Supplementary Material

Does Religion Promote Pro-environmental Behaviour? A

Cross-Country Investigation
1. Religion and Pro-environmental Behaviour: Pooled Data

Table 1: Religion and Willingness to Contribute Money

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTC money WTC money WTC money WTC money
Church attendance 0.012***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.007***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.021***
(0.006)
Active member 0.060***
(0.006)
Not a religious person -0.047***
(0.005)
A convinced atheist -0.072***
(0.010)
Female 0.000 -0.001 0.006 -0.001
(0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.004)
Age -0.000 -0.000 0.001* -0.000
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.003
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Divorced -0.008 -0.012 -0.004 -0.014
(0.009) (0.009) (0.011) (0.010)
Separated -0.008 -0.013 -0.008 -0.010
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.012)
Widowed -0.042*** -0.042*** -0.048*** -0.044***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.010) (0.008)
Single -0.005 -0.007 -0.006 -0.007
(0.005) (0.005) (0.007) (0.005)
Number of children -0.003** -0.002* 0.000 -0.002*
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.016*** 0.017*** 0.018*** 0.017***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.022*** 0.021*** 0.019** 0.024***
(0.007) (0.007) (0.009) (0.007)
Self employed 0.026*** 0.025*** 0.020*** 0.027***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.007) (0.006)
Retired -0.001 -0.002 0.002 -0.001
(0.000) (0.007) (0.009) (0.007)
Housewife 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.008
(0.006) (0.006) (0.008) (0.006)
Students 0.047*** 0.046*** 0.055*** 0.042***
(0.007) (0.007) (0.009) (0.007)
Unemployed 0.001 0.001 -0.004 0.000
(0.006) (0.006) (0.008) (0.006)
Other -0.029** -0.029** -0.017 -0.030**
(0.014) (0.014) (0.017) (0.014)
Income class 0.010*** 0.010*** 0.014*** 0.010***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 86,145 87,191 56,981 85,619

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

1
 Table 2: Religion and Willingness to Accept to Increase in Tax

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase
in Tax in Tax in Tax in Tax
Church attendance 0.009***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.007***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.015***
(0.005)
Active member 0.045***
(0.005)
Not a religious person -0.041***
(0.004)
A convinced atheist -0.042***
(0.008)
Female 0.006* 0.005 0.012*** 0.005
(0.003) (0.003) (0.004) (0.003)
Age -0.002*** -0.002*** -0.002*** -0.002***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square 0.000** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.001 -0.003 0.002 -0.002
(0.006) (0.006) (0.007) (0.006)
Divorced -0.015* -0.017** -0.007 -0.017**
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Separated -0.015 -0.019* -0.019* -0.019*
(0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.010)
Widowed -0.039*** -0.041*** -0.039*** -0.042***
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Single -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Number of children -0.004*** -0.003*** -0.003*** -0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.014*** 0.014*** 0.014*** 0.015***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.013** 0.012** 0.010 0.014**
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Self employed 0.000 -0.002 -0.004 -0.003
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005)
Retired -0.017*** -0.019*** -0.016** -0.018***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.007) (0.006)
Housewife -0.008 -0.010* -0.010 -0.008
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005)
Students 0.035*** 0.034*** 0.032*** 0.028***
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Unemployed 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005)
Other -0.028** -0.026** -0.047*** -0.027**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.011)
Income class 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.011*** 0.008***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 133,843 133,307 105,147 130,585

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

2
 Table 3: Religion and Government’s Role in Environmental Protection

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Government Government Government Government
should pay should pay should pay should pay
Church attendance -0.002***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.000
(0.001)
Inactive member -0.021***
(0.006)
Active member -0.043***
(0.006)
Not a religious person 0.018***
(0.004)
A convinced atheist 0.002
(0.008)
Female 0.010*** 0.008** 0.013*** 0.010***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.004) (0.004)
Age -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.008
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Divorced -0.014 -0.015* -0.022** -0.014
(0.009) (0.009) (0.011) (0.009)
Separated -0.010 -0.007 -0.027* -0.009
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.012)
Widowed 0.023*** 0.021*** 0.019** 0.024***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.008)
Single -0.001 0.000 0.001 0.003
(0.005) (0.005) (0.007) (0.005)
Number of children 0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Highest educational level -0.014*** -0.014*** -0.015*** -0.015***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time -0.011* -0.010 -0.007 -0.009
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Self employed -0.013** -0.012** -0.005 -0.011*
(0.006) (0.006) (0.007) (0.006)
Retired 0.010 0.011 0.015* 0.012*
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Housewife -0.004 -0.003 -0.016** -0.000
(0.006) (0.006) (0.008) (0.006)
Students -0.037*** -0.037*** -0.032*** -0.031***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.010) (0.008)
Unemployed 0.006 0.006 0.000 0.009
(0.006) (0.006) (0.008) (0.006)
Other -0.004 -0.001 0.018 0.001
(0.012) (0.011) (0.013) (0.011)
Income class -0.010*** -0.010*** -0.010*** -0.010***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 86,395 87,446 57,218 85,812

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

3
 Table 4: Religion and Ecological Donation

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Ecological Ecological Ecological Ecological
donation donation donation donation
Church attendance 0.006***
(0.001)
Important of God -0.000
(0.000)
Inactive member 0.032***
(0.004)
Active member 0.056***
(0.004)
Not a religious person -0.011***
(0.003)
A convinced atheist 0.006
(0.005)
Female 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Age 0.001** 0.001** 0.001** 0.001**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.005 -0.007* -0.005 -0.007*
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Divorced 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Separated -0.003 -0.006 -0.003 -0.005
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Widowed -0.008* -0.008* -0.008* -0.007
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Single -0.002 -0.004 -0.002 -0.003
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Number of children -0.001 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.009*** 0.009*** 0.009*** 0.009***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Part time 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Self employed -0.004 -0.004 -0.003 -0.003
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Retired -0.013*** -0.012*** -0.012*** -0.012***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Housewife -0.024*** -0.026*** -0.024*** -0.025***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Students -0.008* -0.007* -0.008* -0.008*
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Unemployed -0.023*** -0.023*** -0.022*** -0.022***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.004)
Other -0.037*** -0.037*** -0.036*** -0.036***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Income class 0.007*** 0.007*** 0.007*** 0.007***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 74,198 74,615 75,488 73,922

