Chapter 3 Complete

6/10/2021
FORCE:
Any external agent or action which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of a body in a straight line is know as force. The bodies may be in direct
contact with each other causing direct motion or separated by distance but subjected to
gravitational effects.
• It is a vector quantity.
• It has point of application.
• It is transmissible vector i.e. it can be moved along its line of action.
• The sum of set of concurrent forces is a single force equivalent to the
original system or vice versa.
When a force acts on a body, the following effects may be produced in that body :
(i) It may bring a change in the motion of the body i.e., the motion may be accelerated or
retarded
(ii) (ii) it may balance the forces already acting on the body thus bringing the body to a
state of rest or of equilibrium,
(iii) it may change the size or shape of the body i.e., the body may be twisted, bent,
stretched, compressed or otherwise distorted by the action of the force.
Applied Mechanics - Statics
CLASSIFICATION OF FORCE:
Point force
(finite force acting through a point)
Contact force
(finite force acting on surface or area of a body or force
exerted by one body to other by contact)
1. External force
(represent the action of one body on
other & are entirely responsible for
Body force
Classification of force
the external behavior of the rigid (force acting on each element of a body or force exerted
body causing body either to move by one body on another at distance)
or assure it remains at rest)
Translational force
(force that moves or tends to move a body from one
point to another)
Rotational force
(force that rotates or tends to rotate a body around a
central axis)
2. Internal force
(holds together the particles forming the rigid
body)
1
6/10/2021
SYSTEM OF FORCE:
System of
Forces
Coplanar Non Coplanar

2D 3D
Non Non
Concurrent Concurrent
Concurrent Concurrent
Parallel General Parallel General
COPLANAR SYSTEM OF FORCES 2D:
2
6/10/2021
Non-Coplanar System of Forces 3D:
MOMENT OF FORCE:
It is the measure of tendency of the force to rotate the
body about any point of interest.
By vector, the moment of force F about point O is
given by 𝑀 𝑟⃗ / x 𝐹⃗
Where, 𝑟⃗ / is a position vector of the force F
The moment of force is always perpendicular to plane
containing F and r⃗ and tends to rotate body in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction.
Similarly, by scalar, it is measured by the product of
the force and perpendicular distance of the line of
action of force from that point. The moment about
point O is given by
MP = F x d
where, d is the perpendicular distance from the pivot
point (moment center) to the line of action of the
force.
3
6/10/2021
MOMENT OF FORCE:
The moment of a force is a function of both the magnitude of the force and the moment
arm.
The direction of the moment is either clockwise or anti-clockwise depending upon the
direction or sense of the force.
Counter clockwise rotation about the pivot is positive and vice versa.
While defining the moment of force, not only magnitude but also the sense of rotation
needs to be specified.
COMPONENT OF MOMENT OF FORCE:

Suppose, we are required to find the component of
moment M (acting along O-O axis) about O’-O’ axis,
Moment about O’-O’ axis is given by
Where, 𝑒⃗ is the unit vector along O’-O’ axis
 Component of moment of the forces about an axis

vanishes
• If the line of action of force cuts the axis
• If the line of action is parallel to the axis
4
6/10/2021
Graphical representation of moment:

Let a force 𝐹⃗ be represented in magnitude and direction by
𝐴𝐵 and O be the point about which the moment is to be
determined.
Then moment of force F about O,
MF = F x d
= AB x OC
= 2 x ⁄ x AB x OC
= 2 x (Area of ∆OAB)
Hence , the moment of force about any point is geometrically equal to twice the area of
the triangle whose base is the line that represent the force and whose vertex is the point
about which the moment is required to be calculated.
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENT:
A body acted upon by a number of coplanar
forces will be in equilibrium, if the algebraic
sum of the moments of all the forces about a
point in the same plane is zero.
i.e. ƩM = 0
i.e. Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment
5
6/10/2021
VARIGNON’S THEOREM:
“The algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the
moment of their resultant about the same point.”
i.e. ƩM = Ʃ (Moments of forces) = Moment of resultant R
Consider a body acted upon by a number of forces 𝐹⃗ , 𝐹⃗ ,
𝐹⃗ ,…… 𝐹⃗ at point A as shown in fig. The resultant of these force
will be 𝑅 acted at the same point A.
Now, the moment of the resultant force 𝑅 at any point O will A
be given as,
𝑀 / = 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝑅
We know that, 𝑅 = 𝐹⃗ 𝐹⃗ 𝐹⃗ ,…… 𝐹⃗ O
Then, 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝑅 =𝑟⃗ 𝑥 (𝐹⃗ 𝐹⃗ 𝐹⃗ ,…… 𝐹⃗ )
= 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗ 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗ 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗ ,…… 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗
𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝑅 = 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗ 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗ 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗ ,…… 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝐹⃗
VARIGNON’S THEOREM:
Proof:
• P and Q be the two concurrent forces acting at A and R be the resultant force of P and Q
• O be the point about which the moment is to be calculated. Through O, draw a line parallel
to the direction of force P and let this line meet the line of action of force Q at C.
Moment of P about O = 2 x ∆AOB
Moment of Q about O = 2 x ∆AOC
Moment of R about O = 2 x ∆AOD
From geometry,
∆AOD = ∆AOC + ∆ACD
= ∆AOC + ∆ABD
= ∆AOC + ∆AOB A
i.e., ∆AOD = ∆AOC + ∆AOB
= +
𝑀 =𝑀 +𝑀
6
6/10/2021
EXAMPLE:
Determine the moment of the force F about the base point A.
Solution:
7
6/10/2021
Solution:
Solution:
8
6/10/2021
EXAMPLE:
A force of 800 N acts on a bracket as shown. Determine the moment of force about B.
SOLUTION:
9
6/10/2021
SOLUTION:
PROBLEM:
A cube of side a is acted upon by force P as shown. Determine the moment of P
a) About A
b) About edge AB
c) About diagonal AG of cube
10
6/10/2021
COUPLE:
The force system consisting of two equal and parallel but non-collinear forces with
opposite sense is called a couple.
• Types:
• Anti-Clockwise couple: tends to rotate the
body in anti-clockwise direction
• Clockwise couple: tends to rotate the body
in clockwise direction
• Sign Convection:
• Clockwise couple is negative
• Anticlockwise (counter clockwise) couple is positive
• Characteristics:
• Algebraic sum of forces constituting the couple is zero.
• Couple are not balanced by single force.
• Couple is a free vector.
MOMENT OF COUPLE:
Consider any point P on the body as shown in fig. let 𝑟⃗ and 𝑟⃗ be the position vectors of
forces about point P. Then, the moment of couple about the point P is the vector sum of
moments of unlike parallel forces F about point P.
i.e.,
Thus the magnitude of moment of couple is given by the product of the force and the
distance separating the unlike parallel force.
The point P has no consequence. For any point, the value of M and its direction is same.
Hence the couple is called the free vector i.e. the magnitude and direction is specified
irrespective of position or line of action of the vector.
*NOTE: The moment of force depends upon point of interest but the moment of the couple force system is independent of point
of interest.
11
6/10/2021
COUPLE AS A FREE VECTOR:

The only effect of a couple is to produce a moment. It is
possible to represent a couple with a vector, a couple vector,
which is equal to the moment of couple. The couple is a free
vector and will be represented by a special symbol to
distinguish it from force vector.
To prove couple is a free vector, we need to show moment of
couple about any point will be same.
Taking moment about O,
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗c/o x -F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = [(0,b) – (0,0)] x -F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = b𝚥̂ x -F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = bF 𝑘
COUPLE AS A FREE VECTOR:

Taking moment about A,
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗C/A x -F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = [(0,b) – (a,0)] x -F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = (-a𝚤̂ + b𝚥̂) x -F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = -bF 𝚥̂ x 𝚤̂
𝑀 = bF 𝑘
Again, taking moment about B,
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗A/B x F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = [(a,0) – (a,b)] x F 𝚤̂ Check, taking moment about C,
𝑀 = -bF 𝚥̂ x 𝚤̂
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗
𝑀 = bF 𝑘 𝑀 = 𝑟⃗A/C x F 𝚤̂
𝑀 = [(a,0) – (0,b)] x F 𝚤̂
Since 𝑀 = 𝑀 = 𝑀 , it is proved 𝑀 = (a𝚤̂ - b𝚥̂) x F 𝚤̂
that couple is a free vector. 𝑀 = -bF 𝑘
𝑀 = bF 𝑘
12
6/10/2021
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOMENT AND COUPLE:

