B O O K B IND ING

FO R B E G I N N E RS

By FLO R E N C E o . BE A N
A ss i s t a n t i n
M a n u a l Ar t s
B o s t o n P u b l i c S c ho o l s

JOH N c . B R OD H E A D
A ss i s t a n t S u p e r i n t e n d e n t
B o s t o n P u b l i c S c ho o l s
Co ll a b o r a t i n g

S E C ON D E D I T I ON

P U B LI S H E D B "

TH E D A VI S P RE SS
W o rc e s t e r M a s s
, .

19 18
 o
C p y ri g h t 1 9 1 4
S C H OO L A R T S PU B L I S H I N G C O M P A N "

S ec o nd E di t i o n

o
C p y ri g h t 1 9 1 8
TH E D A V I S P RE SS
 l NT RO DU CT IO N

T
HE present day demand for industrial educ ation has
had the e ffect of somewhat discrediting the more
formal manual training commonly found in the upper ele
mentary grades and early high school years This work is .

usually conduc ted in special shops and by special teachers ,

and the question is being ra i sed whether with all these a d ,

vantages more v i tal results m i ght not be attained

,
.

Whether these criticisms are j ustified or not the present ,

interest in industrial educ ation i s strengthening the demand

for more e ffective construc tio n wo rk in grades four five and ,

si x
. I t i s a growing co nvic tion that there must be laid in ,

the earlier grades a strong foundation on which to build a

,

practical educ ation in the later grades whether di r ected

toward industrial c ommercial or professional life
,
.

The appearance of this book therefore is timely b e

, ,

c ause i t outlines a c ourse suitable for grades five and six

which stimulates constructive ac tivities and develops i n
d u s tri al intelligence I t should be noted that i ts industri al
.

“
signific ance i s much wider than i ts title B ookbinding for
,

B eginners
”
would indic ate as even a hasty examination of
, ,

the book will show and also that it i s so planned that it

,

may be used succ essfully in schools where special teachers

and expensive equipments are impossible .

The book is different from and I bel i eve superior to

, , ,

others of its kind for the fo l lowing reasons :

F irst b ec ause the proj ects i t presents the methods
, ,

it advises and the results it anticipates have all been worked

,

o u t by ac tual experience with thousands of boys and under

c onditions which may be duplic ated in almost any school

’
room The author s personal experience with the problems
.
4 B O OK B I ND I N G FOR B EGI NNER S

incident to the giving of manual training by the grade

teacher includes that whic h she gained as a successful grade
teacher herself supplemented by some years of supervisory
,

work in a large city system She is therefore c onversant

.

with every possible phase of the school problem .

Sec ond bec ause the methods of instructio n wh i ch the

,

book employs are such as to develop in the pupils the very

qualities which are the surest foundation for subsequent
success in manual or mental work of any kind namely ,

initiative and originality c ombined with intelligent logi c al , ,

c areful attention to details .

Third bec ause it gives the teacher j ust the help needed
,

to save her fr om all unnec essar y work i n securing a nd han

d li n g suitable material in stimulating the pup i ls to intensive
,

activity and self exp r ession and in j udging or measuring

-
,

the results of her work without relieving her of the necessity

,

of intelligent effort on her part I t thus gives the over

.

bur dened teacher the maximum help and the specially i n ,

ter e s te d the maximum opport u nity for original supple

,

m entary work .

F o r the above re a sons I c onfidently r eco m mend the

volum e to the attention of all who are seeking to introduc e
an inexpensi ve but e ffective form of manual tra i ning into
the middle grades of the elementary schools .

F rank M L eavitt
.

A ssociate P rofessor I ndustrial E ducation

,
.

U niversit y of C hicago .
 FO RE W O RD

T
HE growing demand for various forms of manual train
ing in the lower elementary grades has led to the pub
“
li c a ti o n of this little volume of p r oblems i n elementa r y
'

bookbinding based on the work done in the fifth grade of

, _

the B oston public sc hools where their prac tic ability has
,

been fully demonstrated Some of the most valuable sug

.

gestions have been obtained from the teachers and are an

outgrowth of their classroom experience N othing is here
.

presented which is simply theoretic al .

To M r J ohn C B rodhead a deep appreciation of his

. .
,

keen criticism his helpful suggest i ons and his never failing
, ,
-

interest cannot be to o strongly expressed F o r their v alued.

suggestions thanks are due the teachers of B oston whose

,

e fficient labors have insured the succ ess of the c ourse A c .

kn owl e d gm e n t is also made of indebtedness to the Sloyd

Training School for material and to M iss H elen E Cleaves
, .

and M r L udwig F rank for their interest and assistance in

.

the details pertaining to design .

TH E A U T HOR .
 M ON G the various materials which lend themselves
readily to a manual traini ng co u r se with large classes
’
are those of the bookbinders craft They are inexpens i ve
.
,

easily handled and require no too l s or equipment that c an

,

not be used i n an ordinary classroom .The operations

necessary i n the u se of these materials not only give excelle n t
training in manual dexterity but present remarkable o pp or
,

tu n i ti es for the practical applic ation of studies in proportion ,

space division color letter i ng and applied design The craft

, ,
.

itself is one that c omes in touch with everyday life and any
skill ac quired in the use of these materials is of permanent
value .

The lessons to be outlined in the follow i ng series pre

suppose some instruction in paper folding c ardboard c o n
-
,

struction and simple mechanical drawing Though desir

,
.

able this is not essential While in some ways better suited

,
.

to the middle grades of the elementary schools selectio n ,

may be made from the lessons here outlined which will gi ve

excellent training to the upper grades in those schools where
the curriculum does not include shop —work c ooking or , ,

sewing .

To secur e this flexibili ty of the cour se each problem ,

is outlined in several ways with varying degrees of diffi culty

,
.

The selection should depend upon the grade in which it i s

to be given Some of the more dexterous pupils m ay be
.

able to work out a problem in several ways .

8 B OO KB IND ING FOR B EGI NNER S

I n each lesson outlined there is a chanc e for the exer cise

,

of individua l ity in the details of the model as to size sh ape , ,

dec oration and color Conc erning choic e of material it

,
.
,

seems wiser that this should be exercised by the teacher or

supervisor rather than by the pupil .

'

The obj ec t of the c ourse is educational not industr ial , ,

therefore those methods which stimulate inventiveness

, ,
’
ability to plan simple work and dependence on one s o wn
,

initiative are most desirable .

The directions given under eac h problem have been s o

worded that they call for the greatest amount of thought and
initiative on the part of the worker The u s e of such instru o.

tion develops power to think to plan c onstructive work and

,

to c arry it to c ompletion A t first it may be necessary for

.
,

the teacher to elaborate some points especially in c onnec tion

with the worki ng drawings or sketches but after a little ,

training each pupil should b e able to lay out and c ut all

,

parts from h i s own drawings ; as the work progresses he ,

’
should depend less and less upon the teacher s assistance
in making h i s plans .