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

4
 Table 5: Religion and Environmental Protection Vs Economic Growth

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection
Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth
Church attendance 0.002***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.004***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.006*
(0.004)
Active member 0.024***
(0.004)
Not a religious person -0.019***
(0.003)
A convinced atheist -0.006
(0.006)
Female 0.013*** 0.012*** 0.018*** 0.013***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Age 0.001** 0.001** 0.002*** 0.001**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)
Age square -0.000*** -0.000*** -0.000*** -0.000***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.006 -0.005 0.000 -0.006
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Divorced 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003
(0.006) (0.006) (0.007) (0.006)
Separated -0.003 -0.006 -0.005 -0.006
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.009)
Widowed -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005)
Single 0.003 0.005 0.007* 0.004
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Number of children 0.000 0.001 -0.000 0.000
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.009*** 0.009*** 0.010*** 0.009***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.001 0.001 -0.002 0.002
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Self employed 0.012*** 0.010** 0.016*** 0.012***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.004)
Retired -0.008 -0.009* -0.008 -0.008
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Housewife -0.001 -0.003 -0.007 -0.003
(0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.004)
Students 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.002
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005)
Unemployed -0.027*** -0.027*** -0.033*** -0.026***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.004)
Other -0.007 0.003 -0.007 -0.000
(0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.008)
Income class 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.002*** 0.003***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 212,350 212,995 173,819 207,923

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

5
 Table 6: Religion and Participation in Environmental Demonstration

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental
demonstration demonstration demonstration demonstration
Church attendance 0.004***
(0.000)
Important of God -0.001***
(0.000)
Inactive member 0.018***
(0.003)
Active member 0.036***
(0.003)
Not a religious person -0.002
(0.002)
A convinced atheist 0.010**
(0.005)
Female -0.003* -0.003* -0.003** -0.003*
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age 0.001** 0.001*** 0.001*** 0.001***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Age square -0.000*** -0.000*** -0.000*** -0.000***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.005* 0.003 0.005* 0.004
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Divorced 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Separated 0.003 -0.000 0.002 0.000
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Widowed -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Single 0.004 0.002 0.004* 0.003
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Number of children -0.001** -0.002*** -0.002*** -0.001**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.004***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Part time 0.009*** 0.009*** 0.009*** 0.009***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Self employed -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Retired 0.001 0.002 -0.000 0.002
(0.003) (0.004) (0.003) (0.004)
Housewife -0.012*** -0.013*** -0.012*** -0.013***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Students 0.009*** 0.010*** 0.009*** 0.010***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Unemployed -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003
(0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.003)
Other -0.009** -0.009** -0.008* -0.009**
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Income class 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.003***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Observations 73,800 74,169 75,103 73,476

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

6
2. Religion and Pro-environmental Behaviour By Income Clas-
sification

2.1. Low Income Countries

Table 7: Religion and Willingness to Contribute Money

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTC money WTC money WTC money WTC money
Church attendance 0.017***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.003**
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.036***
(0.011)
Active member 0.068***
(0.011)
Not a religious person -0.091***
(0.011)
A convinced atheist -0.178***
(0.032)
Female -0.019*** -0.017*** -0.002 -0.020***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.009) (0.006)
Age -0.002** -0.002* -0.002 -0.003**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square 0.000* 0.000* 0.000 0.000**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.028* -0.031** -0.028 -0.032**
(0.015) (0.015) (0.021) (0.015)
Divorced -0.029 -0.029 0.007 -0.032
(0.022) (0.023) (0.027) (0.023)
Separated -0.038 -0.040 -0.024 -0.041
(0.026) (0.027) (0.034) (0.028)
Widowed -0.031** -0.029* -0.014 -0.027*
(0.015) (0.016) (0.021) (0.015)
Single -0.021** -0.024** -0.018 -0.025**
(0.010) (0.010) (0.013) (0.010)
Number of children -0.004** -0.004** -0.002 -0.004**
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.010*** 0.011***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time -0.016 -0.018 -0.033 -0.014
(0.013) (0.013) (0.022) (0.013)
Self employed 0.006 0.004 -0.006 0.005
(0.009) (0.009) (0.014) (0.009)
Retired -0.020 -0.018 0.034 -0.021
(0.017) (0.017) (0.024) (0.017)
Housewife -0.014 -0.018 0.003 -0.017
(0.011) (0.011) (0.016) (0.011)
Students -0.020 -0.021 -0.005 -0.022*
(0.013) (0.013) (0.018) (0.013)
Unemployed -0.025** -0.024** -0.024 -0.027**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.015) (0.011)
Other -0.096*** -0.097*** -0.085** -0.103***
(0.023) (0.023) (0.035) (0.023)
Income class 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.007*** 0.005***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 19,789 19,505 9,520 19,212

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

7
 Table 8: Religion and Willingness to Accept to Increase in Tax

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase
in Tax in Tax in Tax in Tax
Church attendance 0.019***
(0.002)
Important of God 0.005***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.008
(0.011)
Active member 0.062***
(0.011)
Not a religious person -0.054***
(0.010)
A convinced atheist -0.064***
(0.024)
Female -0.017** -0.013** -0.005 -0.013**
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Age -0.005*** -0.005*** -0.007*** -0.005***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.042** -0.044** -0.007 -0.042**
(0.017) (0.017) (0.022) (0.017)
Divorced 0.003 0.000 0.037 0.003
(0.021) (0.021) (0.024) (0.021)
Separated -0.037 -0.044 -0.036 -0.046
(0.029) (0.029) (0.035) (0.029)
Widowed -0.062*** -0.061*** -0.040** -0.063***
(0.016) (0.016) (0.019) (0.016)
Single -0.010 -0.014 -0.007 -0.011
(0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.010)
Number of children -0.002 -0.002 0.002 -0.002
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.012*** 0.012***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Part time -0.001 0.001 -0.007 0.002
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.012)
Self employed -0.026*** -0.026*** -0.028** -0.026***
(0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.010)
Retired -0.019 -0.016 -0.030 -0.016
(0.016) (0.016) (0.020) (0.016)
Housewife -0.023** -0.028** -0.002 -0.026**
(0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.012)
Students -0.009 -0.010 0.009 -0.012
(0.013) (0.013) (0.016) (0.013)
Unemployed -0.022** -0.019* 0.003 -0.021*
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.011)
Other -0.026 -0.033* -0.076*** -0.036*
(0.019) (0.020) (0.026) (0.020)
Income class 0.006*** 0.006*** 0.007*** 0.005***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 27,808 27,514 17,733 26,931

