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Process Control
Process Control
The following terms are used in the formulas and equations for Operational Amplifies.
• Rf = Feedback resistor
• Rin = Input Resistor
• Vin = Input voltage
• Vout = Output voltage
• Av = Voltage Gain
Voltage Gain:
The close loop gain of an inverting amplifier is given by;
Output Voltage:
The output voltage is out of phase with the input voltage that is why it is known as
the inverting amplifier.
Summing Amplifier:
Output Voltage:
The general output of this given circuit above is;
Inverted Amplified Sum of Input Voltage:
if the input resistors are same, the output is a scaled inverted sum of input voltages,
If R1 = R2 = R3 = Rn = R
Summed Output:
When all the resistors in the above given circuit are same, the output is an inverted sum
of input voltages.
If Rf = R1 = R2 = R3 = Rn = R;
Vout = – (V1 + V2 + V3 +… + Vn)
Non-Inverting Amplifier:
Differential Amplifier:
General Output:
the output voltage of the above given circuits is;
This type of Operational Amplifier provides the output voltage which is directly
proportional to the changes in the input voltage. The output voltage is given by;
Integrator Amplifier
This amplifier provides an output voltage which is the integral of the input voltages.