H igh standards of work and correc t processes should

always b e se t before the pupil and these are best assured by
,

the teacher bec oming thoroughly c onversant not only with

the general construc tio n of an article to be made but with ,

the best methods of secur ing neat and ac curate r esults .

’
E ventually the pupil s mental attainm ents will S how in the
,

tangible work of h i s hands .

Two hours each week for one school year may profitably
be devoted to this work I n the upper grades some of the
.

easier problems should be omit ted and more t i me devoted ,

to actually bookbinding introducing as much variety as

,

time and materials will allow .

 E "U I P M E NT

This equipment is sufficient for the whole c ourse and

should last for several years A strong wooden box with .

compartmen ts insures an o r derly arrangement of tools and

prevents breakage Several rooms may use o ri e equipment
.

and by means of the box t r ansportation is greatly facili ,

ta te d Some system of distributing and c ollecting material

.

should be devised and not more than five minutes con ,

s um ed in making preparations for work .

One for each pupil

R ule
P r6 inch S cissors
.
-

P encil medium ,

T apestry Needle N 1 7 ,
o .

Wooden T riangle 7 inch ,

-

For class the num ber to be governed by the way in which they are
u se ,

to be used by the amount of money to be expended F twenty fi

, . or -
ve

pupils 1 2 paste brushes and 5 pu ches answer very well

,
-
n .

P aste brushes 1 inch fi t

-
a

E yelet P unches

One of each helpful but not necessary ,

P aper C utter 1 2 inch to 1 5 inch

,

S traight E dge
L arge S hears
 MAT E R IA LS

The materials nec essary for this c ourse may be pur

chased from any of the large school supply houses or from ,
’
dealers in bookbinders supplies B efore an order i s given .
,

it is recommended that the m aterials be seen at least in ,

sample as names sometimes vary in di fferent commercial

,

houses The sizes and p rl c e s are also liable to variation

. .

I n selecting c olored papers avoid brilliant hues and choose , ,

sof t c olors .

T
S I F F F OU NDA TI ON

N ewsboard 2 6 x 38

N ewsboard is in reality a box board and differs from binders board

’
,

in the quality of the fi bre B t for such articles are described in

. u as

this course it is the more satisfactory of the two B oth newsboard

,
.

and binders board are sold in bundles ea ch weighing 5 0 l b T he

’
s .

board is numbered according to the number of sheets in the bundle .

T hus N 5 0 means that the bundle contains 5 0 sheets

o . B oard of .

this number i light in weight easily handled by small children and

s , ,

i well suited to the articles here described

s M ost book covers are .

made of N 30 ( 3 0 sheets to the bundle ) which is twice as thick as

o .
,

N o 60. T h sheets of newsboard are rather large to be h ndled con

. e a

i
v en e ntl y I f desired they will be cut in quarters by the dealer at
.
,

slight expense .

F O B C OV E R I N G F O U ND A T I O N

Vellum de luxe 38 wide

Vellum de luxe i a sized and tinted cloth of an inexpensive grade of

s

cotton which is quite suitable for the purposes of this course I f

,
.

material of a higher grade i desired art canvas art vellum etc s , , ,

.
,

may be purchased T hese come in a great variety of colors I t

. .

is better to use but one color in the class for economy s sake but
’
, ,

if this i not to be considered different articles may be of differ

s ,

ent colors C hoose quiet colors such as old blue

.
“
dull green ,
”
,
”

“
deep red .

C over P aper ( light weight ) 22 x 2 8

 M A TERI A L S 11

W ALL PA ER P

B y observing a harmon y of coloring between paper and vellum some

beautiful results may be obtained I f one is fortunate enough to secure
.

a sample book there is chance for great variet y I f it must be

” ”
a .

purchased out ight two or three well chosen patterns will suffi ce
r .

F OR L I NI NG

M arbled P aper
B ark wove P aper

F O R LI M P C O V ER S
Screenings
C over P aper
K raft P aper
Drawing P aper ( gray )
R d R ope manila
e

O k tag stock
a

T ough check

F OR I NS I D E
P age P aper
P age P aper
Drawi ng P aper ( white )
Drawing P aper ( gray )
Drawing P aper (m a n )
N ewspaper ( white )
F OR S TI T IN
CH S EW I
G A ND NG

L inen T hread
S ilk
R ffi ( plain )
a a

R ffi ( colored )
a a

PA S TE
M ostof the various pastes on the market serve very well the needs
of the e probl ems A far less exp ensive and q ite as sat isfactory a
s . u

paste may be made from wheat or rice fl our prov i de d one h the im as s

p l t facilities for boil ing

es T ake two tablespoonfuls of fl our and wet
.

with warm water Over this pour one p i nt of b oili g water and boil
. n

three minutes teaspoonful of powdered lum added to this will keep

. a

it sweet for some time I f an extra strong paste i desired a small

. s

quantity of glue may be added to the paste while it is still hot I f solid .

glue i used this should fi rst be dissolved in hot water

s .
12 B OOKB IND ING FOR BE GINNER S
AC C E SS O R I E S
E yelets 2 5 0 in box
P urchase eyelets of t he same make as the eyelet punch ( see list of
equipment ) since those of a different make are not always an exact
,

fit .

M a cre m e cord 8 oz ball .

T ape ( white ) 4 yds in a piece .

T ape ( colored ) 1 0 yds in a piece .

S tay T ape ( cloth ) 3

4wide”

( paper ) %
I/

( cloth )
1/
1
( paper ) 1

( cloth )
( paper )
S uper 1yd wide .

B ookbinder s T wine ball

’

H ead B ands Di fferent widths

G umm ed T issue R oll or E nvelope of
5 or 6 vds .
 Pr o b l e m I

B O O KL E T
T I M E : 4 hours .

M A TER I AL S : F or the inside any of the paper so listed

,
.

For the cover any of the paper listed

,
so .

For stitching any material listed

,
so .

The simplest form of a book c o n si ts of a cove r and

inside sheets in a single fold sewed through the center ,
.

Choose materials from the lists given .

Thr ee definite methods of working out this problem

are here outlined arranged in the order of their d i fii c u l ty
,

O ther c ombinations will suggest themselves .

M E T HOD A F irst determine the purpose for wh i ch the

.

booklet is to be used and decide on shape and size of page

,

best s ui ted to this pur pose I f fo r spelling or pocket memo

.

randa it may be long and narrow ; if for language a larger

,

page is desirable ; or if for map work the size and shape of ,

the maps should be considered Take any sheet of pap er and

.

experim ent in folding to Obtain satisfactory size and pro

portions .

A single S heet of paper folded through the c enter is called

a folio This sheet will be twice the width of a page and of
.

the same length ( Comm ercially a folio is made from paper

.
,

varying from 2 2 x 1 6 to 4 4 x 3 2 Therefore books to which .