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

8
 Table 9: Religion and Government’s Role in Environmental Protection

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Government Government Government Government
should pay should pay should pay should pay
Church attendance -0.006***
(0.002)
Important of God 0.002
(0.002)
Inactive member -0.071***
(0.017)
Active member -0.074***
(0.016)
Not a religious person 0.028**
(0.011)
A convinced atheist 0.037*
(0.021)
Female 0.023*** 0.021*** 0.025** 0.023***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.011) (0.008)
Age -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Age square 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.020 0.025 -0.046* 0.018
(0.017) (0.017) (0.026) (0.017)
Divorced -0.016 -0.017 -0.073* -0.013
(0.027) (0.027) (0.040) (0.027)
Separated -0.009 -0.007 -0.027 -0.018
(0.031) (0.031) (0.042) (0.032)
Widowed 0.037** 0.029 0.016 0.035*
(0.018) (0.019) (0.027) (0.018)
Single 0.013 0.017 0.017 0.015
(0.012) (0.012) (0.017) (0.012)
Number of children 0.005** 0.005** -0.001 0.005**
(0.002) (0.002) (0.004) (0.002)
Highest educational level -0.008*** -0.007*** -0.009*** -0.008***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Part time 0.033** 0.036** 0.015 0.037**
(0.015) (0.015) (0.025) (0.015)
Self employed 0.012 0.014 0.034** 0.012
(0.011) (0.011) (0.017) (0.011)
Retired 0.007 0.006 -0.010 0.005
(0.019) (0.020) (0.031) (0.020)
Housewife 0.016 0.018 -0.024 0.018
(0.014) (0.014) (0.022) (0.014)
Students 0.000 0.001 0.011 -0.001
(0.015) (0.015) (0.023) (0.015)
Unemployed 0.025** 0.024* 0.014 0.025**
(0.012) (0.012) (0.019) (0.013)
Other 0.039** 0.040** 0.070*** 0.038**
(0.018) (0.018) (0.025) (0.018)
Income class -0.006*** -0.006*** -0.007** -0.006***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)

Observations 19,729 19,462 9,543 19,147

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

9
 Table 10: Religion and Ecological Donation

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Ecological Ecological Ecological Ecological
donation donation donation donation
Church attendance 0.006***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.002**
(0.001)
Inactive member -0.001
(0.005)
Active member 0.020***
(0.006)
Not a religious person -0.006
(0.008)
A convinced atheist -0.015
(0.012)
Female -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.003
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Age 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.002** 0.003***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000** -0.000** -0.000* -0.000**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.005
(0.007) (0.008) (0.008) (0.007)
Divorced -0.010 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
Separated -0.026*** -0.028*** -0.028*** -0.028***
(0.008) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Widowed -0.012 -0.014* -0.014* -0.014*
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Single 0.019*** 0.018** 0.017** 0.018**
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Number of children -0.004** -0.004** -0.004** -0.004**
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.002** 0.002** 0.002** 0.002**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time -0.003 -0.002 -0.004 -0.004
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Self employed -0.022*** -0.021*** -0.021*** -0.022***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Retired -0.016** -0.016** -0.016** -0.016**
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Housewife -0.017*** -0.019*** -0.018*** -0.019***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Students -0.034*** -0.036*** -0.035*** -0.036***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Unemployed -0.027*** -0.028*** -0.027*** -0.028***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Other -0.024*** -0.026*** -0.026*** -0.026***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Income class 0.007*** 0.006*** 0.006*** 0.007***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 5,477 5,474 5,478 5,476

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

10
 Table 11: Religion and Environmental Protection Vs Economic Growth

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection
Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth
Church attendance 0.004**
(0.002)
Important of God 0.002*
(0.001)
Inactive member -0.018*
(0.011)
Active member -0.005
(0.011)
Not a religious person 0.001
(0.010)
A convinced atheist -0.060***
(0.018)
Female -0.009 -0.009 -0.003 -0.010
(0.006) (0.006) (0.008) (0.006)
Age -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.000
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.006 0.008 0.013 0.007
(0.015) (0.016) (0.019) (0.016)
Divorced 0.006 0.007 0.016 0.002
(0.021) (0.021) (0.025) (0.021)
Separated 0.003 -0.000 -0.019 -0.006
(0.024) (0.024) (0.029) (0.024)
Widowed 0.007 0.016 0.022 0.013
(0.015) (0.015) (0.018) (0.015)
Single 0.014 0.016* 0.032*** 0.012
(0.009) (0.009) (0.012) (0.010)
Number of children 0.005** 0.005*** 0.010*** 0.005***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.006*** 0.005***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Part time 0.000 -0.003 -0.007 0.000
(0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.012)
Self employed -0.009 -0.011 -0.013 -0.009
(0.009) (0.009) (0.011) (0.009)
Retired -0.024 -0.024 -0.052*** -0.022
(0.015) (0.015) (0.018) (0.016)
Housewife 0.017 0.015 0.005 0.016
(0.011) (0.011) (0.014) (0.011)
Students 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.002
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.012)
Unemployed -0.023** -0.022** -0.030** -0.022**
(0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.010)
Other -0.032** -0.032** -0.076*** -0.039***
(0.015) (0.015) (0.018) (0.015)
Income class 0.001 0.001 -0.004** 0.001
(0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 33,860 34,259 22,751 33,011

