Biodiversity

and extinction
 It refers to
the variety of
life in an
area.
It is a group of
organisms of
the same species
living in a
certain place.
 FOREST MARINE DIVERSITY BIRD DIVERSITY
DIVERSITY

RACE PLANT GENETIC

DIVERSITY DIVERSITY
DIVERSITY
Functional Diversity
The biological and chemical processes such as energy Ecological Diversity
flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, The variety of terrestrial and
communities, and ecosystems. aquatic ecosystems found in
an area or on the earth.

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity

The variety of genetic material The number and abundance of species
within a species or a population. present in different communities
 The disappearance of the last
individual of a species when all its
members have already died.
A model of the Dodo
bird, a well-known
extinct bird
EXTINCT IN THE WILD-
individuals of a certain species
remain alive only under
captivity or in other human-
controlled conditions
SCIMITAR HORNED
ORYX, A SPECIES
EXTINCT IN THE
WILD
THREE LEVELS OF
EXTINCTION
LOCAL EXTINCTION/
EXTIRPATION- when no
individual of the species is
found in the place it originally
inhibited, but is found
elsewhere in the wild.
ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION- few
individuals of the species still exist in
the wild, but their interactions with
other species around them is
ecologically insignificant because of
their low abundance.
BIOLOGICAL
EXTINCTION- no individual
of the species is found in
any part of the world.
A SHARP DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF SPECIES
IN A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.

•MASS EXTINCTION IS AN EVENT THAT

ELIMINATES HALF OR MORE OF THE SPECIES IN A
REGION
THERE DIFFERENT WAYS A MASS EXTINCTION
CAN OCCUR INCLUDING…

•ASTEROIDS
•COMETS
•GLOBAL WARMING
•ICE AGE
•AND MORE…
MASS EXTINCTIONS
Ordovician-Silurian Extinction
The first mass extinction is called the
Ordovician-Silurian extinction. It
happened 444 million years ago (mya).
TRILOBITES
GRAPTOLITES
CRINOIDS
Devonian Extinction
The Devonian or Late-Devonian mass
extinction is the second mass
extinction event on Earth. This
occurred at around 374 mya.
BRACHIOPODS
Permian Extinction
The Permian extinction or Permian-
Triassic (P-Tr extinction), also known as
the Great Dying is the greatest mass
extinction in Earth’s history. It wiped out
95% of the species on Earth. It
happened around 252 mya.
Triassic Extinction
The Triassic extinction, End-Triassic, or
Triassic-Jurassic extinction is the fourth
mass extinction event in Earth’s history. It
occurred 200 mya.
The Triassic extinction wiped out possibly
50% of the species on Earth.
Cretaceous Extinction
Cretaceous extinction, well-known
as Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) or Cretaceous-
Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event is the most
recent mass extinction on Earth. This occurred
65 mya, annihilating 85% of lifeforms. This is also
famous for obliterating dinosaurs on the
planet.
• TODAY’S MASSIVE LOSS OF SPECIES HAS BEEN DUBBED THE
“HOLOCENE EXTINCTION” (WE ARE CURRENTLY IN THE HOLOCENE
EPOCH)
• EPOCH: A PORTION OF A GEOLOGICAL PERIOD

• CATASTROPHIC EXTINCTIONS, AS WAS THE CASE WHEN AN ASTEROID-

STRIKE WIPED OUT THE DINOSAURS, ACTUALLY TOOK MANY
THOUSANDS OF YEARS TO OCCUR.
• THE CURRENT EXTINCTION RATE APPEARS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER.
• 90% OF ALL LARGE FISH HAVE DISAPPEARED IN THE LAST 50 YEARS DUE TO OVER-FISHING.
• THE AUDUBON SOCIETY REPORTS THAT 30% OF NORTH AMERICAN SONGBIRD SPECIES ARE IN
SIGNIFICANT DECLINE.

• ONE IN EIGHT PLANT SPECIES ARE IN DANGER OF EXTINCTION WITHIN THE NEXT 30 YEARS (ICUN
RED LIST)

• THE CURRENT RATE OF EXTINCTION IS 1500 TIMES GREATER THAN THE NORMAL, SUSTAINABLE
EXTINCTION RATE.