,

this term i s applied are generally of large size ) .

With pencil and rule draw a plan of the open folio and
properly dim ension the drawing ( See P late I ) . .

I f there has been no previous trai ni ng in simple mecha n

ical drawing the use of extension and dim ension lines arrow
, ,

heads and the proper placing of figures should be explained

,
.

I f some proficiency in this kind of dr a wm g has been acquired ,

a freehand sketch may take the plac e of an accurate drawing .

14 B O OKB INDING FOR BE GINNER S

I
e —ai
—al
I<
PLA TE I . ccurate working drawings and freehand sketches
A
such as chil dren should produce before making the booklet .

P late II shows some of the line conventions used in making

a working drawing .

I n the same manner a s for the pages draw a plan of the ,

cover which should proj ec t beyond the pages from

,
to M

CONV E NTIONS FOR WORKING DRAWINGS .

I
C O NS TRU CT O N LINES
I
O U TL NE S O F OB J E C T
FOLDI NG LI NE S
E X T E NS ION LI N E S
fag DI ME NS ION LI NE S

I
< —| —
a
"

J
PLA TE II . L ine C onventions .
 B OOK L E T 15

of an inch L ay out and c u t the cover and one sheet for the
.

inside keeping carefully on the lines

,
.

H aving cut one sheet of the inside lay the sheet on as ,

many pieces of the paper as are needed ( from three to seven ,

make a booklet of desirable thickness ) ; then make a hole

with a pin or needle at each c orner piercing all at one time ,
.

O n each sheet draw the four sides using r ule and pencil ,
.

This i s easier than to measur e eac h one The folded .

sheets should be placed one inside the other to form the

PLA TE III . S ketches illustrat i ng a simple method of stitching a booklet .

inside of the booklet and the whole placed inside the folded
,

cover with the edges of the c over proj ec ting S lightly

,
.

With a needle make a hole through the c enter of the

fold and another near each end of the fold ( from one half an
,
-

inch to an inch and a half from the end ) acc ording to the
size of the b ooklet as sh o w n i n P late III With thread or
,
.

r a ffi a sew through the center hole from the inside out back , ,

to the inside through an end hole outside through the c enter

,

hole inside through the other end hole and tie the ends in a
, ,

square knot ( see illustration P late I V ) near the center of

,

the fold O ther equally satisfactory methods of sewing m a y

.

be worked out .

B D etermine the purpose of the boo klet first and then

.

its size and shape A s in A draw plans of the inside and

.
 16 B OOKB IND ING FOR B EGINNER S

cover With rule and pencil lay out parts on materials to be

.

used Cut and sew as in A

. .

Simple lettering on the c over adds much to the appear

ance of the booklet Choose a title appropriate to its con
.

“
tem p l a te d use as
, N O TE S SKE T C HE S ,
”
etc which ,
”
.
,

should be executed in rathe r large R oman c apitals O n a .

separate sheet mar k out an oblong of height and width

,

desired fo r the title and prac tise on this I f title is long .

,

make letters nar row if sho r t lette r s may be b r oadened to

, , ,

fill up more space When satisfactory r esults are ob tained

.
,

cut out and place on the c over moving up and down to ,

PLA TE I V . T he
position of the threads
in tying a square kno t .

determine i ts best position The base line of the title

.

should be placed below the top at one fi fth to o n e quar te r of - -

the e ntire distance from the top to the bottom of the cover .

A fter the position i s determined the title should be trans ,

’
ferred either by tracing or c opying The pupil s name in .

much smalle r c apitals should be worked out in the same man

ner a n d pla ced below the center with a somewhat wider mar
gin a t the base than at the top D O not enclose the title in
.

an oblong or other figure A single or double line as a

.

border around the c over looks well if c arefully done ( See ,

.

illustration P late V )
,
.

C F o r the c over use gray drawing paper tinted other

.
, ,

materials a s desired .

D rawplans as in A and B A larger surface than r e.

quired for the cover should be tinted before it i s marked out ,

 B OOK L E T 17

so that any streaking along the edge may be cut O ff To mix .

a wash of the c olor selec ted put two or three tablespoonfuls

,

of water in the water cup and add a little paint until the
-

desired tone is produced being quite sure to have enough

,

PLA TE V . s i mplest possible designs for book

T he
covers inv olving good spacing and careful lettering
,
’

to cover the whole s u rfac e T r y to have the wash clean not

.
,

muddy and beware of too much paint " The colors should
,

be soft not crude and somewhat neutralized by the addition

, ,

of the complementary color The best results are produced.

by the u se of green pale yellow brown d ull orange and red

, , , ,
.

B lue is very likely to streak and is seldom satisfactory .

 B OO K B I ND I N G F OR BEGINNER S

When ready t o apply the wash plac e the paper on an ,

— °
inclined surfac e 4 5 or more from the horizontal A sheet .

of heavy c a r dboard or a book answers this pur pose a d m ir

ably With a full brush make a horizontal stroke across the
.

top of the paper The second stroke should be j ust below

.

this leaving no dry S pots between B eing c areful to keep the .

brush full of paint c ontinue in this manner until the entire

,

surface is covered The surplus amount of paint which will

.

settle along the lower edge should b e taken up with the brush ,

which h a s first been squeezed dry between the thum b and

finger When the paper is dry mark out the cover and cut
.
,
.

Cut out the leaves and sew as in A The cover may be .

lettered a s in B .

S C R AP B OO K

A This form of book is excellent for a thin scrap

.

book The pages may be of any size but if defi ni te ideas

.

are lacking i t is advised that the size of an ordinar y magazine

be taken as a basis Wrapping pape r may be used for
.

both leaves and c over .

B Sometimes it is desirab l e to take two or three

.

stories from magazines and fasten the pages together ,

inclosing all in c overs Trim neatly the edges of suc h

.

leaves where they were torn from the binding and assem b le
them in proper order F o r each pair cut a strip of thin
.

paper of exac tly the same length a s the page and sa y one
inch to one inch and a half in width To each of t h ese .

strips paste two leaves When all have been pasted and
.

dried assemble again and stitc h through the b acks as

already shown .
 P ro b l e m 1 1

A HOLDE R FO R TH E PARTS O F A M O DE L

B efore proceeding further some kind of a permanent

,

holder should be provided to keep all together the various

pieces of the model This prevents the c onfusion and loss
.

of time incident to passing several kinds of materials each b v

itself
.

PLA TE V I . P attern for a S im ple envelope .

20 B OOK B I N DING FOR BEGI NNER S

O ne lesson might be used for the making of a portfolio

for this purpose cut from screenings or heavy wrapping
,
” ” ”
paper and patterned afte r an envelope from 6 x 9 to 9
, ,

( See Plate V I ) The contents are more

”
x l2 in size . .

securely held by providi ng some kind of a fastener The .

following method is a good one : I n the center of one side

of the flap plan to punch a hole This should first be r e
.

enforced by cutting from heavy paper a circle of to

radius and pasting it in the correc t place Through both .

thicknesses punch th e hole I nto this insert twine fi rst

.
,

looping it in the centre and then passing both ends through

the loop U se this to tie the envelope
. .