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

11
 Table 12: Religion and Participation in Environmental Demonstration

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental
demonstration demonstration demonstration demonstration
Church attendance 0.003***
(0.001)
Important of God -0.000
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.031***
(0.009)
Active member 0.025***
(0.008)
Not a religious person 0.001
(0.010)
A convinced atheist -0.019
(0.014)
Female -0.009* -0.009* -0.009* -0.008*
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Age 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Divorced -0.012 -0.013 -0.012 -0.013
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Separated -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012
(0.012) (0.012) (0.011) (0.012)
Widowed 0.003 0.002 0.003 -0.001
(0.012) (0.012) (0.011) (0.011)
Single 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.004
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Number of children -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.002* 0.002* 0.002* 0.002*
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.005
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Self employed -0.004 -0.003 -0.004 -0.003
(0.006) (0.006) (0.005) (0.006)
Retired -0.028*** -0.028*** -0.028*** -0.028***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Housewife -0.020*** -0.021*** -0.021*** -0.022***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Students -0.019*** -0.020*** -0.021*** -0.020***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Unemployed -0.015*** -0.015** -0.015*** -0.015***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.005) (0.006)
Other -0.012 -0.013 -0.015 -0.013
(0.013) (0.013) (0.011) (0.012)
Income class 0.002* 0.003* 0.002* 0.002*
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 5,430 5,428 5,431 5,429

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

12
2.2. Lower Middle Income Countries

Table 13: Religion and Willingness to Contribute Money

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTC money WTC money WTC money WTC money
Church attendance 0.014***
(0.002)
Important of God 0.003*
(0.002)
Inactive member -0.001
(0.013)
Active member 0.045***
(0.013)
Not a religious person -0.033***
(0.010)
A convinced atheist -0.022
(0.024)
Female 0.009 0.007 0.015 0.005
(0.008) (0.007) (0.009) (0.007)
Age -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.008 0.007 -0.013 0.010
(0.014) (0.013) (0.017) (0.013)
Divorced 0.008 0.001 -0.004 0.005
(0.024) (0.024) (0.029) (0.023)
Separated -0.033 -0.035 -0.061 -0.031
(0.031) (0.030) (0.042) (0.030)
Widowed -0.037** -0.040*** -0.037** -0.043***
(0.016) (0.015) (0.018) (0.015)
Single -0.010 -0.007 -0.016 -0.008
(0.011) (0.011) (0.014) (0.011)
Number of children -0.002 -0.001 0.003 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.014*** 0.014*** 0.015*** 0.014***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.013 0.006 0.002 0.012
(0.014) (0.014) (0.018) (0.014)
Self employed 0.013 0.006 -0.009 0.012
(0.011) (0.011) (0.014) (0.011)
Retired -0.011 -0.011 -0.005 -0.010
(0.016) (0.016) (0.020) (0.016)
Housewife 0.006 -0.008 -0.017 -0.006
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.011)
Students 0.064*** 0.059*** 0.063*** 0.062***
(0.015) (0.015) (0.019) (0.015)
Unemployed 0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004
(0.011) (0.011) (0.016) (0.011)
Other -0.065** -0.075** -0.066* -0.068**
(0.033) (0.032) (0.034) (0.031)
Income class 0.012*** 0.013*** 0.016*** 0.012***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 21,816 22,606 15,274 23,087

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

13
 Table 14: Religion and Willingness to Accept to Increase in Tax

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase
in Tax in Tax in Tax in Tax
Church attendance 0.009***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.008***
(0.001)
Inactive member -0.004
(0.009)
Active member 0.005
(0.010)
Not a religious person -0.037***
(0.007)
A convinced atheist -0.036*
(0.019)
Female 0.010* 0.009 0.014** 0.009
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Age -0.003** -0.003** -0.003*** -0.003**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square 0.000* 0.000** 0.000** 0.000*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.002 -0.003 -0.007 -0.002
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Divorced -0.034** -0.036** -0.034** -0.031*
(0.016) (0.016) (0.017) (0.016)
Separated -0.040** -0.041** -0.044** -0.044**
(0.020) (0.020) (0.022) (0.020)
Widowed -0.059*** -0.065*** -0.060*** -0.063***
(0.012) (0.012) (0.013) (0.012)
Single -0.006 -0.007 -0.009 -0.008
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.009)
Number of children -0.006*** -0.005** -0.005** -0.005**
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.010*** 0.011***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.017 0.012 0.011 0.013
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Self employed -0.005 -0.007 -0.012 -0.008
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.009)
Retired -0.020* -0.021* -0.016 -0.017
(0.012) (0.012) (0.013) (0.012)
Housewife -0.003 -0.009 -0.014 -0.009
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.009)
Students 0.035*** 0.031** 0.034** 0.032**
(0.013) (0.013) (0.015) (0.013)
Unemployed -0.006 -0.009 -0.009 -0.008
(0.009) (0.009) (0.011) (0.009)
Other -0.044** -0.051** -0.048** -0.048**
(0.021) (0.021) (0.021) (0.020)
Income class 0.012*** 0.012*** 0.014*** 0.012***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 39,994 40,508 33,793 40,437

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

14
 Table 15: Religion and Government’s Role in Environmental Protection

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Government Government Government Government
should pay should pay should pay should pay
Church attendance -0.001
(0.001)
Important of God -0.002
(0.002)
Inactive member 0.038***
(0.010)
Active member -0.011
(0.011)
Not a religious person 0.008
(0.008)
A convinced atheist 0.005
(0.016)
Female 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.004
(0.006) (0.006) (0.007) (0.006)
Age 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square 0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.012 -0.012 -0.002 -0.009
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.012)
Divorced 0.002 -0.007 -0.001 -0.010
(0.022) (0.022) (0.025) (0.023)
Separated -0.029 -0.023 -0.033 -0.026
(0.025) (0.026) (0.035) (0.027)
Widowed 0.010 0.007 0.014 0.009
(0.013) (0.013) (0.014) (0.014)
Single -0.011 -0.010 0.004 -0.007
(0.009) (0.009) (0.011) (0.010)
Number of children -0.000 -0.000 0.001 -0.000
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level -0.008*** -0.008*** -0.007*** -0.008***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time -0.005 0.001 0.015 0.002
(0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.012)
Self employed 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.004
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.009)
Retired -0.000 0.002 0.005 0.005
(0.014) (0.014) (0.015) (0.014)
Housewife -0.004 -0.004 0.001 0.005
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Students -0.024* -0.024* -0.038** -0.021
(0.014) (0.014) (0.018) (0.014)
Unemployed 0.008 0.009 -0.013 0.014
(0.009) (0.009) (0.013) (0.009)
Other 0.001 0.020 0.023 0.026
(0.026) (0.024) (0.023) (0.024)
Income class -0.006*** -0.008*** -0.009*** -0.007***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 21,956 22,744 15,351 23,203

