MATH-352 Numerical Methods – 2+1 CHs

By

Prof Dr Safia Akram

(METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION)

NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

Lec # 3

1
 METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION
This method of successive approximation also known as iterative
method can be applied to find a real root of the equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 by
rewriting the same in the form φ 𝑥 = 𝑥 Eq. (1)
Let
𝑥 = 𝑥0 be an initial approximation to the actual root say α of Eq. (1).
Then the 1st approximation is 𝑥1 = φ(𝑥0 ) and the successive
approximations are
𝑥2 = φ 𝑥1 , 𝑥3 = φ 𝑥2 , …, 𝑥𝑛 = φ 𝑥𝑛−1 .
If the sequence of the approximate roots 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 converges to
α. It is taken as the root of the equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.
For convergence purpose the initial approximation 𝑥0 is to be done
carefully.
The choice of 𝑥0 is determined according to the following theorem:
2
THEOREM:
If “ α ” be a root of “ 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 ” which is equivalent to " φ 𝑥 = 𝑥 “
𝐼 be any interval containing the point 𝑥 = α and |φ′ 𝑥 | < 1
∀ 𝑥 𝜖 𝐼. Then the sequence of approximation 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 will
converge to the root α provided the initial approximation 𝑥0 is chosen
to 𝐼.
EXAMPLE:
Starting with 𝑥 = 0.12 , Solve the equation 𝑥 = 0.21 sin(0.5 + 𝑥)
correct to four decimal places by iterative method.
SOLUTION: The recursion formula is
𝑥𝑖+1 = 0.21 sin(𝑥𝑖 + 0.5)
𝑥0 = 0.12
For 𝑖 = 0
𝑥1 = 0.21 sin 𝑥0 + 0.5 = 0.21 sin 0.12 + 0.5 = 0.21 sin(0.62)
𝑥1 = 0.21 0.58104 = 0.12202
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 𝑖=1
𝑥2 = 0.21 sin 𝑥1 + 0.5 = 0.21 sin 0.12202 + 0.5

= 0.21 sin(0.62202) = 0.21 0.58268 = 0.12236

𝑖=2
𝑥3 = 0.21 sin 𝑥2 + 0.5 = 0.21 sin 0.12236 + 0.5

= 0.21 0.58296 = 0.12242

𝑖=3
𝑥4 = 0.21 sin 𝑥3 + 0.5 = 0.21 sin 0.12242 + 0.5

= 0.21 sin(0.62242) = 0.21 0.58300 = 0.12243

Required root = 0.1224 correct to 4 decimal places.

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EXAMPLE#1:
Find a real root of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 by iteration method.
SOLUTION: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 1
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 0 = −1 < 0
𝑓 1 = 𝑓 1 = 13 + 12 − 1 = 1 > 0
⇒ Root lies between " 𝑎 = 0 " and " 𝑏 = 1 “
Now 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 can be written as
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 = 1
Now 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) = 1
2
1
⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
1
⇒ 𝑥= = 𝜑 𝑥 say
𝑥+1
1 1
Clearly, 𝜑′ (0) = < 1 and 𝜑′ (1) = 1/2 < 1
2 2
⇒ 𝜑′ (𝑥) < 1 ∀ 𝑥 𝜖 (0,1)
Hence the iterative method can be applied. 5
 Let 𝑥0 = 0.65 be the initial approximation, then

1 1
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝜑 𝑥0 = = = 0.7784989
𝑥0 + 1 0.65 + 1

1 1
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝜑 𝑥1 = = = 0.7498479
𝑥1 + 1 0.7784989 + 1

1 1
⇒ 𝑥3 = 𝜑 𝑥2 = = = 0.7559618
𝑥2 + 1 0.7498479 + 1

1 1
⇒ 𝑥4 = 𝜑 𝑥3 = = = 0.7546446
𝑥3 + 1 0.7559618 + 1

1
⇒ 𝑥5 = 𝜑 𝑥4 = = 0.7549278
𝑥4 + 1
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 1
⇒ 𝑥6 = 𝜑 𝑥5 = = 0.7548669
𝑥5 + 1