I f large pads of paper are used in the schoolroom ,

their c ardboard backs may be utilized Take two of the .

same size punch holes along three sides of each near the
, ,

edges and lace th em together I f one of the long sides

.

O f the resulting holder has been left open m aterials c an ,

.

be removed with greater ease than if a short side is so used .

A se t of holders thus made is very durable .

N ew paper bags make good holders although less

desirable than either of the other two .
 Pr o b l e m l l l

M O U N TS A N D PAD S
TI ME : 6 hours .

M A TE R I A L s :ewsboard vell m and paper for memorandum pad or cal

N ,
u , ,

endar or pad to be mounted

,
.

We shall now begin to deal with materials that a r e

more exclusively employed in bookbinding work Th e .

simple articles considered at first are not books ; but because

the processes involved and the materials used will be used
later in the more di fficult work of binding a real book they ,

are made a part of this course .

The wise teacher will become somewhat familiar with

handling the required materials before attempting to give
instruction I t is recommended that two or more models
.

from each problem be made by the teacher before selec ting

one for the class .

The articles described I n P roblem III ( See P late V II )

c onsist of a foundation of a single piec e O f newsboard c overed ,

back and front with a bookbinding cloth .

A . M O U N T O F A C A L E ND A R OR P I C T U RE

F irst
secure the article to be mounted and then deter
mine the size and shape most desirable for the mount N ever .

make the mount first and then attempt to find something to

fit it .

To determine the size of the mount place the calendar ,

or pic ture on a sheet of paper and find the most pleasing

ma r gins by laying a pencil on each side of the article I n .

crease o r decrease this margin by moving the pencils bac k

and forth until a satisfac tory position i s found as shown in ,

P late V III I ndic ate this position by a line on each side

. .
22 B OOKB I NDING FOR BEGINNER S

I n the same manner establish top and bottom margins

,

The margin at the top may equal that at the side or be a ,

trifl e wider or narrower ; the one at the botto m may equ al

1
.

the side margins or be wider but never nar r ower and , ,

PLA TE V II . M ounts and pads made

by children .

always greater than the top margi n D raw lines for top .

and bottom and the size of the foundation is indicated '

.

A frac tion Of an inch may be a dd e d o r subtracted to give

even measurements .

Working drawings should now be made of the c om

p l e te d model showing the location of the c alendar also of
, ,

the front and back .

1
In a vertical sheet wider ; in a horizontal sheet narrower
, ,
.
 M O U N TS A ND P A D S 23

M ake them either accurately or freehand as described

i n P roblem I I f the latter method is used some sense of
.
,

proportion should be observed That i s do not draw 3

.
,

inches as long as 6 inches nor 4 inches longer than 7 inches

,
.

PLA TE V III Deciding upon the right size mount

.

for a picture by experim ent with pe cils n .

The size of the foundation h a s already been determined

The front covering shoul d be inch larger on each side than
the foundation to allow for laps which are to fold onto the
,

back of the newsboard The back c overing should be from

.

l
f " to of an inch smaller than the foundation on each side
“

as the finished product looks much neater if no r aw edge is

visible from the front .

I n P late I X the first drawing is of the fac e of the c om

,

p l e te d model showing the location of the c alendar This .

also shows the size of the foundation The other two draw
.

ings S how the size of the two pieces of vellum I f the first .

drawing seems too complicated omit the location of the

,
24 B OOKB I NDI NG FOR B EGINNER S

c alendar and draw and dimension only the outside rec

,

tangl e to give the size of the foundation .

The piec es of material given out should be a little larger

than the finished size although unnecessary waste should be
,

avoided NO attempt should be made to cut these p i ec es

.

V ELLU M FRONT

V ELLU M BACK

—
P a
"

PLA TE I X T he
completed moun t showing the loca
.

tion of the calendar and the two pieces of vellum

,
.

c arefully or r egularly E ach pupil should be led to depend on

.

his own initiative in the use of the rule and triangle A n i r r e gu .

lar edge whic h i s not a guide is more educational than straight

,

edges and right angles which are of c onsiderable assistance .

With r ule triangle and pencil c arefully lay out each

, , ,

part from the drawings already made and cut the coverings ,
2
with the scissors The foundation is more succ essfully cut
.

S
2
elvage should never be allowed to remain on a covering of vellum ~
A raw edge ”pastes down more losely and is therefore less apparent
c , ,
.

Vellu m tears very easily lengthwise and a torn edge may be allowed if it
_

is to be covered I f not t o be covered all edges should invariably be cut

.
,
.
 M O U NTS A ND PA D S 25

wit h the paper cutter as to cut it with scissors i s a very

,

difficult task for little hands and likely to loosen the scissors
at the j oint The most desirable way is for each pupil to
.

cut his own newsboard in which c ase the ruler fasten ed to ,

the cutter may be used to insure the c orrec t size without any
p reliminary measuring I f the cutte r is deemed unsafe for
.

’
the pupils u se the proper size may b e marked on the news
,

board with pencil and the pieces cut by a large boy or by the
teacher .

When the pieces have all been cut plac e the n ews ,

board o n the back side of the front piece of vellum ,

with the margins equal and draw around it Cover the ,

.

surface inside the pencil lines with a thin even c oat of ,

paste .

M uch of the succ ess of the work depends o n the pasting

and rubbing The paste is of the right c onsistency whe n
.

put up by the dealer and if it dries somewhat after being

,

opened a little water thoroughly stirred in will make it all

,

right The brush well filled with paste should be passed

.

over the surfac e of the covering material with long eve n

strokes N o dry spots should be left and especial pains
.
,

should be taken to c over the sur face close to the pencil

lines L ook across the pasted sur face toward the light to
.

see if it i s entirely c overed ; looking direc tly down upon

it does not reveal the dry places R ub the brush rather .

heavily over the surface to make the paste sink into the
cloth .

While pasting several sheets of newspaper are i nv a l u

,

able to protec t the desk the model and the fingers With , ,
.

a few quick strokes of the c ard cutter cut o ff the folds of a -

,

newspaper leaving loose sheets the size of half or a quarte r

,

page E ach desk should have several sheets placed one on

.
,

top of another When the top sheet has become sticky

.
,

discard it A perfec tly clean surfac e beneath it is ready to

.

be used in the same way P ress the newsboard on the pasted

.
26 B O OKB IND ING FOR BEGINNER S
3
surfac e turn it over and rub it down very hard on the right
, ,

side of the vellum When rubbing the vellum on the ri ght

.

side a small piec e of cloth for each pupil prevents fi nger

,

marks and enables the pupil to rub harder as the cloth p r o

,

te e ts the hand .