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

15
 Table 16: Religion and Ecological Donation

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Ecological Ecological Ecological Ecological
donation donation donation donation
Church attendance 0.003***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.008***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.027***
(0.008)
Active member 0.038***
(0.009)
Not a religious person -0.025***
(0.006)
A convinced atheist -0.001
(0.015)
Female 0.015*** 0.012** 0.017*** 0.013***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005)
Age -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.033*** -0.034*** -0.023* -0.031***
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Divorced 0.000 -0.004 -0.009 -0.011
(0.014) (0.014) (0.015) (0.014)
Separated 0.024 0.016 0.028 0.019
(0.020) (0.020) (0.022) (0.020)
Widowed -0.011 -0.014 -0.012 -0.010
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Single -0.009 -0.007 -0.000 -0.006
(0.007) (0.007) (0.009) (0.007)
Number of children -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.005*** 0.004*** 0.005*** 0.005***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.010 0.010 -0.004 0.009
(0.009) (0.009) (0.011) (0.009)
Self employed 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.008
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Retired 0.006 0.004 0.014 0.006
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Housewife 0.011 0.009 0.002 0.009
(0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.008)
Students -0.010 -0.008 -0.023* -0.009
(0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.011)
Unemployed -0.009 -0.008 -0.008 -0.006
(0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.008)
Other -0.002 0.009 0.009 0.007
(0.015) (0.014) (0.016) (0.015)
Income class 0.003*** 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.003***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 59,548 61,079 44,866 59,874

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

16
 Table 17: Religion and Environmental Protection Vs Economic Growth

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection
Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth
Church attendance 0.006***
(0.001)
Important of God -0.002***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.053***
(0.013)
Active member 0.049***
(0.012)
Not a religious person -0.004
(0.006)
A convinced atheist 0.014
(0.025)
Female -0.004 -0.002 -0.002 -0.005
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Age 0.002** 0.002*** 0.002** 0.002*
(0.001) (0.000) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000** -0.000*** -0.000* -0.000*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.003
(0.011) (0.011) (0.000) (0.011)
Divorced 0.005 0.002 0.008 0.008
(0.014) (0.013) (0.014) (0.014)
Separated -0.015 -0.017 -0.012 -0.014
(0.015) (0.013) (0.014) (0.015)
Widowed -0.016* -0.016*** -0.015* -0.012
(0.008) (0.006) (0.009) (0.010)
Single -0.007 -0.005 -0.004 -0.006
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Number of children 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.007 0.008 0.006*** 0.006***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.002)
Part time 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.003
(0.007) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Self employed -0.012*** -0.012*** -0.011** -0.011*
(0.005) (0.002) (0.005) (0.006)
Retired -0.009 -0.008 -0.006 -0.006
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Housewife -0.034*** -0.035 -0.032*** -0.033**
(0.001) (0.000) (0.008) (0.013)
Students -0.009 -0.008 -0.010 -0.009
(0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007)
Unemployed -0.016*** -0.019 -0.015** -0.015**
(0.005) (0.000) (0.006) (0.008)
Other -0.055 -0.054 -0.051*** -0.052***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.012) (0.020)
Income class 0.009 0.008*** 0.009***
(0.000) (0.002) (0.003)

Observations 15,230 16,349 16,242 16,151

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

17
 Table 18: Religion and Participation in Environmental Demonstration

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental
demonstration demonstration demonstration demonstration
Church attendance 0.009***
(0.001)
Important of God -0.003***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.035***
(0.007)
Active member 0.070***
(0.008)
Not a religious person 0.001
(0.006)
A convinced atheist -0.010
(0.020)
Female -0.017*** -0.016*** -0.014*** -0.016***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Age 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.026* 0.024* 0.027* 0.018
(0.015) (0.015) (0.015) (0.014)
Divorced 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005
(0.016) (0.015) (0.014) (0.015)
Separated 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.004
(0.022) (0.021) (0.021) (0.022)
Widowed -0.025*** -0.024*** -0.025*** -0.023***
(0.009) (0.009) (0.008) (0.009)
Single -0.009 -0.007 -0.005 -0.007
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Number of children -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.005***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.014* 0.014* 0.012 0.013*
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Self employed -0.005 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Retired -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.003
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.011)
Housewife -0.011* -0.013** -0.012** -0.013**
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Students 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.008
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Unemployed -0.002 0.000 0.000 -0.001
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.000)
Other -0.016** -0.013* -0.013* -0.014*
(0.007) (0.008) (0.007) (0.008)
Income class 0.009*** 0.010*** 0.009*** 0.010***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 14,998 16,079 16,019 15,890

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

18
3. Upper Middle Income Countries

Table 19: Religion and Willingness to Contribute Money

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTC money WTC money WTC money WTC money
Church attendance 0.009***
(0.002)
Important of God 0.006***
(0.002)
Inactive member 0.028**
(0.014)
Active member 0.064***
(0.014)
Not a religious person -0.052***
(0.011)
A convinced atheist -0.089***
(0.028)
Female 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.008
(0.008) (0.008) (0.010) (0.008)
Age 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.006 0.005 0.022 0.003
(0.014) (0.015) (0.017) (0.015)
Divorced -0.042* -0.043* -0.037 -0.053**
(0.022) (0.022) (0.026) (0.023)
Separated 0.002 -0.003 0.011 0.000
(0.023) (0.023) (0.031) (0.023)
Widowed -0.065*** -0.061*** -0.089*** -0.065***
(0.017) (0.017) (0.021) (0.017)
Single -0.010 -0.011 -0.016 -0.012
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.012)
Number of children 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Highest educational level 0.012*** 0.012*** 0.015*** 0.012***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Part time 0.030** 0.033** 0.015 0.035**
(0.015) (0.015) (0.020) (0.015)
Self employed 0.004 0.006 0.012 0.006
(0.013) (0.013) (0.017) (0.014)
Retired -0.003 -0.002 -0.015 -0.002
(0.015) (0.015) (0.018) (0.015)
Housewife 0.003 0.006 -0.009 0.005
(0.013) (0.013) (0.017) (0.013)
Students 0.047*** 0.045*** 0.042** 0.049***
(0.017) (0.017) (0.020) (0.017)
Unemployed 0.001 0.004 -0.014 0.003
(0.013) (0.013) (0.016) (0.013)
Other 0.004 0.007 -0.010 -0.001
(0.042) (0.042) (0.048) (0.042)
Income class 0.012*** 0.013*** 0.015*** 0.012***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 19,159 19,092 13,685 18,851

