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Nama : Nilai

Kelas :

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If droughts, floods and wildfires are the criminal, climate change is the accomplice.
This is how the population must begin regarding global warming, experts said at a session
at the annual American Academy for the Advancement of Science meeting here. Although
extreme weather events, from the creeping drought that scorched last years' corn crop to
Superstorm Sandy, are worrisome, automatically and simplistically tying them to the
scientific phenomenon of climate change could be misleading.
Last year's drought in Texas, for example, could not be specifically tied to climate
change, said John Nielsen-Gammon, the Lone star State's climatologist. Over the past
century there has been an increase in rainfall -not a tendency toward dryness _ over most
of Texas by about 10 percent. "Changing climate has not contributed to the lack of rainfall
over the long term, as of yet," he said. Last year's drought, much like the famed Dust Bowl
drought of the 1930s and another significant drought in the 1950s, is tied to rising sea
surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean_ the weather event known as la Nina. "Until we
see a long -term decrease in rainfall in Texas, it will be hard to say that climate change has
caused a decrease," Nielsen - Gammon said.
Temperatures have rines in Texas, meaning the increased rainfall is being evaporated
at a more rapid rate, he added. But for the drought, which continues to seize more than half
of the lower 48 states, it was a drought accelerant but not the main cause.
1. The following is relevant with the idea of climate changes described in the passage,
except ....
A. Heat can result from ongoing rise of temperature
B. Drought and climate change are mistakenly understood
C. Often high temperatures cause increased rainfall in Texas
D. The lesser rainfall makes the drought spread even greater
E. Drought and rising sea surface temperature are interrelated
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Sometimes experience in other countries can help people to understand their own
identity better. Mahatma Gandhi was born in 1869 at Portandar in Western India. After
studying in India, he dreamt of going to England to study. He was told that his Hindu
religion did not allow voyages abroad. However, Gandhi was very determined and he finally
left for England in 1887. At first, he tried to learn to behave like an English gentleman, but
he soon learnt that it was better to be himself. He studied law in London, qualifying in
1891. He also learnt about other religions.
He returned home to India and worked as a lawyer for two years. After some
problems, he was offered a job in South Africa. Here he experienced racism as a member of
the Indian community. He decided to fight for the rights of Indians using "passive
resistance': He had three main beliefs, namely non-violence, religious tolerance and truth.
When he finally returned to India in 1915, he became a great political leader. During the
fight for independence, he was often put in prison, but his beliefs never changed.
Gandhi had studied in Britain, so he understood the British better that they
understood him. Gandhi's leadership led to independence, but, on Independence Day, 15 '
August, 1947, Gandhi refused to celebrate. He was in favor of Hindu-Muslim unity, but
Muslims and Hindus could not agree, so a separate Muslim state was formed in Pakistan. In
1948, Gandhi started fasting to death as a protest against fighting between India and
Pakistan. He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic on 30" January 1948. India and Pakistan
are still fighting in Kashmir today. The fight for independence was a difficult one, but not as
difficult as the fight for non-violence, religious tolerance, and truth.
2. The following statements are true about Mahatma Gandhi, EXCEPT…
A. Mahatma Gandhi's studying in Britain was against Hinduism principles
B. Mahatma Gandhi believed in non-violence, religious tolerance, and truth
C. Mahatma Gandhi learned and understood about some religions as well
D. Mahatma Gandhi fought hard for unity of his nation
E. Mahatma Gandhi did not like the idea of Hindu-Muslim unity in India

In today's economy vocational jobs are becoming more and more important. This is
why vocational education programs are popular. Vocational education training provides
career and technical education to interested students. These students are prepared as
trainees for jobs; jobs that are based upon manual or practical fields or jobs that are related
to specific trades, occupations, and vocations.
Instructors teach students the knowledge required for their field. Community colleges
have long been offering vocational education. These colleges around the country provide
certificates in various vocational fields. They also offer certain degree programs that focus
on some popular occupations. The vocational field expands each year to include new fields.
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The training for vocational jobs requires less education than four year degree
programs. They are also much less expensive. Instructors at this level of education use
traditional methods of teaching. They use lesson plans, teacher resources, worksheets,
another tools in this process. One difference to other education programs is the on-the-job
training component. Many students will have the opportunity to work in their field while
being educated. Some will be accepted into valuable apprenticeship programs. Some of the
jobs in vocational fields include construction workers, blacksmiths, and steel workers.
Today, there are other great choices of vocational jobs. These include retail, tourism, and
cosmetology. Also, there are some portions of the information technology field taught. This
allows students to decide from a variety of career choices.
The retail field is one of those growing career opportunities. Workers can start as
trainees and then reach management positions. Most retail companies have their own
training programs for specific jobs. These make retail even more welcoming to new
employees. Tourism is also a great field to consider in the vocational field. This area
includes planning trips to being a tour guide.
(Adapted from: http://www.teachnology.com/teachers/vocational_ed/)
3. The following statements are true based on the passage, EXCEPT ....
A. tourism is a potential field in vocational education
B. every year new areas of vocational education are developed
C. on-the-job training is a typical component of vocational education programs
D. retail companies open new opportunities for vocational jobs
E. nowadays young people prefer practical jobs

What will man be like in the future – in 5000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can
only make a guess, of course, but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is
today. From man is slowly changing all the time. Let us take an obvious example. Man, even
five hundred years ago, was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three
inches taller. Five hundred is a relatively short period of time, so we may assume that man
will continue to grow taller. Again, in the modern world, we use our brains a great deal.
Even so, we still make use of only about 20% of the brain capacity. As time goes on,
however, we shall have to use our brains more and more – and eventually we shall need
larger ones! This is likely to bring about a physical change too; the head, in particular the
forehead, will grow larger.
Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often
they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time, it is
likely that man’s eyes will grow stronger. On the other hand, we tend to make less use of
our arms and legs. These, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however,
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our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life. But
what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in the course of
time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future, then, both sexes
are likely to be bald.
Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive
creature to look at! This may well be true. All the same, in spite of these changes, future
man will still have a lot of common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts
and emotions that resemble us.
4. According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE about the man?
A. It takes a few decades for man to be taller.
B. The development of a man's brain does not affect his physical development.
C. Modern people are using the full capacity of their brains.
D. Within a decade, man has become three inches taller.
E. It can be expected that future man will be taller.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of

bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of
the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these
hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing,
chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.
Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the
cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute
bronchoconstriction,
swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The
inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack,
the patient attempts to
compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through
the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume
must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include
bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response
are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also
significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic
reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways,
interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and
thickening of the sub basement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and
enlargement of submucosal glands.
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5. The passage mentions all of the following bodily changes during an asthma attack
EXCEPT
A. severe cramping in the chest.
B. heavy breathing.
C. airways blocked by fluids.
D. constricted airways.
E. microvascular leakage.