B efore pasting proj ec ting parts the c orners should b e ,

cut Tw o methods are shown in the illustrations I n the

. .

first two adj acent proj ec tions are turned o nto the bac k of
,

the foundation B e careful that they fit very closely to the

.

sides of the newsboard press down with the fingers and hold
, ,

PL ATE X . C lipping the corners .

them very firmly A t the c orner will b e a surplus piec e

.

which sho ul d be pinched to stand up r ight Slanting the .

scissors very slightly upward cut from the corner toward the ,

cente r ( See P late X )

. The second method is to make.

slanting cuts from the outside of the vel l u m toward the

corners of the newsboard ( See P late X I ) A pply paste to
. .

the proj ecting sides fold over and rub down ; treat the ends
,

in the same manner .

I f it is desired that the c ompleted mount shall hang on

the wall make a loop of ribbon tape or vellum I f tape or
, , ,
.

r ibbon is used choose the c olor ve r y c arefully ; that which

,

matches the vellum i s the best c hoic e ; but if a contrast is ,

3When turni ng over any part of the model which h a pasted surf ace as
-
,

take hold near the center as far as possible as handling by the edges or corners,

is likely to remove paste from the places where it is most needed .

 M O U N TS A ND PA D S 27

preferred c hoose a soft c olor whic h has some quality in har

,

mony with the vellum P aste this loop to the back of the
.

foundation allowing it to proj ec t above the top A pply

,
.

paste to the back covering and rub it down very firmly being ,

careful that no loose edges are left I nstead of pasting on a .

loop a hole may be punched near the top with the eyelet
,

punch and an eyelet inserted This should be done after

,
.

the back is pasted on .

A ccording to plan paste o n the c alendar or pic ture

,
.

D ry all under a weight I f several mounts are to be placed

.

PLA TE X I . O ne method of cutti ng the corners .

under the same weight it is better that e ac h sho u ld be sepa

,

rated from the others by a sheet of blotting paper or several ,

thicknesses of newspaper A llow them to stand over night . .

I n the morning they will be found sufficiently pressed .

B . M O U N T FOR M E M OR A ND U M PA D

Secure a small pad and plan a mount to extend beyond

“

the pad inch or more on each side D raw plans work out , ,

and paste as in A I nstead of a loop by which to suspend

.

the pad make a holder for a pencil to be placed on the right

,

side of the mount Cut a strip of vellum one half or three

.
-

quarters the length of the mount A t each end of the strip .

turn about %3 inch onto the wrong side to give a finished

edge To sec ur e the correc t s i ze fold the strip over the
.
,

pencil to be used and with the pencil still folded in paste

, , ,
28 B OOKB IND I NG FOR B EGI NNER S

the two long edges of the strip together and then to the back ,

of the newsboard having it placed midway between the

,

top and b ottom edges The pasting of the b ack covering

.

then follows R emove the c ardboard back from the pad

.

befo r e pasting it to the mount Dr y under weight . .

C P O C KE T M E M OR A ND U M P A D
.

This is intended to be carried in the pock e t and its size ,

should be governed by its use A void rectangles which .

V ELLU M

P — J P— fi l
PLATE X II . front view of the memorandum pad accuratel y
A
drawn to Show proportions ; also drawings of the vellum coverings .

approximate the square but choose rather such p r oportions

,

a s 2 x 3 or 2 % x 4 A s in A make working drawings for the

.
,

thre e pieces I f desired the first drawing may b e of t he

.
,

completed face ( See P late X II ) L ay out and cut all

. .

parts .

O n the front piece of vellum lay the newsboard as in A ,

and draw around it F rom the corners indicated by the

.

pencil lines measure equal distances along adj acent lines ,

and connect the points by straight lines B e careful not .

to make these lines too near the co r ners of an inch to 1 ,

inch b eing a good measurement for a small pad Cut on .

 M O U N TS A ND PA D S 29

these lines with a sharp knife or folding the ends of the line
,

’
together cut along the line with scissors
,
.

A pply paste to the front piece being careful not to paste

,

outside the slanting lines at the corners for this space should ,

be left free to hold the sheets O f p aper O ne way to protect .

these corners is to insert a piece of newsboard or paper in the

slits from the right side of the vellum so that the corners
, ,

on the wrong side are covered The paste may then b e .

applied with freedom R emove the protecting piece of news

.

board and paste the vellum to the foundation F inish as in .

A without the hanger or if desired add pencil holder as in

, , ,

B . Cut several sheets of white paper of an inch smaller

than the newsboard and when the paste is thoroughly dry
, , ,

insert them in the slits .

D . B L O TT E R

Like C except that it should be large enough to ho l d a

school blotter I ncrease the size of the corners to b e pro
.

p o r ti o n a te to the size of the blotter .

 P r o ble m I V
T I ME 8 hours .

M A TER I AL S : N ewsboard vellum and l i ning paper

, ,
.

N ote : A s in P roblem II each of these models

,
has a foundation of a
single piece of newsboard covered on the front with vellum but on the back
, ,

with lining paper .

A N EED L E CA S E
. A
A s shown at A in P late X III the needlecase should b e
,

planned to hold f o ur p apers of need l es two at each end ’

,
.

The size of the case will d ep en d o n the size of the papers of

needles and must be planned accordingly M ake the width
,
.

a little more than twice the width of a pap er of needles and ,

allow a little space lengthwise between the papers of needles

to permit thei r easy removal The p ockets are formed of.

strips of vellum p asted on to each end of the foundation ,

and their depth should be a little more than hal f the length
of a paper of needles .

A n ac curate working d r aw m g Of the completed case

should be made ( see P late X I V ) F rom this mark out and
.
,

cut the newsboard to the correct size The front covering of .

vellum should have laps on th e sides only and may well be a

little shorter th an th e foundation M ake freehand d i m e n .
,

s i o n e d sketches of this piece of the vellum pockets and of

, ,

the marbled paper The pockets should have 2 inch laps

.
1

on three sides for p asting to the back O n the other edge .

,

which is to b e free allow at least an eighth of an inch to b e

,

tur ned over like a hem onto the wrong S ide for a neat finish .

The paper for the back should b e one fourth of an inch nar -

rower and shorter than the foundation .

M ark out and cut with the scissors the pieces of vellum ,

and marbled paper The front covering should be pasted on

.

fi rst. B efo r e p asting the pockets ( which should be fastened

 C HE C KERBO A RD 31

to the back only ) turn ove r the hem and crease it hard but
, ,

do not paste The hem will extend onto the side laps F rom
. .

these laps cut o ff the under side of the hem that it may not

PLA TE X III . needlecase a checkerboard

A ,

and a blotter Good problems upon which to

.

practise the processes involved in bookbinding

.

be double P aste on the pockets and the back

. . D ry all
under weight .

B A C HE C KERB O A RD
.