Moment Couple
1 Moment is the tendency of force to Two equal and opposite forces whose lines
rotate a body with the given point or of action are different form a couple.
axis.
2 It is produced by forces not passing It is produced by the two equal and opposite
through point of rotation axis. parallel, non collinear forces.
3 There is a resultant force acting on Resultant force of couple is zero. Hence,
the body in the direction of force and body does not move, but rotate only.
rotate the body.
4 To balance the force causing moment, Couple cannot be balanced by a single force,
equal and opposite force is required. it can be balanced by a couple only.
5 For example, For example,
To tight the nut by spanner. To rotate the key in lock.
To open or close the door. To open or close the wheel valve of water
line.
To rotate the steering wheel of car.
PROBLEM:
Three pairs of couples are acted on the triangular block as shown in figure below.
Determine the single resultant couple.
13
6/10/2021
SOULTION:
As the couple is free vector, we will determine the resultant
couple just by calculating moment at any point due to each
couple and add them individually. The point is selected in
such a way that the maximum force passes through that point.
(say point E in the fig).
Let,
𝐶 = moment of couple at E due to 70 N force
The coordinates of points are
A(0,0,2), B(4,0,2), C(4,0,0), D(0,3,0) and E(0,3,2)
Here the direction of 100 N is unknown. So, find the unit vector along DC.
SOULTION:
14
6/10/2021
RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO FORCE AND A COUPLE:

Suppose, we have a force F acting at point 𝑃 as
shown in the fig. The problem is- I want to
translate the force F acting at point 𝑃 to a new
point 𝑃 maintaining the same external effect as
the original force F acting at 𝑃 .
Is this even possible???
• Apply equal and opposite force F at point
𝑃 as shown in fig 2. The net effect of the
forces at point 𝑃 is zero. i.e. the system is
still same as the original system
containing force F at point 𝑃 .
• Now, we can visualize, the two equal and
opposite forces at point 𝑃 and 𝑃
(indicated by yellow color in fig 3)
constitute a couple.
RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO FORCE AND A COUPLE:

• Now, we can replace the two equal and opposite forces by a
couple vector M at point 𝑃 as shown in the fig 4.
M = F x d or,
𝑀= 𝑟⃗ / x 𝐹⃗
*Note: the couple vector is a free vector and we can place it at any
point on the rigid body. But, in this case, we will place it at point
𝑃 because we want to find the equivalent system containing force
F at point 𝑃 .
• Finally the new system will be as shown in

the fig 5 with a force F and a couple vector
M at point 𝑃 .
Comparing the systems as shown in fig 1 and fig 5.
we can conclude that a force can be resolved into a
system containing force and a couple without
altering the net external effect on the body.
This is known as force-couple system.
*Note: This is a step that finds repeated applications in the study of mechanics.
Reversing the above procedure, it is also possible to combine a force and a couple to a equivalent force acting at a different point.
15
6/10/2021
PROBLEM:
A 160 N force P is applied at point A of the structural member. Replace P with
a) Equivalent force couple at C.
b) Equivalent system consisting of a vertical force at B and second force at D.
SOLUTION:
16
6/10/2021
SOLUTION:
RESOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF FORCE (COPLANAR) INTO

FORCE AND A COUPLE:
17
6/10/2021
RESOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF FORCE (COPLANAR) INTO

FORCE AND A COUPLE:
• Each individual force acting on different points of given coplanar force system can be
replaced by collection of a force-couple system as shown in fig 3.
• Since the system of force is coplanar, the couple vector will always be perpendicular to the
plane consisting the force system and resultant moment can be obtained simply by adding
moment of individual forces about point P.
M=𝐹 x𝑑 +𝐹 x𝑑 -𝐹 x𝑑 +𝐹x𝑑
*Note: Always remember the sense or direction (clockwise or anticlockwise) of the moment while dealing with
scalar method and add them accordingly to find the resultant moment.
• But in this case, the direction of forces are not same and hence the resultant force cannot
be simply obtained by adding them (unless considering vector method). Hence, individual
force must be resolved into component forces (say x and y component), add them
accordingly and find the resultant force R.
∑𝐹 = 𝐹 + 𝐹 + 𝐹 -𝐹 and ∑𝐹 = -𝐹 + 𝐹 + 𝐹 -𝐹
R= ∑𝐹 ∑𝐹
• The force and couple vectors may be combined into resultant force vector and a resultant
couple vector as in the fig 3.
REDUCTION OF A COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM

TO A SINGLE FORCE (OR RESULTANT FORCE):
 Choose a reference point (point O) and move all forces to that point
 Add all forces at O to form the resultant force R and add all moment to form
the resultant couple MO
    