1
⇒ 𝑥7 = 𝜑 𝑥6 = = 0.7548800
𝑥6 + 1

1
⇒ 𝑥8 = 𝜑 𝑥7 = = 0.7548772
𝑥7 + 1

1
⇒ 𝑥9 = 𝜑 𝑥8 = = 0.7548778
𝑥8 + 1

1
⇒ 𝑥10 = 𝜑 𝑥9 = = 0.7548776
𝑥9 + 1

So, the root correct to 6 decimal places is 0.754877

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EXAMPLE #2: Find the real root of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
correct to 3- decimal places by iterative method.
SOLUTION: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 has no positive root.
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1 = − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 = −ℎ(𝑥)
The equation ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 has a real root lying between
0 and 1. Moreover
ℎ 𝑎 = ℎ 0 = 0 + 0 − 1 = −1 < 0
ℎ 𝑏 =ℎ 1 =1+1−1=1>0
⇒ Root of ℎ 𝑥 = 0 lies in the interval (0, 1)
Now ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 At 𝑥0 = 0.5
1
⇒ 𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥)1/3 = 𝜑(𝑥) 𝜑′ 𝑥 = 2/3
= 0.52913
3(1 − 0.5)
′
1
⇒ 𝜑 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝜑′ (𝑥) < 1
3(1 − 𝑥)2/3
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 So, we apply the iterative method
𝑥𝑛+1 = (1 − 𝑥𝑛 )1/3 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4, …
For 𝑛 = 0
𝑥1 = (1 − 𝑥0 )1/3 = (1 − 0.5)1/3 = 0.79370
For 𝑛 = 1
𝑥2 = (1 − 𝑥1 )1/3 = (1 − 0.79370)1/3 = 0.59088
For 𝑛 = 2
𝑥3 = (1 − 𝑥2 )1/3 = (1 − 0.59088)1/3 = 0.74236
For 𝑛 = 3
𝑥4 = (1 − 𝑥3 )1/3 = (1 − 0.74236)1/3 = 0.63631
For 𝑛 = 4
𝑥5 = (1 − 𝑥4 )1/3 = (1 − 0.63631)1/3 = 0.71380
For 𝑛 = 5
𝑥6 = (1 − 𝑥5 )1/3 = (1 − 0.71380)1/3 = 0.65901
For 𝑛 = 6
𝑥7 = (1 − 𝑥6 )1/3 = (1 − 0.65901)1/3 = 0.69863
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 𝑥8 = 0.67045 𝑥9 = 0.69073
𝑥10 = 0.67626 𝑥11 = 0.68665
𝑥12 = 0.67922 𝑥13 = 0.68454
𝑥14 = 0.68074 𝑥15 = 0.68346
𝑥16 = 0.68151 𝑥17 = 0.68291
𝑥18 = 0.68191 ~ 0.682
Root correct up to 3-decimal places is 0.682.
So, the negative real root of the equation
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥 + 1 is −0.682

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EXAMPLE #3:Find the real root of the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 lies
in the interval [1, 2] correct to 2- decimal places by iterative method.
SOLUTION: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0
𝑓 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (1) − cos 1 = 0.540302 > 0
𝑓 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (2) − cos 2 = 0.30102999 − 0.416146
= −0.11511601 < 0
Real root lying between 1 and 2. so rewrite the equation
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 At 𝑥0 = 1.5
1
(𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑒)
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = 𝜑 𝑥 ′
𝜑 𝑥 =− 𝑥
1 − (𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥)2
The recursion formula is
0.28953
=− = −0.29413
⇒ 𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥𝑖 0.98437
⇒ 𝜑 ′ (𝑥) < 1
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 The recursion formula is
⇒ 𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥𝑖
For 𝑖 = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥0 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1.5
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.1761 = 1.3938
For 𝑖 = 1
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1.3938
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.144200 = 1.4261
For 𝑖 = 2
⇒ 𝑥3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1.4261
⇒ 𝑥3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.1541 = 1.4160 ~1.42
Required root, correct to two decimal places is 1.42