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

19
 Table 20: Religion and Willingness to Accept to Increase in Tax

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase WTA increase
in Tax in Tax in Tax in Tax
Church attendance 0.009***
(0.002)
Important of God 0.004***
(0.002)
Inactive member 0.035***
(0.010)
Active member 0.060***
(0.010)
Not a religious person -0.055***
(0.009)
A convinced atheist -0.066***
(0.021)
Female 0.016** 0.016** 0.021*** 0.014**
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Age -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.003 -0.008 0.005 -0.004
(0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.012)
Divorced -0.065*** -0.066*** -0.048** -0.066***
(0.017) (0.017) (0.019) (0.018)
Separated 0.005 0.002 -0.004 0.004
(0.019) (0.019) (0.022) (0.019)
Widowed -0.021 -0.016 -0.020 -0.020
(0.014) (0.014) (0.015) (0.014)
Single -0.026*** -0.026*** -0.027** -0.027***
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Number of children -0.004* -0.004* -0.005* -0.004*
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.007*** 0.007*** 0.009*** 0.007***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Part time 0.009 0.012 0.006 0.015
(0.013) (0.013) (0.015) (0.013)
Self employed -0.016 -0.014 -0.016 -0.016
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.012)
Retired -0.042*** -0.042*** -0.054*** -0.043***
(0.013) (0.013) (0.014) (0.013)
Housewife -0.020* -0.018 -0.042*** -0.017
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Students 0.024 0.021 0.012 0.023
(0.015) (0.015) (0.016) (0.015)
Unemployed 0.003 0.002 -0.006 0.007
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Other -0.031 -0.033 -0.073* -0.036
(0.041) (0.040) (0.043) (0.041)
Income class 0.012*** 0.012*** 0.013*** 0.012***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)

Observations 28,759 28,625 23,296 28,263

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

20
 Table 21: Religion and Government’s Role in Environmental Protection

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Government Government Government Government
should pay should pay should pay should pay
Church attendance 0.001
(0.002)
Important of God 0.001
(0.002)
Inactive member -0.009
(0.011)
Active member -0.016
(0.012)
Not a religious person 0.012
(0.009)
A convinced atheist 0.017
(0.021)
Female 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.004
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Age 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square -0.000* -0.000* -0.000 -0.000*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.015 0.016 0.019 0.014
(0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.012)
Divorced -0.021 -0.021 -0.027 -0.022
(0.019) (0.019) (0.022) (0.019)
Separated -0.014 -0.014 -0.043 -0.018
(0.019) (0.019) (0.027) (0.020)
Widowed 0.008 0.011 0.006 0.010
(0.014) (0.014) (0.017) (0.014)
Single -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.004
(0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.010)
Number of children -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.002
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level -0.012*** -0.011*** -0.006*** -0.012***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Part time -0.026* -0.025* 0.004 -0.025*
(0.014) (0.014) (0.016) (0.014)
Self employed -0.003 0.000 0.008 0.002
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.011)
Retired 0.012 0.013 0.022 0.013
(0.013) (0.013) (0.015) (0.013)
Housewife -0.015 -0.013 -0.014 -0.012
(0.011) (0.011) (0.014) (0.011)
Students -0.029* -0.028* -0.026 -0.029*
(0.015) (0.015) (0.017) (0.015)
Unemployed -0.015 -0.012 -0.008 -0.015
(0.012) (0.012) (0.013) (0.012)
Other -0.037 -0.030 -0.025 -0.032
(0.040) (0.039) (0.039) (0.039)
Income class -0.012*** -0.012*** -0.009*** -0.012***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)

Observations 19,202 19,126 13,748 18,884

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

21
 Table 22: Religion and Ecological Donation

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Ecological Ecological Ecological Ecological
donation donation donation donation
Church attendance 0.005***
(0.001)
Important of God -0.001*
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.031***
(0.006)
Active member 0.067***
(0.007)
Not a religious person -0.012***
(0.004)
A convinced atheist 0.007
(0.010)
Female -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Age 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.013** -0.016*** -0.013** -0.015***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Divorced -0.003 -0.007 -0.003 -0.002
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Separated 0.000 -0.004 0.001 -0.001
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Widowed 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.005
(0.008) (0.008) (0.007) (0.008)
Single -0.011** -0.015*** -0.012*** -0.012***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005)
Number of children 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.006***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.008
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Self employed 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.007
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Retired -0.015** -0.014** -0.013** -0.014**
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Housewife -0.015*** -0.019*** -0.016*** -0.018***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Students 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011
(0.007) (0.008) (0.007) (0.008)
Unemployed -0.008 -0.009* -0.007 -0.008
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Other -0.014 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010
(0.015) (0.016) (0.015) (0.016)
Income class 0.004*** 0.005*** 0.004*** 0.005***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 31,577 31,255 31,869 31,083

