Mini Project on

GREEN’S THEOREM
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by
Adawade Prerit -01
Ahire Niranjan - 02
Ahire Yogesh - 03
Ansari Fahim - 04
Ansurkar Pradnyesh - 05
Bansod Yash – 06

Under the guidance of:

Prof. J.C. Jain

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
At Shirgoan, Virar (East), Tal. Vasai, Dist. Palghar – 401305

2021-2022
GREEN’S THEOREM

Group Number: 1
Adawade Prerit Prashant (Roll No. 01)
Ahire Niranjan Deepak (Roll No. 02)
Ahire Yogesh Sambhaji (Roll No. 03)
Ansari Fahim Abdul (Roll No. 04)
Ansurkar Pradnyesh Sunil (Roll No. 05)
Bansod Yash Devanand (Roll No. 06)
 Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
helped us and bestowed their heart-warming blessings and support.

I am taking this time to thank them for their concerned and support I
would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our professor Dr.
Jayesh Jain as well as our principal Dr. Arun Kumar who gave us the
opportunity to work on this project on the topic ‘Green’s Theorem’,
which also helped us understanding this topic more clearly in which we
came across many new things and different applications on Green’s
Theorem which were previously unknown to us.

Secondly, I would like to thank our team for giving their 100% and
doing the project with their most sincere work and parents for supporting
us while accomplishing this project successfully.
 Contents

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Definition
4. Derivations
5. Applications
6. Problems
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography
 Introduction
Green's theorem is simply a relationship between the macroscopic
circulation around the curve CC and the sum of all the microscopic
circulation that is inside CC. If CC is a simple closed curve in the plane
(remember, we are talking about two dimensions), then it surrounds
some region DD (shown in red) in the plane. DD is the “interior” of the
curve CC.

Green's theorem says that if you add up all the microscopic

circulation inside CC (i.e., the microscopic circulation in DD), then that
total is exactly the same as the macroscopic circulation around CC.

“Adding up” the microscopic circulation in DD means taking the

double integral of the microscopic circulation over DD. Therefore, we
can write Green's theorem as

∫CF⋅ds=∬D“microscopic circulation of F” dA.

 Definition
Green’s theorem is one of the four fundamental theorems of
calculus, in which all of four are closely related to each other. Once you
learn about the concept of the line integral and surface integral, you will
come to know how Stokes theorem is based on the principle of linking
the macroscopic and microscopic circulations.

Similarly, Green’s theorem defines the relationship between the

macroscopic circulation of curve C and the sum of the microscopic
circulation that is inside the curve C.
 Green Gauss Theorem
If Σ is the surface Z which is equal to the function f(x, y) over the
region R and the Σ lies in V, then

 ∬∑ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑∑

exists.

 ∬∑ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑∑ = ∬𝑅 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦))√1 + 𝑓12 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑓22 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑠

It reduces the surface integral to an ordinary double integral.

Green’s Gauss theorem can be stated from the above expression.
If P(x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), and R((x, y, z) are the three points on V, and it is
bounded by the region
∑∗
and α, β, and γ are the direction angles, then

 ∫ ∬𝑉 [𝑃1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝑄2 + 𝑅3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)]𝑑𝑉 = ∬∑∗ [𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾]𝑑∑
 Derivations
The proof of Green’s theorem is given here. As per the statement,
L and M are the functions of (x, y) defined on the open
region, containing D and having continuous partial derivatives. So based
on this we need to prove:
 Green’s Theorem Area
With the help of Green’s theorem, it is possible to find the area of
the closed curves.
From Green’s theorem,

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝐿
∮𝐶 (𝐿𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀𝑑𝑦) = ∬𝐷 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

If in the formula,

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝐿
( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

= 1, then we have,

∮𝐶 (𝐿𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀𝑑𝑦) = ∬𝐷 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Therefore, the line integral defined by Green’s theorem gives the area of
the closed curve. Therefore, we can write the area formulas as:

 𝐴 = − ∫𝑐 𝑦𝑑𝑥
 𝐴 = ∫𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑦
1
 𝐴 = ∫𝑐 (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
2
 Applications

Green’s Theorem is the particular case of Stokes Theorem

in which the surface lies entirely in the plane. But with simpler
forms. Particularly in a vector field in the plane. Also, it is used
to calculate the area; the tangent vector to the boundary is
rotated 90° in a clockwise direction to become the outward-
pointing normal vector to derive Green’s Theorem’s divergence
form.
 Problems
Example 1.
 Conclusion
Green's theorem gives a relationship between the line integral of
a two-dimensional vector field over a closed path in the plane and the
double integral over the region it encloses. The fact that the integral of a
(two-dimensional) conservative field over a closed path is zero is a
special case of Green's theorem.

Green's theorem is itself a special case of the much more

general Stokes' theorem. The statement in Green's theorem that two
different types of integrals are equal can be used to compute either type:
sometimes Green's theorem is used to transform a line integral into a
double integral, and sometimes it is used to transform a double integral
into a line integral.
 Bibliography
https://brilliant.org/wiki/greens-theorem/

https://mathinsight.org/image/macroscopic_microscopic_circulation

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340067712_Green's_theorem

https://byjus.com/maths/greens-theorem/