuttings to
the surface and also to lubricate and cool the drill bit.
What is formation pressure in drilling?
Formation pressure is the pressure exerted by the formation fluids, which are the
liquids and gases contained in the geologic formations encountered while drilling
for oil or gas. It can also be said to be the pressure contained within the pores of
the formation or reservoir being drilled.
What is hydrostatic pressure in drilling?
The force per unit area exerted by a static column of fluid. In US oilfield units, it is
calculated using the equation: P (psi) =Density*TVD*0.052, where Density is the
fluid density in pounds per gallon (ppg), TVD is the true vertical depth in feet (ft.),
and 0.052 is a conversion factor.

What happens when formation pressure is more than the hydrostatic

pressure while drilling?
A kick is a well control problem in which the pressure found within the drilled
rock is higher than the mud hydrostatic pressure acting on the borehole or rock
face. When this occurs, the greater formation pressure has a tendency to force
formation fluids into the wellbore. This forced fluid flow is called a kick.

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Type of mud drilling

Water-based muds
Water-based drilling fluids are the most commonly used of the mud systems. They
are generally less expensive and less difficult to maintain than oil muds, and in
some special types of systems, they are almost as shale inhibitive
Dispersed muds
These muds have a chemical dispersant added to the system which is used to
deflocculate mud solids. Most of the chemical dispersants in use (such as lignite
and lignosulfonate) are acidic and require an alkaline environment in which to
function properly. Of all the water-based muds, high pH muds are the most tolerant
of solids and contamination.

Nondispersed muds
A basic difference between dispersed and nondispersed muds is the lack of
dispersants. Nondispersed drilling muds do not require an elevated pH. By not
having a dispersant present, they are less tolerant of solids and contamination.

Oil-based muds
Oil-based muds were developed to prevent water from entering the pore
spaces and causing formation damage.

Composition

What are the components of mud?

Mud is soil, loam, silt or clay mixed with water. It usually forms after rainfall or
near water sources. Ancient mud deposits harden over geological time to form
sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites).

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How does increasing pressure affect oil based mud density?
The temperature and the pressure increase as the depth increase in the well. By
increasing pressure, mud density increases, too, but by increasing temperature the
density decreases [1]. These changes could not cancel out each other.

Equipment

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