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EXERCISES

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15
 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
This is a very powerful method for finding the real root of an equation
given in the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.
It can be derived as follows:
Let 𝑥0 be an approximation of a root of the given equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0,
which may be algebraic or transcendental.
Let 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ℎ . Where “ h ” is small, be the exact of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0, then
𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 0 and expanding it by Taylor’s theorem, we get
𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 0
𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) = 0

ℎ2 ′′
𝑓(𝑥0 ) + ℎ𝑓 ′(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 𝑥0 + ⋯ = 0
2!
Since h is small, we neglect terms containing ℎ2 and its higher powers.
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 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + ℎ𝑓 ′(𝑥0 ) = 0

𝑓(𝑥0 )
ℎ=−
𝑓 ′(𝑥0 )
𝑓(𝑥0 )
hence, 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ℎ = 𝑥0 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥0 )
Now substituting 𝑥1 for 𝑥0 and 𝑥2 for 𝑥1 the next better
approximations are given by

𝑓(𝑥1 ) 𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − and 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥1 ) 𝑓 ′(𝑥2 )
Proceeding in the same way n times, we get the general formula

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − for 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 …
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 )
This method is also called Newton-Raphson iteration formula or
Tangent method
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EXAMPLE #1: Solve 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 20 = 0 by Newton
Raphson method.
SOLUTION: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 20
𝑓 1 = 1 + 2 + 10 − 20 = −7 < 0
𝑓 2 = 8 + 2 4 + 10 2 − 20 = 16 > 0
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10
⇒ Root of lies between (1, 2).
Now Let 𝑥0 = 1.2
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) 𝑥𝑛 3 + 2𝑥𝑛 2 + 10𝑥𝑛 − 20
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 ) 3𝑥𝑛 2 + 4𝑥𝑛 + 10

3𝑥𝑛 3 + 4𝑥𝑛 2 + 10𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛 3 − 2𝑥𝑛 2 − 10𝑥𝑛 + 20

𝑥𝑛+1 =
3𝑥𝑛 2 + 4𝑥𝑛 + 10

2𝑥𝑛 3 + 2𝑥𝑛 2 + 20
𝑥𝑛+1 =
3𝑥𝑛 2 + 4𝑥𝑛 + 10
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 When 𝑛 = 0 1st approximation

2𝑥0 3 + 2𝑥0 2 + 20 2(𝑥0 3 + 𝑥0 2 + 10)

2((1.2)3 + (1.2)2 +10)
𝑥1 = 2 = 2 =
3𝑥0 + 4𝑥0 + 10 3𝑥0 + 4𝑥0 + 10 3(1.2)2 + 4(1.2) + 10

2(1.728 + 1.44 + 10) 26.336

= = = 1.3774059
4.32 + 4.8 + 10 19.12

(𝑛 = 1) 2nd approximation

2(𝑥1 3 + 𝑥1 2 + 10)
2((1.3774059)3 + (1.3774059)2 +10)
𝑥2 = 2 =
3𝑥1 + 4𝑥1 + 10 3(1.3774059)2 + 4(1.3774059) + 10

2(2.6132792 + 1.8972470 + 10) 29.0210524

𝑥2 = = = 1.3688295
5.6917410 + 5.5096236 + 10 21.2013646
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(𝑛 = 2) 3rd approximation

2(𝑥2 3 + 𝑥2 2 + 10)
28.8769242
𝑥3 = 2 = = 1.3688081
3𝑥2 + 4𝑥2 + 10 21.0964006

(𝑛 = 3) 4th approximation

2(𝑥3 3 + 𝑥3 2 + 10)
28.8765664
𝑥4 = 2 = = 1.3688081
3𝑥3 + 4𝑥3 + 10 21.0961392

Hence the root is 1.3688081

NOTE:
Take 𝑥0 = 1.5 and check whether the root is 1.3688081 or not.

