Research

Instruments
NURSING RESEARCH Group 1
 Survey
Another primary collection method

involving asking a group of people

Often given out in paper or online How is it done?
It is a chep way to collected data from

a large group Selects a sample of respindents

Most surveys are anonymous Administers a standardized

Possible to collect data from large of

questionnaire
small population Survey can be
written
online
a face-to-face interview
telephone interview
 Questionnaire
How is it done?
A research tool featuring a series of questions
used to collect useful information from Questions are developed carefully
respondents With anonymity and confidentiality
Used to collect quantitative and/or qualitative Questions are read by respondents,
who then provide written responses
information
Different format such as multiple
Completed using a survey over the phone, on
choice, checklist, rank order
paper and a pencil, or online
May also include open-ended
Gather a lot of data in less time questions
Larger sample size
Respondents need to be literate
Validity and reliability tests are required
 Interview
Interviews are particularly useful for
uncovering the story behind a
participant’s experiences and pursuing
in-depth information about a topic.
Primarily done in Qualitative Research.
Applicable at all ages and levels.
In- depth data. and the researchers
have greater control.
 How is it done?
Face-to-Face or via Virtual
Using open-ended questions, or the
questions can be Structured, Semi-
Structured, and Unstructured.
The participants can clarify the
questions and elaborate their answers.
Researchers can ask further questions
or follow-up questions.
Researchers can observe the Non-
verbal cues such as the hand and body
gestures.
 Tally Sheet
A very simple way to accumulate data about the
frequency of occurrence of events.
It is a simple, flexible, and effective data collection tool
where data can be collected in real time at the location
where it is generated.
A form for collecting information through observation
and counting.
It can be as simple as using a sheet of paper and pencil, or
as complex as a computerized program.
It is used to count many things including votes, inventory
and survey results.
 How is it done?

Determine the problem or event to observe

Develop precise descriptions of what will be counted
Decide the duration of data collection effort
Create a tally sheet, it can be handwritten or done

through a computer spreadsheet program

Begin a tally to complete a very short survey
Complete the tally, the information is often further

summarized by calculating percentages and other

statistical information
It is frequently used as the source of data for more

complex research
 Checklist
It is one of the most commonly used
instruments for performance evaluation.
It consists of a listening of steps,
activities and behaviors which the How is it done?
observer records when an incident
occurs. Observe one response at one time.
A checklist enables the observer to note Clearly specify the characteristics of
whether or not a trait is present. behavior to be observed.
A checklist is a simple instrument
Use only a carefully prepared checklist to
consisting of a prepared list of expected
items of performance or attributes, which
avoid more complex traits.
are checked by a researcher for their The observer should be trained to observe
presence or absence. and how to record the observed behavior.
Use a checklist only when you are
interested in calculating a particular
characteristic.
 FGD

A qualitative research method and data

collection techniques wherein only a
selected group of people gather to discuss a
specific topic of interest.
This research method allows the participant
to agree or disagree with one another to
give an insight as to what they think about a
certain issue and what experiences they
have had with those issues

 How is it done?

At least four to ten participants will meet up for a

few hours
A predetermined semi-structured interview will be
led by a skilled moderator. Moderator will use
open-ended questions.
The group will talk amongst themselves discussing
the topics provided to them by the moderator.
The researcher will observe these interactions and
record them at the same time.
The discussion will be transcribed for analysis by
researchers.
 Observation

Observation - Windshield, ocular, and

participant observation

Participant observation
The researcher is basically absorbing
the participants day to day activities
to gather data

 Observation

Ocular survey
A systematic observations made on
foot

Windshield survey
A systematic observations made
from a moving vehicle

Records Review
Record review is a process aimed at
obtaining retrospective data to answer
clinical queries.
It is a useful method when data has
been recorded in case notes or a
structured database and an analysis of
the data elements needs to be done.
 Records Review
How is it done?
Extraction of data
Formulate the clinical question which
Note: The person/people in-charge of coding
needs to be answered through the record
the data should be clearly specified.
review.
Ex: What are the characteristics of patients
Analysis of data through chosen method
undergoing chemotheraphy.
Note : Use appropriate statistical methods.
Identifying the appropriate data source that
Dissemination of findings.
can answer the clinical question
Note: After conducting the record review, it
Ex. Clinical records, registry entries, filling
is important to archive and disseminate the
systems.
results. This is useful to support the scientific
evidence base on the subject studied through
Identifying how to extract the data and
the record review. The results of the record
which data to get.
review, even if negative, should be made
Ex. Which variables would be coded and how
known.
they would be entered (coding plan)
 Rating Scales
It is used to gather comparative
information about a specific
research subject
Popular closed-ended question
type where you can assign
different weights to each answer
options
 Graphic Rating Scale

Rating Scales

Numerical Rating Scale Rating Scale is divided into four

types:
Graphic Rating Scale
Numerical Rating Scale
Descriptive Rating Scale
Comparative Rating Scale
 Descriptive Rating Scale
How satisfied are you with our experimental research?
Unhappy
Neutral Rating Scales
Happy

Comparative Rating Scale Rating Scale is divided into four

Rate Manila Tytana College in comparison to types:
University of Santo Tomas in offering nursing
Graphic Rating Scale
courses
Numerical Rating Scale
Excellent
Very good
Descriptive Rating Scale
Good Comparative Rating Scale
Both are the same
Poor
Very Poor
 Achievement | Aptitude Test
Test to measure knowledge, Test to measure knowledge,
skills and abilities attained skills and bilities attained by
by the test taker. the test taker.

Designed to assess what a The ability for the person

person has learned. to learn.

Purpose: assess current Purpose: predict future

performance performance
Thank You!
NURSING RESEARCH Group 1