R  F1  F2  F3    F
Rx  Fx , Ry  Fy , R  (Fx )2  (Fy )2

Ry
 = tan-1
Rx
Note: This calculated θ will give the direction of force not the line of action of force. For the line
of action we will either calculate the X and Y intercept or the equation of the line.
 This will give a force couple system at point O as shown in fig(c). But in this case,
we should find a single resultant force. For such situation, we will replace the force
couple system with single force R placing it in a new location other than O in such a
way that the resultant R will produce same moment 𝑀 about point O.
18
6/10/2021

 To find the line of action for resultant force R, we will place it d distance
apart depending upon sense (positive or negative) of 𝑀
(Remember, if 𝑀 is positive, the resultant R is placed at right side of point O and if
𝑀 is negative, the resultant R is placed at left side of point O without altering the
direction θ.)
The distance d is calculated using formula,
x=

 Alternatively, the line of action can also be find by the vector approach
considering the resultant at r’ = x𝚤⃗ + y𝚥⃗ distance away form the reference
point O.
Then using varignon’s theorem,
𝑟′ x 𝑅 = 𝑀
𝑟′ x 𝑅 = ∑(𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗ )
Finally we will obtain a equation of a straight line in intercept form
𝑥 𝑦
1
𝑎 𝑏
Comparing, we can find the intercepts easily,
x-intercept = a
y-intercept = b
19
6/10/2021
PROBLEM:
A plate measuring 6 m x 5 m is acted upon by a set of forces in its plane as shown in the
fig. Determine the magnitude, direction and position of resultant force.
SOLUTION:
20
6/10/2021
SOLUTION: To find the position of the resultant, we have to calculate

moment at any point (say point A)
The resultant R should lie at such point such that it can produce
positive moment of 377.5 Nm about point A.
SOLUTION: Alternatively, the line of action of the resultant can also be

determined by considering resultant R to be acted at distance
r’= x𝚤⃗ + y𝚥⃗ from point A. Then, using varignon’s theorem,
𝑟′ x 𝑅 = ∑(𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗ )
(x𝚤⃗ + y𝚥⃗) x (26.29𝚤⃗ + 164.85𝚥⃗) = 6𝚤⃗ x (-100sin30𝚥⃗ + (6𝚤⃗ + 4𝚥⃗) x (120cos45𝚤⃗ + 120sin45𝚥⃗)
+ 3𝚤⃗ x 100𝚥⃗ + 4𝚥⃗ x (-60cos30𝚥⃗)
164.85x 𝑘 - 26.29y 𝑘) = -300𝑘 + 509.116𝑘 - 339.41𝑘 + 300𝑘 + 207.84𝑘
Equating the coefficient of like vectors,
164.85x - 26.29y = 377.5
. - . =1
. .
+ =1
. .
So, A as a origin,
x-intercept = 2.29 m
Applied Mechanics - Statics y-intercept = -15.36 m
21
6/10/2021
PROBLEM:
Replace the couple and force shown in figure by an equivalent single force applied to lever.
SOLUTION:
22
6/10/2021
Problem:
Determine the resultant of the following figure:
Resultant of General forces in a plane (coplanar non-concurrent):

Step 1: Choose a reference point Step 2: Shift all the forces to a point
Step 3: Find the resultant force Step 4: Reduce resultant force and
and moment of forces about O moment to a single force
23
6/10/2021
Problem Solution: Resultant – Non concurrent general forces in a plane

Step 1: Choose A as reference point Step 2: Shift all the forces to point A
Step 3: Find resultant force and Step 4: Reduce it to a single force

couple
Problem:
Determine the resultant of the following figure:
Problem – 2D – Non Concurrent - Resultant
24
6/10/2021
Problem: Resultant – Non Concurrent general forces in a plane

Determine the resultant force of the non concurrent forces as shown in plate and distance
of the resultant force from point ‘O”:
Step:1 Step:2
Step:3 Step:4
RESOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF FORCE (NON-COPLANAR)

