Design of Cross-Shaped Slot Antenna for Biomedical Applications

1
Ashwini Kadam, 2 Dr. Somdotta Roy Choudhury

1
Department M. Tech in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology D Y Patil
Deemed To Be University, Navi Mumbai
2
Professor, Department M. Tech in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
D Y Patil Deemed To Be University, Navi Mumbai

Email: 1kadamashwini700@gmail.com, 2somdotta.roychoudhury@rait.ac.in

Contact: 18879665868, 28017508813

Abstract: This paper presents a modified design of Cross-shaped patch with slot antenna operates at industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.45 GHz frequency. The proposed antenna consists of ground plane,
dielectric substrate, rectangular radiating patch with Cross-shaped slot. The total volume of designed antenna is
(32x24x0.1) mm3 with polyimide dielectric substrate (Ꜫr = 3.4) material. The proposed antenna is placed inside
skin material (Ꜫr = 42.923) of the human body tissue at 2.45 GHz frequency. The maximum gain achieved of
the proposed antenna is −27.75 dB for 2.45 GHz band. The designed antenna has better results than the antenna
discussed in the literature review in terms of return loss ( S11), VSWR, Radiation pattern and Electric field
patterns. This Implantable antenna is miniaturized and biocompatibility and this can be used for Bio-medical
applications.

Index terms: ISM, Implantable antenna, Biomedical application, Cross-shaped slot antenna

I. INTRODUCTION In the literature survey, a miniaturized clover shaped

In the field of biomedical, the Implantable
Medical Devices (IMDs) plays the most important
role of biomedical applications. The biomedical
devices are used to diagnose and monitor the disease
of human body. The Implantable Medical Devices are
capable of communicating through wireless
technology with an external device.
In biomedical telemetry, the IMDs are
placed inside the body where they monitor the bio-
signals and send the information at the external
device [1]. They operate at Medical Device Radio
band (MedRad) range from 401-406 MHz, Medical
Implantable Communication Service (MICS) range
from 402-406 MHz, or Industrial, Scientific and
Medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz band frequencies.
The external devices can be used to process
the information, and transmit signal to the
implantable device such as antenna and wireless
power transfer for the RF energy. It receives the data
from implantable device and transfer it to the
monitoring unit where post processing is done to
analyze the patient data by medical experts for an
appropriate treatment. A remote healthcare scenario
using an implantable device is shown in Fig. 1. [8].
The Implantable antenna is very important
part for monitor or control of physiological
parameters of human body and external devices
through wireless technology. The design of antennas
has light weight and low profile with biocompatibility
and miniaturization.
slot antenna is operating at 2.45 GHz. A three-layer
phantom (skin, fat and muscle) model is established
for approximate human body. The return loss ( S11) of
designed antenna is less than −10 dB ranging from
2.4
Fig. 1: Remote Healthcare using Implantable devices [6]
GHz to 2.6 GHz with relative wider bandwidth [2].
A CPW fed, compact, wideband dual-ring
slot antenna is operating at 2.45 GHz. The grounded
metamaterial technique [3], has been used for the
gain enhancement of the proposed implantable dual-
ring slot antenna. The improve the antenna gain is
about 3 dB, the realized gain value is observed to be
reduced at −12 dB at 2.45 GHz. In this regard the 2×2
array of metamaterial cell with Epsilon Very Large
(EVL) property has been designed on the substrate
layer.
An implantable coplanar waveguide (CPW)
fed monopole U slot antenna [4], that operating at
2.45 GHz ISM band, recommended by ERC
committee. This is an ultra-low-power circular slot

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antenna. The antenna is nested in RT Duroid
substrate and reflection coefficient has stimulated in
human tissue that has value at 2.45 GHz to study the
radiation characteristics. The measured and simulated
return loss characteristics of antenna is −16 dB at
2.45 GHz. W1
An inset feed C-shaped slot is loaded on
rectangular patch [5] and C-shape slot considered on
the radiating patch. This antenna works at 2.45 GHz
ISM band with bandwidth 201 MHz. The proposed
antenna is simulated by considering the electrical
properties of human body tissues with skin. The
proposed antenna is miniaturized and biocompatible. Fig. 2(a): Configuration of antenna
The solution of this is obtained by considering
polyimide as substrate material with dielectric The configuration of the proposed antenna is
constant (Ꜫr = 3.4). The VSWR of the antenna is shown in fig. 2. An inset feed is applied to the
1.88. The gain of the implantable antenna is −19 dB antenna with 50Ω characteristic impedance. The
for single layer (skin layer). The SAR observed for length and width of the feed line is L 4×W4 mm2. The
single layer is 1.229 W/kg. feed is connected to the antenna by etching the
In this paper, proposed the design of a rectangular patch with dimensions L3×W 3 mm2 . The
Cross-shaped patch with slot antenna. Which is parameter dimensions of proposed implantable
loaded on radiating rectangular patch. This antenna antenna are listed in Table 1.
works at 2.45 GHz. This is obtained by considering
polyimide as substrate material with dielectric Table 1. Parameter of implantable antenna
constant (Ꜫr = 3.4). Compared to the C-shaped patch
with slot antenna operating at 2.45 GHz, the proposed Parameter L1 W1 L2 W2 L3 W3 L4 W4
antenna can reach to improved gain enhancement.
Value 32 24 24 16 8 5 9 1.5
(mm)