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EXAMPLE #2: Solve the equation 2𝑥 − 5 = 3 sin 𝑥 by Newton
Raphson method. Correct to 3-decimal places. (Root lies b/w 2.8 and
2.9
SOLUTION: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5 − 3 sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑓 2.8 = 2 2.8 − 5 − 3 sin 2.8 = 5.6 − 5 − 1.0050 = −0.4050 < 0
𝑓 2.9 = 2 2.9 − 5 − 3 sin 2.9 = 5.8 − 5 − 0.717747 = 0.0823 > 0
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2 − 3 cos 𝑥
⇒ Root of lies between (2.8, 2.9).
Now Let 𝑥0 = 2.8
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) 2𝑥𝑛 − 5 − 3 sin(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 ) 2 − 3 cos(𝑥𝑛 )

2𝑥𝑛 − 3𝑥𝑛 cos(𝑥𝑛 ) − 2𝑥𝑛 + 5 + 3 sin(𝑥𝑛 )

𝑥𝑛+1 =
2 − 3 cos(𝑥𝑛 )

−3𝑥𝑛 cos(𝑥𝑛 ) + 5 + 3 sin(𝑥𝑛)

𝑥𝑛+1 =
2 − 3 cos (𝑥𝑛 )
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 When 𝑛 = 0 1st approximation

−3𝑥0 cos(𝑥0 ) + 5 + 3 sin(𝑥0 ) −3(2.8) cos(2.8) + 5 + 3 sin(2.8)

𝑥1 = =
2 − 3 cos (𝑥0 ) 2 − 3 cos(2.8)

13.9197
= = 2.8839
4.8267
(𝑛 = 1) 2nd approximation

−3𝑥1 cos 𝑥1 + 5 + 3 sin 𝑥1 −3(2.8839) cos(2.8839) + 5 + 3 sin(2.8839)

𝑥2 = =
2 − 3 cos (𝑥1 ) 2 − 3 cos(2.8839)

8.3660 + 5 + 0.7649 14.1306

= = = 2.8833
2 + 2.9009 4.9009

(𝑛 = 3) 2nd approximation

−3𝑥2 cos(𝑥2 ) + 5 + 3 sin(𝑥2 ) −3(2.8833) cos(2.8833) + 5 + 3 sin(2.8833)

𝑥3 = =
2 − 3 cos (𝑥2 ) 2 − 3 cos(2.8833)

8.3629 + 5 + 0.7663 14.1292

= = = 2.8832
2 + 2.9005 4.9005
Required root is 2.8832
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 CONVERGENCE OF METHOD-RAPHSON METHOD
Here we will see the condition for the convergence of Newton Raphson
method. Consider
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 )
Which is an iteration formula of the form 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝜑(𝑥𝑛 ) or

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝜑 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 )
In general, 𝑥 = 𝜑 𝑥 , where
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝜑 𝑥 =𝑥−
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 )
We know that the iteration method converges if
𝜑′ 𝑥 <1 Eq. (1)

𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )𝑓′′(𝑥𝑛 )

𝜑 ′ (𝑥) =1−
(𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 ))2
23
 (𝑓 ′(𝑥 )) 2 −(𝑓 ′(𝑥 ))2 +𝑓(𝑥 )𝑓′′(𝑥 )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝜑′ 𝑥 =
(𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 ))2

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )𝑓′′(𝑥𝑛 )
𝜑′ 𝑥 =
(𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 ))2
From (1)
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )𝑓′′(𝑥𝑛 )
2
<1
(𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 ))

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )𝑓′′(𝑥𝑛 ) < |(𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 ))2 |

The interval containing the root 𝛼 of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 should be selected in which

this condition is satisfied.