F irstdecide on the size of the small squares remember ,

ing that there are eight in each direction A lso allo w fo r a

.
32 B OOKB INDING FO R B EGI NNER S

margin outside the squares which should vary in propor

, ,

tion to the size of the squares A single or double borde r .

l ine enclosing the squares is a desirable addition ( See B .

,

P late X III ) .

M ake working drawings of the foundation the front ,

c overing of vellum and the back covering of lining paper

,
.

I n selecting vellum for this model h ave in mind the applica ,

L —a Ie— i iL aI —4
PLA TE X I V A accurate working drawing of the completed needle
. n

case and dimensioned sketches of the pieces used for covering

,
.

tion of a color which is t o be used on alternate squares .

E ither a deep red vellum with alternate squares of black or a

dull green vellum with alternate squares Of red i s a good
combination .

L ay out and cut all p ar ts using the card cutter for the
,

newsboard and the scissors for the vellum and the lining
,

p aper A s in previous models lay foundation on the back

.
,
.

of the piece of vellum draw around it and cover with p aste

, ,

the surface enclosed by the pencil lines A gain place the .

 B L O TT ER 33

foundation on the vellum press it down hard turn over both , ,

pieces and rub the vellum on the r ight side until it is smooth .

When thoroughly rubbed down paste laps being careful to , ,

make neat corners P aste on lining paper and dry under

.

weight .

D uring a subsequent less on mark out the checker ,

board accurately with rule and pencil O nly alternate

, ,
.

squares need be colored and this may be done with water ,

colors crayo n or pencil I f water colors are chosen they

, ,
.
,

should be used with as little water as possible B efore apply .

ing the paint to the v ellum the glaze of the surface may be ,

reduced by rubbing over it the powder which comes from

common white chalk R u b the powder in with the fingers
.

and lightly brush o ff what remains O n a separate piece of .

vellum practice the application of color before applying it

,

to the checkerboard both to test the color itself and to

, ,

become somewhat familiar with the best method of applica

tion A fter the paint is thoroughly dry the surface may be
.
,

cleaned by rubbing carefully with a piece Of cloth F inish b y .

putting on the outside border line wit h pencil .

C . A B L O TT ER

This i s to be a more elaborate produc tion than the

blotte r described in P roblem III ( D ) C ompare C P l a te .
,

X III .

F irst determine the size of the foundation whic h may ,

vary from small blotter to desk blotter size Consider pro

- -
.

portions very carefully A small blotter a d mits greater.

variance between length and width than one of larger size .

M ake dimensioned drawings of foundation front covering ,

of vellum or c over paper and back c overing of marbled ,

paper .

When the foundation has been cut and the front c over
ing pasted on plan the corners which are to c onsist of sepa
,

rate pieces D etermine their size by setting o ff a triangle

.
34 B OOKB INDING FO R BEG INNER S

at one corner with a rule or pencil moving the rule or pencil ,

to vary the size of the triangle until one of satisfac tory size
is decided upon L ay out o n paper a triangle of the c hosen
.

size The thickness of the foundation plus the thickness

.
,

of the one or more s heet s of blotting paper whic h are to b e

placed under the c orners must be taken into c onsideration , .

B efore adding the laps which are to extend onto the back
for half an inch o r more experiment with patterns cut f r om
paper ( see P late XV ) .

The c orners may be made of linen paper , ,

or skiver ( a prepared leat her wh i ch has been split by ma

P LATE XV . Diagram for blo t ter corner .

Chi nery ) Cut t hem out by the patte r n To gi v e a finish

‘

. .

to the edge which i s to be free turn it over about of an ,

inch I f leather i s used a portion of the unde r side along

.
,

the edges should be additionally skived o ff before turning ,

over to make the laps very thin Cover paper if used

,
.
, ,

may be r e enforced by pasting a piec e of muslin o nto the

-

back .

These corners present an opportunity for applied design .

“ ”
The most satisfac tory decoration for leather i s tooling .

O n the other mater ials suggested a design may be applied ,

4
by stenciling or block printing .

The designs should be simple and appropriate ( s ee

P lates XV I ) and the color scheme c arefully planned
,
Un .

S imple directions for these processes ma y be found in the S c hool A r ts

4

B ook as follows : T ooling J une 1 908 ; S tenciling J une and O ctober 1 908
, , , , ,

M arch ,
19 12 ; B lock printing J une
-
, ,
1 907 .
 B L O TT ER 35

less a special study has been made of color harmonies a com ,

bination of analogous c olors or c omplementary c olors is a

W i ser choice than a more complicated combination P ra c .

tise on paper until a pattern is secured and apply it to the

,

c orners by the method decided upon .

PLA TE XV I . B lotter pad corners with original units by grammar school child en
-
r .

When pasting on the decorated corners the sheets of ,

blotting paper should b e placed on the foundation s o that

there will be room for the i r use P aste the laps to the back
.

of the foundation being very c areful to place the corners

,

in exac t position L eave the sheets of blott i ng paper under

.

the c orners until after the whole has been pressed ; other
wise the weight would crush the c orners When putting in .

new sheets of blotting paper they can be more easily slipped

,

under the c orners if a small triangle has been cut from each
c orner O f the blot ting paper A sheet of lining paper about
.

of an inch shorter and narrower than the foun d atio n

should be pasted to the back D ry all under weight
. .
 Pr o b l e m V

M O U N TS A ND COVE R S

T ime : 6 hours .

M A TER I AL S : N ewsb o a r d vellum and lining paper

, ,
.

N O TE : E ach article in this problem has tw o fo u n d a ti o n _

pieces covered
by a S ingle piece of vellum which forms a hinge between them
, ,
and the whole
is lined with marbled paper .

A . A C A L E ND A R S T A ND
F irstmake or sec ur e a c alendar which should be of small ,

size I f desired a picture may be u sed with the c alendar

.
, ,

but it S hould harmonize with it m S i ze and c olo r I n such a .

c ase p lan to have the spac e between the two much smaller
than the margins s o that the eye will take them in as a
,

group and not as two separate obj ec ts D ecide on the mar

,
.

gins as described in P roblem I I and thus arrive at the proper ,

size for one of the foundation pieces of newsboard ( See .

P late XV II ) .

M ake a dimensioned sketch of this piec e and plan to ,

have two made of newsboard F o r the outside c overing plan .

a strip of vellum whic h shall be long enough to c over both

pieces of newsboard when plac ed about one eighth of an inc h -

apart and to make half inch laps on each side and end P lan
,
-
.

a strip of vellum about an inc h wide and as long as the width

of the foundation piec es to form the back of the hinge ; and
two pieces of lini ng paper each one eighth of an inch smaller,
-

in both direc tions than the foundation pieces M ake d i m en .

s i o n e d sketches of these pieces ( see P late XV III ) lay out ,

and cut all parts .