INTO FORCE AND A COUPLE:
• Each individual force of system acting at different point can be replaced by a force
couple system acting at a common point O as shown in the fig.
• Any couple moment can be transferred to the common point O since it is a free vector.
• The force and couple vectors may be combined into resultant force vector and a resultant
couple vector as in the fig 3.
𝐹⃗ ∑𝐹⃗
𝑀 ∑ 𝑟⃗ x 𝐹⃗ ) +∑𝑀
25
6/10/2021
PROBLEM:
If two forces of same magnitude 25 KN acts at point A and B as shown in figure. Force A
passes through C and B through D. Determine equivalent force couple system at O.
SOLUTION:
Initially, we will represent the forces in vector form by determining
unit vectors along AC and BD and multiplying them with
respective magnitude of force
The coordinates of points are
A(0,1,0), B(0,0,2), C(3,1,2) and D(3,0,0)
𝐴𝐶 = =
, , , ,
=
⃗
= 𝚤⃗ + 𝑘
| | | |
𝐵𝐷 = =
, , , ,
=
⃗
= 𝚤⃗ - 𝑘
| | | |
Now the force along AC and BD are given as,
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 . 𝐴𝐶 = 25( 𝚤⃗ + 𝑘)
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 . 𝐵𝐷 = 25( 𝚤⃗ - 𝑘)
26
6/10/2021
SOLUTION:
Then we will replace the forces at point A and B with respective

force and couple at point O.
Equivalent force at O = 𝐹⃗ + 𝐹⃗ = 41.60𝚤⃗
Equivalent couple at point O is moment of forces 𝐹⃗ and 𝐹⃗ about O
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗ / x 𝐹⃗ + 𝑟⃗ / x 𝐹⃗
= 𝚥⃗ x 25( 𝚤⃗ + 𝑘) + 2𝑘 x 25( 𝚤⃗ - 𝑘)
= - 20.80𝑘 + 13.87𝚤⃗ + 41.60𝚥⃗
=13.87𝚤⃗ + 41.60𝚥⃗ - 20.80𝑘
PROBLEM:
Find the resultant of force couple system at point A as shown in figure below. 𝐹 = 100 KN
and 𝐹 = 300 KN.
27
6/10/2021
SOLUTION: The coordinates of points are

O(0,0,0) , A(0,0,3) , C(5,0,3) , D(5,0,0) , E(5,4,0) , F(0,4,0) , G(0,4,3) and H(5,4,3)
Let,
SOLUTION:
28
6/10/2021
SOLUTION:
REDUCTION OF A PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM (NON

COPLANAR) TO A SINGLE FORCE (OR RESULTANT FORCE):
 Calculate the resultant force R just by adding them. (direction is known, say
along Y-axis) i.e., R = ∑𝐹
 Calculate the moment of individual force about X-axis and Y-axis
∑𝑀 = ∑(𝐹 x 𝑧 )
∑𝑀 = ∑(𝐹 x 𝑥 )
 These moment should be equal to moment due to component of resultant along X-axis
and Z-axis. i.e.,
∑𝑀 = R x 𝑧
∑𝑀 = R x 𝑥
29
6/10/2021
PROBLEM:
Determine the resultant of the system of parallel forces which act on the plate. Solve with a
vector approach.
Problem –3D-Parallel -Resultant
Solution:
30
6/10/2021
REDUCTION OF A FORCE SYSTEM TO A WRENCH

If a given system is comprised of forces which are not concurrent, coplanar or parallel, the
equivalent force-couple system at a point O will consist of a resultant force R and a couple
vector 𝑀 which are not mutually perpendicular. In this case, the system can’t be reduced
to a single force but can be reduced to a system containing a force and a couple with same
line of action as shown in the fig. This is known as wrench.
𝑀 =dxR
𝑜𝑟,
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗ x 𝑅
A wrench is a system consisting of a force and couple with same line of action. The
common line of action is called axis of wrench.
The ratio P = is called pitch of wrench.

If the direction of force and couple are same, it is called positive wrench and else if the
direction of both are opposite, it is called negative wrench.
The pushing-turning action associated with the tightening of a screw illustrates collinear
line of action of the force and couple vector that constitute a wrench.
*Note: The resultant force couple system for a system of force will be mutually perpendicular if
• The force are coplanar.
• The force are parallel.
If the resultant force and couple at any point are mutually perpendicular, they can be replaced by a single force
acting along a new line of action.
31
6/10/2021