24
 SOME SPECIAL CASES
CASE 1: Set up Newton-Raphson scheme of iteration for finding the
square root of a positive Number 𝑁.
SOLUTION: The square root of 𝑁 can be carried out as a root of
𝑥2 − 𝑁 = 0
Here
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑁
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 )

𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑁 2𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑥𝑛 2 + 𝑁 𝑥𝑛 2 + 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − = =
2𝑥𝑛 2𝑥𝑛 2𝑥𝑛

1 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 + Required Soln
2 𝑥𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, …
25
EXAMPLE: Find the value of 12 using formula
1 𝑁 Aside 12
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2 𝑥𝑛 9=3
SOLUTION: 16 = 4
𝑛=0 (3, 4)
1 𝑁 1 12 1 1
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + = 3.5 + = 3.5 + 3.4286 = 6.9286 = 3.4643
2 𝑥0 2 3.5 2 2
𝑛=1

1 𝑁 1 12 1
𝑥2 = 𝑥 + = 3.4643 + = 3.4643 + 3.4639 = 3.4641
2 1 𝑥1 2 3.4643 2

𝑛=2

1 𝑁 1 12 1
𝑥3 = 𝑥 + = 3.4641 + = 3.4641 + 3.4641 = 3.4641
2 2 𝑥2 2 3.4641 2

Required answer is
12 = 3.4641
26
 In general, if pth root is required
𝑥𝑝 − 𝑁 = 0
Here
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑁

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑥 𝑝−1

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 )

𝑥𝑛 𝑝 − 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑝−1

𝑥𝑛 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑝−1 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑝 + 𝑁 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑝 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑝 + 𝑁

𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑝−1
=
𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑝−1

𝑝 − 1 𝑥𝑛 𝑝 + 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑝−1 , 𝑝>1
𝑝𝑥𝑛
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FOR EXAMPLE, 7 = ? Using formula
𝑝 − 1 𝑥𝑛 𝑝 + 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑝−1 , 𝑝>1
𝑝𝑥𝑛
SOLUTION
3 − 1 𝑥𝑛 3 + 7 2 𝑥𝑛 3 + 7
𝑥𝑛+1 = 3−1 =
3𝑥𝑛 3𝑥𝑛 2
𝑛=0
2 𝑥0 3 + 7 2 (1.6)3 +7 15.192
𝑥1 = = = = 1.978125
3𝑥0 2 3(1.6) 2 7.68
𝑛=1

2 𝑥1 3 + 7 2 (1.978125)3 +7 22.48072125
𝑥2 = = = = 1.915056195
3𝑥1 2 3(1.978125)2 11.73893555
𝑛=2

2 𝑥2 3 + 7 2 (1.915056195)3 +7 21.04670827
𝑥3 = = = = 1.91293354
3𝑥2 2 3(1.915056195)2 11.00232069
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 𝑛=3
2 𝑥3 3 + 7 2 (1.91293354)3 +7 21.00005176
𝑥4 = = = = 1.912931183
3𝑥3 2 3(1.91293354)2 10.97794419
𝑛=4
2 𝑥4 3 + 7
𝑥5 = 2 = 1.912931183
3𝑥4

So required root is 1.912931183

CASE 2: Show that the iterative formula for finding the reciprocal of “
“ n ” is
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 (2 − 𝑛 𝑥𝑛 )
Solution Try yourself
1
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑛
𝑥

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 REMARK
➢ When 𝑓′ 𝑥 is very large i.e. when slope is large, then “ h ” will be
small and hence the root can be calculated in even less time.
➢ If we choose the initial approximation 𝑥0 close to the root, then
we get the root of the equation very quickly.
➢ The process will evidently fail if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 is in the neighborhood
of the root. In such cases the regular Falsi method should be used.
➢ If the initial approximation to the root is not given. Choose two
values of 𝑥, say “𝑎” and “𝑏” such that 𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑓 𝑏 are of
opposite sign. If 𝑓 𝑎 < |𝑓 𝑏 | then take “ 𝑎 ” as the initial
approximation.
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EXERCISES

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