I n the center of the narrow strip of vellum mark off a

S pace one eighth of an inch wide extending lengthwise of the
-
,
 M O U N TS A ND C O V ER S 37

str i p A pply paste and lay the two pieces of newsboard on

.

the vellum and with edges against the lines drawn P ress .

hard on the newsboard turn it over and rub down the , ,

vellum A hinge is thus formed for the two pieces of news

.

board L ay these piece s on the large piec e of vellum and

.

draw around the whole A pply paste to the vellum inside

.

the pencil lines L ay the double foundation on the pasted

.

surfac e with the narrow strip of vellum on top R ub down .

PLA TE XV II . C alendars .

the outsid e surface very hard leaving no wrinkles o r rough ,

places ; clip the corne r s as described in P roblem II paste ,

the laps fold them over rub them down and line the mount
, , ,

with the piec es of marbled paper Connec t the front and .

back halves of the mount by a single or double strap of

vellum pasted to the inside of each F inish by pasting on the .

c alendar and pic ture .

N O TE I f the calendars are made for C hristmas a most appropriate

.
,

t i me the children are sometimes desirous of decorating with C hristmas seals

,
.

T hese are not so desirable as a decorative picture but if the t eacher feels that ,

to forbid their use would be dispiriting to the child S he S hould insist that ,

onl y one seal should be used and that on the back of the standard where it will
carr y i t message but will not detract from the appearance of the face of th
s ,
e

mount A envelope might be made in which to present th calendar d

. n e , an

the seals used on th outside of th envelopes

e e .
38 B OOKB INDI NG FOR BEGI NNER S

I I

I + — 4% — I
PLATE XV III . F reehand sk tches of the parts of a simple calendar mount
e .

B . A NO T HER C A L END A R M O U N T
P lanthe back standard to be smaller than the front
instead of the same size P late X I X suggests a suitable
.

trapezoidal shape I n this c ase the vell um must be of the

.

same length as befor e but ou t to fit the di fferent widths of

,

the newsboard ( compare P late XX ) .

 M O U N TS A ND C O V ER S 39

P lan a narrow strip of v ellum to line the hinge as in A ,

.

P aste this piece and the outside c overing as before Cut the.

lining paper of the correc t shapes and apply to the back .

1
12
"

1
2 2
.

PLA TE X I X T he foundation pieces for an easel mount

. .

C . A N EED L E B OOK
-

This c onsists of covers with leaves of flannel D ecide .

upon the size of leaves which should not b e too large and in
,

good proportion O ne piec e of flannel S hould form two

.
40 B OOKB INDING FOR BE GINNER S

leaves as in booklets described in P r oblem I P lan the c overs

,
.

to be one eighth of an inch la r ger in each direc tion than the

-

leaves These should b e construc ted like the calendar

.

mount already described in A but the space between should ,

be greater perhaps three eighths of an inch M ake d i m e n

,
-
.

I
<

P LA TE XX . The flat of vellum for covering

the foundation .

sketches of all parts The parts S hould then be laid

si o n e d .

out cut and pasted F inish the edges of the leaves by pink
, ,
.

ing ( cutting in small points ) F our leaves are su fficient . .

Sew them to the c over as described in P roblem I .

D . A C OV ERED M E M OR A ND U M PA D
I

Secure a small pad P lan c overs a s described in B .

, ,

which shall proj ec t about one eighth of an inch in eac h -

 M O U N TS A ND C O V E R S 41

direc tion beyond the pad P lan to have the spac e between
.

them about of an inch more than the thickness of the pad

.

When the covers are finished paste the pad firmly to the
,

inside of one c over I f desired loops of vellum to hold the

.
,

pencil may be pasted on the side of the pad as described i n

,

P roblem I.
 P ro b l e m VI

FO LD IN G C H EC K E R B O ARD *

TIME : 6 hours .

M A TE R I A Ls : N ewsb o ar d . vellum S quared paper

,
.

Thi s checkerboa r d ( P late XX I ) is pla nned with squares

M in size and of these there Should be 8 on each side
”
,

alternating dark and light B y m aking a foundation .

square it gives a margin o f 5M on all sides r esulting not

,
”
,

only in a satisfac tory appea r ance but providing a place ,

for extra checkers This board folds th r ough the center

.

and i s small enough to be easily c arried in the pocket .

The illustration i s in tended to S how the c onstruc tion to

th e t e ac h er Such a drawing should not b e attempted by
.

the pupils whose e fforts shoul d be c onfined to S i mple sketches

O f the necessary pieces as in the other pro blems .

s tr o n g x 7 M
”
Cut two pieces of newsboard and ,

a piece of vellum about 9 square I t will be Observed ”

.

that the width of the newsboard is less than half the leng th
in order to allow a space between the two pieces of news
board without which the completed board would not close .

O n the back side of the piece of vellum mark Off i n

heavy lines the positions of the two pieces of newsboard and
" —
allow M or 6 space between them
3
P aste th e newsboa r d .

to the vellum as already described cut the corners and paste

”
the edges A strip of vellum 2 x 7 should be pasted to c over
.

the space between the two pieces of newsboard and extend

well onto them .

* o
Fr m W ar T i m e O cc u p a t i o ns .
 FO L DING C HE C KERB O A RD 43

PLA TE XX I .

The paper used for lining may be prepared in one of

several ways either by machine or by hand and may be
, ,

in one piece or two The former is less l ikely to be confusing

. .

The easiest and quickest method is to have the squares

printed in dar k ink on white or light gray paper of good
quality and fairly tough The us e of linoleum is suggested
,
.

as one method of printing squares or a line plate may be

,

made the squares printed from it and finished linings for

,

the checkerboards furnished to those who are m aking

44 B OOKB IND ING FOR B EGINNER S

them The l ight squares may be left as they are or may be

.

colored with water c olor crayon or Oils A ll the outside

, ,
.

squares should be lined in either when printed or afterward

,
”
by hand A border line about M outside the squares
.

adds very much to the general appearance .

I f all the markings and coloring must be done by

hand paper c o mm er i c a ll y ruled into 4 squares is r e c o m
,
1 ”

mended This secures accuracy and saves much tiresome

.
,

ruling Three such spaces on each side form a

. inch
squa r e and when the checkerboard is laid O ff by small
dots on outside lines p r oceed to colo r alternate squares
,

by one of the following methods :

A With soft pencil darken alternate squares leaving
.

others of the original color B egin with the uppe r row .

,

and take successive rows downward A cross the paper .

lay a rule j ust below the lower edge of the squares to be

darkened With the pencil make vertic al strokes o nly
.
,

using the Side of the pencil to give an even surface free

from ridges B e careful with the lines at the right and
.

left edges that they do not extend into the adj oining spac e .

The edge of the rule will stop the strokes at the right plac e
at the bottom and they should not extend quite to the top
as this c an be adj usted later Wh en all rows are finished .
,

turn paper around so that what was top is now bottom ,

a n d complete squa r es by the same method .