STEPS:
1. Reduce the given system to an equivalent force couple system
[𝑅,𝑀 typically located at origin O.
2. Determine the pitch p
.
p= =
Couple vector, 𝑀 = p . 𝑅
3. Express that the moment about O of the wrench is equal to the moment resultant 𝑀
of the force-couple system at O.
𝑀 + 𝑟⃗ x 𝑅 = 𝑀
𝑟⃗ = x𝚤⃗ + y𝚥⃗ + z𝑘
PROBLEM:
Replace the two wrenched as shown in figure by a single equivalent wrench. Indicate its
line of action in xz plane.
32
6/10/2021
SOLUTION:
First find the resultant of force and moment at origin.
SOLUTION:
To find the line of action,
For xz plane, y = 0
33
6/10/2021
PROBLEM:
If two forces of same magnitude 25 KN acts at point A and B as shown in figure. Force A
passes through C and B through D.
a) Determine equivalent force couple system at O.
b) Find the equivalent wrench, pitch and axis of wrench.
SOLUTION: Equivalent force at O, 𝑅 = 𝐹⃗ + 𝐹⃗ = 41.60𝚤⃗

Equivalent couple at point O is moment of forces 𝐹⃗ and 𝐹⃗ about O
𝑀 = 𝑟⃗ / x 𝐹⃗ + 𝑟⃗ / x 𝐹⃗
=13.87𝚤⃗ + 41.60𝚥⃗ - 20.80𝑘
41.60𝚤⃗ . 13.87𝚤⃗ + 41.60𝚥⃗ − 20.80𝑘

=
41.6
= 0.333
Pitch, p = 0.333m
Now, couple vector, 𝑀 = p. 𝑅
= 0.333 . 41.60𝚤⃗
𝑀 =13.85 𝚤⃗
To find the line of action of the wrench,
𝑀 + 𝑟⃗ 𝑥 𝑅 = 𝑀
13.85 𝚤⃗ + (x𝚤⃗ + y𝚥⃗ +z𝑘) x 41.60𝚤⃗ = 13.87𝚤⃗ + 41.60𝚥⃗ - 20.80𝑘
Applied Mechanics - Statics 13.85 𝚤⃗ - 41.60y𝑘 +41.60z𝚥⃗ = 13.87𝚤⃗ + 41.60𝚥⃗ - 20.80𝑘
Comparing, x = 0, y = 0.5 and z = 1
34
6/10/2021
Problem:
Replace the two forces and the negative wrench by a single force R applied at A and the
corresponding couple M.
Solution:
35
6/10/2021
Solution:
Method of approach to solve coplanar (2D) problems:
36
6/10/2021
Method of approach to solve NON COPLANAR (3D) problems:
Problem:
Three vertical wires as shown in fig supports a plate of 50 Kg. Determine the tension in each
wires.
37
6/10/2021
Problem:
Two steel pipe AB and BC each having weight per unit length of 30 N/m are welded together
at B and supported by three wires. Knowing a = 0.4 m, determine the tension in each wire.
Problem:
Determine the resultant of the four forces acting tangentially to a circle of radius 3 m as
shown. What will be the location of the resultant with respect to center of the circle.
38

Chapter 3 Complete

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3 Complete

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6/10/2021

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Coplanar Non Coplanar

Parallel General Parallel General

Applied Mechanics - Statics

COPLANAR SYSTEM OF FORCES 2D:

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Non-Coplanar System of Forces 3D:

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

COMPONENT OF MOMENT OF FORCE:

Where, 𝑒⃗ is the unit vector along O’-O’ axis

 Component of moment of the forces about an axis

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Graphical representation of moment:

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

COUPLE AS A FREE VECTOR:

COUPLE AS A FREE VECTOR:

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOMENT AND COUPLE:

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO FORCE AND A COUPLE:

RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO FORCE AND A COUPLE:

• Finally the new system will be as shown in

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

RESOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF FORCE (COPLANAR) INTO

RESOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF FORCE (COPLANAR) INTO

REDUCTION OF A COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM

Rx  Fx , Ry  Fy , R  (Fx )2  (Fy )2

REDUCTION OF A COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM

REDUCTION OF A COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

SOLUTION: To find the position of the resultant, we have to calculate

Applied Mechanics - Statics

SOLUTION: Alternatively, the line of action of the resultant can also be

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Resultant of General forces in a plane (coplanar non-concurrent):

Problem Solution: Resultant – Non concurrent general forces in a plane

Step 3: Find resultant force and Step 4: Reduce it to a single force

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Problem – 2D – Non Concurrent - Resultant

Applied Mechanics - Statics

Problem: Resultant – Non Concurrent general forces in a plane

Applied Mechanics - Statics

RESOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF FORCE (NON-COPLANAR)