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

22
 Table 23: Religion and Environmental Protection Vs Economic Growth

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection
Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth
Church attendance 0.005***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.005***
(0.001)
Inactive member -0.010
(0.007)
Active member 0.003
(0.007)
Not a religious person -0.005
(0.006)
A convinced atheist -0.022
(0.014)
Female 0.013*** 0.010** 0.016*** 0.013***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Age 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married -0.011 -0.009 -0.007 -0.010
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Divorced -0.006 -0.008 -0.013 -0.012
(0.011) (0.012) (0.012) (0.012)
Separated -0.036** -0.035** -0.040*** -0.035**
(0.014) (0.014) (0.015) (0.014)
Widowed -0.007 -0.008 -0.011 -0.009
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Single -0.011 -0.011 -0.016** -0.011
(0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Number of children -0.003** -0.003** -0.005*** -0.003**
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.009*** 0.009*** 0.009*** 0.009***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time -0.016* -0.016* -0.018** -0.014
(0.008) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Self employed 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Retired -0.003 -0.003 -0.008 -0.002
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.009)
Housewife -0.021*** -0.019*** -0.024*** -0.022***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Students 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.009
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Unemployed -0.033*** -0.032*** -0.036*** -0.030***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Other -0.030 -0.018 -0.028 -0.028
(0.025) (0.026) (0.026) (0.025)
Income class 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.005*** 0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 60,657 60,171 54,983 59,539

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

23
 Table 24: Religion and Participation in Environmental Demonstration

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental
demonstration demonstration demonstration demonstration
Church attendance 0.004***
(0.001)
Important of God -0.001**
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.017***
(0.004)
Active member 0.037***
(0.005)
Not a religious person -0.004
(0.003)
A convinced atheist 0.012
(0.009)
Female -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 0.000
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Age 0.001** 0.001** 0.001** 0.001***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Age square -0.000** -0.000** -0.000** -0.000**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.002 -0.000 0.002 0.001
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Divorced -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Separated -0.001 -0.005 -0.002 -0.004
(0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007)
Widowed -0.007 -0.008 -0.006 -0.006
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.006)
Single 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.003
(0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.004)
Number of children -0.002** -0.003*** -0.002*** -0.002**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.003***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.008* 0.008* 0.008* 0.008*
(0.004) (0.005) (0.004) (0.005)
Self employed 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Retired 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.004
(0.005) (0.006) (0.005) (0.006)
Housewife -0.015*** -0.017*** -0.015*** -0.017***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Students 0.018*** 0.018*** 0.019*** 0.020***
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Unemployed -0.003 -0.003 -0.002 -0.004
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Other -0.014* -0.016* -0.013 -0.014*
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.009)
Income class 0.002*** 0.002*** 0.002*** 0.002***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 31,553 31,231 31,847 31,052

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

24
4. High Income Countries

Table 25: Religion and Willingness to Contribute Money

(1) (2) (3) (4)

WTC money WTC money WTC money WTC money
Church attendance 0.010***
(0.002)
Important of God 0.011***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.018*
(0.011)
Active member 0.060***
(0.012)
Not a religious person -0.026***
(0.008)
A convinced atheist -0.049***
(0.014)
Female 0.005 -0.001 0.002 0.003
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Age 0.002* 0.001 0.004*** 0.003**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square -0.000 -0.000 -0.000* -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.030** 0.024* 0.024* 0.026**
(0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.013)
Divorced 0.011 0.008 0.013 0.006
(0.014) (0.014) (0.016) (0.014)
Separated 0.008 0.002 0.007 0.006
(0.020) (0.020) (0.024) (0.021)
Widowed -0.030** -0.033** -0.027 -0.029*
(0.015) (0.015) (0.017) (0.015)
Single 0.018* 0.014 0.021* 0.015
(0.010) (0.010) (0.013) (0.011)
Number of children -0.005** -0.005* -0.003 -0.004
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Highest educational level 0.026*** 0.028*** 0.031*** 0.029***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Part time 0.044*** 0.047*** 0.051*** 0.051***
(0.011) (0.011) (0.014) (0.012)
Self employed 0.051*** 0.052*** 0.056*** 0.057***
(0.012) (0.012) (0.014) (0.012)
Retired 0.010 0.008 0.018 0.013
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.013)
Housewife 0.013 0.017 0.029* 0.026**
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.012)
Students 0.116*** 0.116*** 0.108*** 0.101***
(0.013) (0.014) (0.017) (0.015)
Unemployed 0.007 0.012 -0.002 0.014
(0.014) (0.014) (0.017) (0.014)
Other 0.048** 0.054** 0.065** 0.058***
(0.023) (0.023) (0.027) (0.023)
Income class 0.012*** 0.012*** 0.016*** 0.013***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 25,273 25,880 18,457 24,362

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

25
 Table 26: Religion and Willingness to Accept to Increase in Tax

Church attendance 0.004***

(0.001)
Important of God 0.008***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.021***
(0.008)
Active member 0.046***
(0.009)
Not a religious person -0.019***
(0.007)
A convinced atheist -0.017
(0.012)
Female 0.014** 0.008 0.013** 0.011*
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Age 0.003*** 0.003** 0.003*** 0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000* -0.000 -0.000* -0.000*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.022** 0.025** 0.022* 0.025**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Divorced 0.020 0.018 0.021 0.017
(0.012) (0.012) (0.013) (0.012)
Separated -0.002 -0.008 -0.004 -0.005
(0.018) (0.019) (0.020) (0.019)
Widowed -0.008 -0.013 -0.016 -0.010
(0.012) (0.013) (0.014) (0.013)
Single 0.025*** 0.022** 0.023** 0.025***
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.009)
Number of children -0.004** -0.005** -0.004* -0.004*
(0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.025*** 0.026*** 0.027*** 0.027***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Part time 0.033*** 0.035*** 0.037*** 0.038***
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Self employed 0.034*** 0.025** 0.032*** 0.024**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Retired 0.014 0.011 0.018 0.011
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Housewife -0.006 -0.002 -0.001 0.003
(0.010) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Students 0.101*** 0.104*** 0.078*** 0.084***
(0.012) (0.013) (0.015) (0.014)
Unemployed 0.015 0.021* 0.009 0.022*
(0.012) (0.012) (0.013) (0.012)
Other -0.028 -0.009 -0.014 -0.009
(0.020) (0.020) (0.023) (0.020)
Income class 0.010*** 0.010*** 0.011*** 0.010***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 37,109 36,510 30,213 34,806