II. ANTENNA DESIGN Table 2. Biological data of human tissue at 2.45 GHz frequency

The goal is to design the implantable Biological Permitti- Conducti- Loss Penetration
antenna for biomedical applications. An antenna is Tissue vity (Ꜫr) vity Tangent Depth (m)
(S/m)
capable for implantation, which has a compact size, Wet skin 42.923 1.5618 0.2725 0.022471
conformity and excellent radiating performance. For
better results, proposed antenna is kept in the skin
homogeneous phantom box and then in radiation The theoretical analysis is based on the
region. human body structure. As shown in Fig. 2(b), the
The proposed implantable antenna consists antenna is tested in single layer geometry which
of three layers: the ground plane, the substrate and the consists of skin tissue. The thickness of the skin
patch plane. The dimensions of antenna are tissue is 8mm, and antenna is placed at the height of
32mm×24mm. The designed of antenna is 1mm as shown in Fig. 2(b).
considering by polyimide as substrate flexible
material with dielectric constant (Ꜫr) 3.4. The length
and width of the substrate is L1×W 1 mm2 with
thickness of 0.07mm. The radiating patch is loaded
top of the substrate with dimensions L2×W 2 mm2 . A
plane ground surface is metallized below the
substrate material, with the thickness of 0.03mm. To
operate the antenna at ISM band the Cross-shaped
8mm
slot is etched on the inset-feed radiating patch
antenna with dimensions 10mm×1mm. antennna
Fig. 2(b): Single layer geomtry
L1
The electrical properties of the biological
tissues with respect to the operating frequency at 2.45
GHz is listed in Table 2 [7].

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 Fig. 4(b): Return loss (S11= -23.48 dB)

The proposed antenaa rotated cross slot with

Fig. 3: Proposed antenna of rotated the Cross slot with an
angle 300 and 3300
To improve the antenna gain, the cross-
shaped slots rotated with an angle 300 and 3300. As
shown in Fig. 3 the proposed antenaa rotated cross
slot with an angle 300 and 3300.
an angle 300 and 3300 is placed inside the Skin box as
shown in Fig. 5(a). The solution of this antenna gives
the gain enhancement is about 4 dB. The antenna gain
is reduced at less than −27 dB, as shown in Fig. 5(b).
The Fig. 5(c) shows the result of VSWR of antenna is
operated at 2.45 GHz. The value of VSWR is 0.71
dB.
The Fig. 6(a), (b) shows the performance of
radiation pattern of Gain (GPhi) and (GTheta) at 2.6
GHz frequency.
The Fig. 7(a), (b), (c) shows the performance
of radiation pattern of E-Field (ETotal), (EPhi), and
(ETheta) at 2.6 GHz frequency.

III. SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

The proposed solutions have been designed

using HFSS Software. Firstly, the proposed antenna
is placed inside the radiation box which having the
dimension of 80×80×70 mm3 , as shown in Fig. 4(a).
Then this antenna is kept inside the Skin box which
having the dimension of 32×24×8 mm3 . The values
of its relative permittivity is 42.923. Bulk
conductivity value is 1.5618 Siemens/m. Loss tangent Fig. 5(a): Simulation environment of HFSS
value is 0.2725.
The antenna is implanted in the phantom
using HFSS. Fig. 4(b) shows the achieved gain is less
than −23 dB at operating frequency at 2.45 GHz.

Fig. 5(b): Return loss -27.75 dB

Fig. 4(a): Simulation environment of antenna

Fig. 5(c): VSWR -0.71 dB

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Fig. 6(a): Radiation Pattern Of Gain (GPhi) at 2.6 GHz
Fig. 6(b): Radiation Pattern Of Gain (GTheta) at 2.6 GHz
Fig. 7(a): Radiation Pattern Of E-field (ETotal) at 2.6 GHz
Fig. 7(b): Radiation Pattern Of E-field (EPhi) at 2.6 GHz
Fig. 7(c): Radiation Pattern Of E-field (ETheta) at 2.6 GHz
The proposed antenna has
omnidirectional radiation pattern.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, a literature review of designs
of implantable slot antennas for biomedical
applications have been investigated. Several factors
need to be considered while forming the antenna such
as antenna size, gain, efficiency, radiation pattern and
patient safety. The Cross-shape slot antenna has been
proposed with size of 32×24 mm2 in dimension. In
this design, ground plane, substrate and patch formed
by Rotated Cross-shape rectangular slots with an
angle 300 and 3300. The electrical properties of
human body tissues skin is considered with its
permittivity is 42.923 It operated at 2.45 GHz band
having gain is −27 dB.
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