• “HALF OF BIRD AND MAMMAL SPECIES WILL BE GONE IN 200 TO 300 YEARS”

• ONE SPECIES IS GOING EXTINCT EVERY 20 MINUTES.

Natural Causes of
Extinction
CLIMATE Changes in climate can lead
the organisms’ changed

CHANGE
behavior, breeding and
eating patterns.
 Volcanic eruptions can
VOLCANIC lead to various changes
in the environment.
ERUPTIONS These include change
in landscape and
atmosphere.
ASTEROID,COMET, AND
METEOR IMPACT
Asteroid, comet, and meteor impacts do not only
cause damage to the crash site, these also hurl
huge rocks and dust in the surroundings. This can
cause changes in the climate by blocking out the
sun with dust for extended periods of time.
 CHICXULUB
CRATER IN
YUCATAN MEXICO
MOVEMENT OF
TECTONIC PLATES
Movement of the plates can cause
various changes, these include shift
in currents, displacement of
organisms, and the most obvious one
is the change in landscape.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
Causes of Extinction
DEFORESTATION
 Deforestation refers to the cutting,
clearing, and removal of rainforest or
related ecosystems into less bio- diverse
ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, or
plantations
Between 1990 and 2005 the
Philippines lost a third of its forest
cover, according to FAO estimates,
but the country's deforestation is
down since its peak in the 1980s
and 1990s.
 Tropical rainforests are being
cleared at the rate of 17Mha
every year.
 Philippines has already lost
approximately 80% of its original forest
cover. (FAO, UN 1992)
 From 1991 to 1995, the Philippines lost
an average of 130, 000 ha of forest land
per year.
 1997 only 5.4Mha of forests remain, of
which only 804,900 hectares are old
growth dipterocarp forests.
CAUSES
DEFORESTRATION
 HUMAN- INDUCED
CAUSES
DEFORESTRATION
 HUMAN- INDUCED
CAUSES OF
DEFORESTATION
Kaingin farming
Illegal logging
Conversion to agricultural
land
Human settlements
 KAINGIN
FARMING
Kaingin farming is also
called “slash and
burn” agriculture entails
cutting down a patch of
trees, burning them and
growing crops on land.
 ILLEGAL
LOGGING
Illegal logging is
harvesting, processing,
transporting, buying or
selling of timber in
contravention of national
and international laws.
 NATURAL
CAUSE
DEFORESTRATION
NATURAL CAUSE OF
DEFORESTATION
TYPHOONS can
cause extensive
damage in the
forest through tree
falls.
NATURAL CAUSE OF
DEFORESTATION
FOREST FIRES
Hundred trees are lost
each year due to forest
fires. This happens due
to extreme warm
summers and milder
winters.
 EFFECTS
DEFORESTRATION
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
 IMPACT
DEFORESTRATION
TO WILD LIFE
 EXTINCTION OF
SPECIES
In 2010, IUCN and Birdlife
International listed Philippine
Eagles as critically in danger.

It is estimated about only 600 eagles

are left in the wild at the year 2015.
CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL
LANDS TO HOUSING PROJECTS
Land Use Conversion refers to act or process
of changing the current physical use of a piece
of agricultural land into some other use or for
another agricultural use other than the
cultivation of the soil, planting crops, growing
trees including harvesting of produce therefrom,
as approved by DAR. 10.
HABITAT LOSS AND FRAGMENTATION
HABITAT LOSS- destruction of natural habitat.

HABITAT FRAGMENTATION- involves construction

of highways and other structures that divide the
natural habitat.
DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS
Coral reefs serve as the sanctuary of many
marine species, including economically
important ones. Destroying these structures
can lead to loss of a huge part of the marine
ecosystem.
Destroyed coral reefs spell disaster for their dependent
marine species
INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE/EXOTIC
SPECIES
Invasive/exotic species are organisms that are
introduced into one area that they do not
naturally live in. These species can cause harm
in their new environments through
overpopulation, competition over resources, or
transmission of diseases.
Brown tree snakes are believed to be the cause of extinction of
Guam broadbill birds.