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

26
 Table 27: Religion and Government’s Role in Environmental Protection

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Government Government Government Government
should pay should pay should pay should pay
Church attendance -0.003
(0.002)
Important of God -0.001
(0.001)
Inactive member -0.040***
(0.011)
Active member -0.078***
(0.013)
Not a religious person 0.025***
(0.008)
A convinced atheist -0.012
(0.013)
Female 0.011 0.010 0.018** 0.012*
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
Age -0.002* -0.002* -0.006*** -0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
Age square 0.000 0.000 0.000** 0.000*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.008 0.006 0.001 0.009
(0.013) (0.013) (0.015) (0.013)
Divorced -0.017 -0.017 -0.020 -0.012
(0.015) (0.014) (0.017) (0.015)
Separated 0.005 0.007 -0.016 0.011
(0.023) (0.022) (0.026) (0.022)
Widowed 0.032** 0.030* 0.020 0.030*
(0.015) (0.015) (0.018) (0.015)
Single -0.004 -0.001 -0.010 0.004
(0.011) (0.011) (0.013) (0.011)
Number of children 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.003
(0.003) (0.003) (0.004) (0.003)
Highest educational level -0.035*** -0.036*** -0.039*** -0.038***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Part time -0.033*** -0.038*** -0.039*** -0.036***
(0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.013)
Self employed -0.028** -0.033** -0.033** -0.029**
(0.013) (0.013) (0.016) (0.013)
Retired 0.015 0.015 0.017 0.015
(0.013) (0.013) (0.015) (0.013)
Housewife 0.008 0.006 -0.001 0.004
(0.013) (0.013) (0.016) (0.013)
Students -0.095*** -0.094*** -0.077*** -0.068***
(0.017) (0.017) (0.020) (0.018)
Unemployed 0.026* 0.028* 0.048*** 0.031**
(0.015) (0.014) (0.017) (0.015)
Other -0.036 -0.038 -0.025 -0.036
(0.025) (0.025) (0.030) (0.025)
Income class -0.012*** -0.012*** -0.012*** -0.012***
(0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002)

Observations 25,403 26,009 18,533 24,474

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

27
 Table 28: Religion and Ecological Donation

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Ecological Ecological Ecological Ecological
donation donation donation donation
Church attendance 0.007***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.001
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.041***
(0.008)
Active member 0.052***
(0.010)
Not a religious person -0.018***
(0.007)
A convinced atheist 0.010
(0.011)
Female 0.019*** 0.019*** 0.018*** 0.020***
(0.005) (0.006) (0.005) (0.006)
Age 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.001 -0.001 0.002 -0.002
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Divorced 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004
(0.012) (0.012) (0.012) (0.012)
Separated 0.010 0.007 0.009 0.006
(0.020) (0.020) (0.019) (0.020)
Widowed -0.015 -0.015 -0.013 -0.017
(0.011) (0.012) (0.011) (0.011)
Single 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.000
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Number of children -0.002 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.018*** 0.018*** 0.018*** 0.018***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.000 0.001 0.001 -0.000
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Self employed 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.004
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.012)
Retired -0.013 -0.013 -0.013 -0.014
(0.009) (0.010) (0.009) (0.010)
Housewife -0.024** -0.024** -0.024** -0.023**
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Students -0.006 -0.005 -0.007 -0.008
(0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
Unemployed -0.059*** -0.061*** -0.060*** -0.058***
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
Other -0.015 -0.014 -0.015 -0.013
(0.018) (0.019) (0.018) (0.019)
Income class 0.010*** 0.010*** 0.010*** 0.010***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 21,480 21,104 21,465 20,778

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

28
 Table 29: Religion and Environmental Protection Vs Economic Growth

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection Env’t Protection
Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth Vs Eco Growth
Church attendance 0.003***
(0.001)
Important of God 0.004***
(0.001)
Inactive member 0.018***
(0.006)
Active member 0.043***
(0.007)
Not a religious person -0.025***
(0.005)
A convinced atheist -0.005
(0.009)
Female 0.023*** 0.021*** 0.027*** 0.025***
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Age 0.003*** 0.004*** 0.005*** 0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Age square -0.000*** -0.000*** -0.000*** -0.000***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.019** 0.021** 0.016* 0.019**
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Divorced 0.027*** 0.026*** 0.025** 0.024**
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Separated 0.020 0.013 0.025 0.015
(0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016)
Widowed 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.000
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Single 0.020*** 0.021*** 0.021*** 0.020***
(0.007) (0.007) (0.008) (0.008)
Number of children -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Highest educational level 0.021*** 0.021*** 0.021*** 0.021***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.013 0.015* 0.016* 0.013
(0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.008)
Self employed 0.034*** 0.024** 0.033*** 0.027***
(0.009) (0.009) (0.010) (0.010)
Retired -0.005 -0.007 0.000 -0.005
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Housewife -0.006 -0.007 -0.006 -0.008
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Students 0.034*** 0.037*** 0.029** 0.026**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.012) (0.011)
Unemployed -0.032*** -0.033*** -0.042*** -0.037***
(0.010) (0.010) (0.011) (0.010)
Other -0.016 -0.006 -0.008 -0.007
(0.016) (0.016) (0.017) (0.016)
Income class 0.004*** 0.003*** 0.002 0.003***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 57,583 56,800 50,977 54,859

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

29
 Table 30: Religion and Participation in Environmental Demonstration

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental
demonstration demonstration demonstration demonstration
Church attendance 0.002***
(0.001)
Important of God -0.000
(0.000)
Inactive member 0.006*
(0.003)
Active member 0.016***
(0.004)
Not a religious person -0.000
(0.003)
A convinced atheist 0.008
(0.005)
Female 0.004* 0.005** 0.004* 0.004*
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Age -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Age square 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Living together as married 0.004 0.002 0.004 0.004
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005)
Divorced 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Separated 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.010
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Widowed -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
Single 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Number of children 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Highest educational level 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Part time 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.003
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Self employed -0.003 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005)
Retired 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.005
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Housewife -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.003
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Students 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
(0.004) (0.005) (0.004) (0.005)
Unemployed -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.002
(0.004) (0.005) (0.004) (0.005)
Other 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.010
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
Income class 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Observations 21,398 21,011 21,385 20,684

Religious denomination Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FE Yes Yes Yes Yes

30