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2LectureIKC Amperes Law
2LectureIKC Amperes Law
Ampere’s Law.
You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field for high-symmetry
current configurations.
Solenoids.
You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field of solenoids and
toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations derived with Ampere’s Law
to make numerical magnetic field calculations for solenoids and toroids.
The Laws of Biot-Savart & Ampere
dl
I
• Coulomb's Law:
• Gauss' Law
"High symmetry"
• Biot-Savart Law:
I
• Ampere's Law
"High symmetry"
dl
q r
X
dB
P
• Calculate field at point P using
Biot-Savart Law: r R
q
I x
Which way is B?
dx
\
r R
q
I x
dx
B ds =B ds =B (2πr ) B ds
B ds r
μ0 I
B ds = 2πr ( 2πr ) = μ 0 I
The above calculation is only for the special case of a long
straight wire, but you can show that the result is valid in
general.
I I
positive I negative I
B ds B ds
r r
B ds = μ 0 Iencl
I2 ds
Ampere’s Circuital Law in Integral
and Differential Form
Example: a cylindrical wire of radius R carries
a current I that is uniformly distributed over I
the wire’s cross section. Calculate the
magnetic field inside and outside the wire. R
( A enclosed by r ) ( πr )
2
r2
B ds = μ0 Iencl = μ0 I ( A enclosed by R ) = μ0 I
( πR )
2
=μ 0I 2
R
Over the closed circular path r:
direction of I
B ds =B ds = 2πrB B
R
Solve for B: r
r2
2 πrB = μ 0 I 2
R
r2 r μ0 I
B = μ0 I 2
= μ 0 I 2
= 2
r
2πrR 2πR 2πR
B is linear in r.
Outside the wire:
direction of I
B ds =B ds = 2πrB = μ 0 I
R
μ0 I
B= A lot easier than using
the Biot-Savart Law!
2 πr r
(as expected).
B
Plot:
R r
Today’s agenda:
Ampere’s Law.
You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field for high-symmetry
current configurations.
Solenoids.
You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field of solenoids and
toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations derived with Ampere’s Law
to make numerical magnetic field calculations for solenoids and toroids.
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
B
I
l
You can use Ampere’s law to calculate the magnetic field of a
solenoid.
B ds = B ds + B ds + B ds + B ds
1 2 3 4
B ds = B + 0 + 0 + 0 = μ0 Ienclosed
B
I
l
The magnetic field inside a long solenoid does not depend on the position
inside the solenoid (if end effects are neglected).
A toroid is just a solenoid “hooked up” to itself.
B ds = μ 0 Ienclosed = μ0 N I
B ds =B ds =B (2πr )
B ( 2πr ) = μ 0 N I
μ0 N I Magnetic field
B= inside a toroid of N
2 πr loops, current I.
The magnetic field inside a toroid is not subject to end effects, but is not
constant inside (because it depends on r).
Example: a thin 10-cm long solenoid has a total of 400 turns of
wire and carries a current of 2 A. Calculate the magnetic field
inside near the center.
N
B = μ0 I
-7 T m ( 400 )
B = 4 π ×10 (2 A )
A ( 0.1 m)
B = 0.01 T
μ0 I
B= long straight wire
2 πr use Ampere’s law (or note the lack of N)
μ0 N I
B= center of N loops of radius a
2a
N
B = μ0 I solenoid, length l, N turns
field inside a solenoid is constant