B . I nstead of pencil colored crayons may be used

,

in the same manne r as already desc r ibed .

C Crayons of two colors may be used in alternate

.

squa r es or one c olor and a black pencil O range and blac k

,
.

or red and black are pleasing c ombinations .

D . I nk o r water may be applied with a brush .

“ ”
When completed plac e the board so t h at a dark
square is in the uppe r left and lower r ight corners r e sp ec
”
ti vel y and cut Open vertic ally removing about M f r om
, ,
 FO L DIN G C HE C KERB O A RD 45

the center two halves I f no space is left the paper soon

.
,

cracks in folding ; if too little space i s left the edges soon ,

“ ”
tur n and later become dog eared ; if too much is left -
,

it i s confusing to the players as theoret i c ally there should ,

be no S pac e at all P aste these pieces to each half of the

.

”
c over placing them about M apart and dry fi a t under
, ,

weight .

When thoroughly dry the inne r surface S houl d be ,

varnished with shellac or v a l sp ar to give stability to the

colo r O the rwise it soon becomes rubbed and the appear
.
,

ance if not the utility of the board is spoiled O ne coat

, ,
.

is su fficient to hold the co l or but if a polished surface is ,

desired two are neede d .

The question of c oating the outside with S hellac or

othe r polish is an open one and may be decided to suit ,

the indivi dual taste .

I t is sometimes desirable to S how that an article is

the produc t of the schoolroom and in this c ase a neatly ,
’
printed label with a spac e for the pupil s name etc may ,
.
,

be pasted to the outside .

I f larger boards are desired make the squares one inch

in size leaving 3 4 margin The foundation consists of
”
.

two pieces of newsboard each x 9 M and the vellum ,

”

”
for covering should be 1 1 1
3 square The process of
5 .

assembli n g i s like that used I n the small board .

CHE C KER S
I D owels Checkers may be made from dowels
. .

” ”
or 3 4 for small checkerbo ar ds and or 1 for the
larger bo ards B room handles etc may be used as su b
.
,
.
,

s ti tu te s for the dowels .

The checkers Should be of a uniform thickness and ,

this is best secured by using a c ombination mitre box -

,

s aw a n d gauge
, I f this is not available any other means
.
,

may be employed to saw the dowels into disks M or 1 5 — ” 3 Il

in thickness .
46 B OOKB IND ING FOR B EGINNER S

L ay a piece of sandpaper on a flat surfac e and rub the

checkers on t hi s to remove s aw marks Two grades o f .

sandpaper give a better finish than one .

To play the game it is necessary that there should

,

be two c olors of checkers Some woods present su ffici ent

.

di fference in their natural colors to serve this purpose but ,

it i s generally better that one set at least should be a r tificial ly

colored F or this u se stain or ink P lace some of the
.
,
.

fluid in a shallow dish and drop the checkers into it R e

, .

move a t once with nippers or two sticks and lay on a pape r ,

to dry .

M ost stains will stand some wate r but common ink ,

would wash out if rained on So to preserve the colo r .

,

checkers dyed with ink should afterward be dropped into

a thin shellac and taken out and d ried Those of n atural .
_

c olor should also be sh el l ac e d as they keep clean much

longer A fter the shellac i s dry there I s a little rough ness
.
,

on the surface I f this is rubbed o ff with fine sandpaper

.

the checkers are m u ch more a ggre e a b l e to handle Twelve .

checkers of each color are needed for a se t but three or fou r

extra ones may be added P u t these in a strong bag securely
.

tied .

II B utton M ol ds I nstead of using dowels as j ust

. .
,

described wooden butto n molds may be colored and used

, .

III B uttons Two c ontrasting colors of flat buttons

. .

make excellent checkers .

 Pr o bl e m VII

PI CTU R E FRA M E

TI ME : 4 hours .

M AT E R I AL s z N ewsboard vellum or paper

,
.

F irstchoose size of pic ture and then width of frame .

This may be uniform on all sides or one may obse r ve the

rules for margins shown on pages 2 1 and 2 2 M ake a c a r eful .

d r awm g of the outside of the frame a n d opening and then ,

lay out and cu t the newsboard as indic ated F or covering .

,

plan a n d cut a piece of v ellum grass cloth paper o r other

, ,

material which shall extend beyond the newsboard on each

side for at least one half an inch O n this material indicate
-
.

the position of the newsboard including the openi n g for

the pic ture A lso draw lines one half an inch inside and
.
-

parallel to the lines showing opening Cut on these .

lines and at each c orner cut oblique lines to a l l ow th e laps

to fold u nder F o r the back there should be planned and
.

cut another piece of newsboard one eighth of an inch shorter -

than the front a nd of the same width ; and to cover it a

strip of c overing material three— eighths of an inch longer
and o ne quarter of an inch narrower than the newsb oard
-
.

( See P late XX II ) .

To assemble : P aste the foundation of the front to

the covering and turn under and paste the laps at the
ope ni ng A t this time paste only one outside lap and that
.

the top one O ver one end of the newsboard —

. back turn the
outside strip about half an inch and paste this down leaving
the remain d er of the piece free P lace this piece of newsboard
.

against the front with the pasted end at the top and over
, ,

both pieces of n ewsboard paste the three laps attached to

the front side F old back the free piece and paste as a
.
48 B OOKBINDING F OR BEGINNER S

PLATE XX II . Dimensioned sketches of the parts of a picture frame .

 P I C TU RE FR A M E 49

lining over the back To this may be pasted a patent

.

hanger a ring attached to a gummed disk The picture

— .

s h ould be inserted at the opening in the top .

I f a double frame i s desired ( see P late XX III ) make

a frame for each picture but use for the back of each a
piece of heavy paper which should not h ave an additional

PLATE XX III . A folding picture frame .

covering M ake a foundation which folds through the

.

center planni ng to ha v e it extend slightly beyo nd the frames

as shown in P late XX II ; to each half of this foundati on
attach the frames already made .

C E ither style of frame may be made with a c overing

.

of silk grass cloth leather and slightly padded F o r

, , ,
.

t h is purpose u se sheet w adding which should be firmly

attached to the front of the foundation O ver this lay the .

covering material and paste the laps only not the broad ,

faces.
 P ro b l e m VIII

HIN G E D C O V E R S
T I M E : 8 hours .

M A TER I AL S : Newsboard vellum paper for leaves eyelets cord and ( if

, , , , ,

desired ) cover paper for C and D .

NOT I n selecting materials choose those which ha monize with each

E : ,
r

other i the vellum cover paper and lining paper Should be of the same hue
,
. e .
, , ,
.

The p r oblem is to make two separate hinged c overs

between which loose leaves may be bound the wh ole to b e ,

fastened together with macrame or other c ord This may be .

designed for one of many uses suggestions fo r several of ,

which follow ( se e P late XX I V ) .

PLATE XX I V . E xamples of hinged covers made b y grammar

school children .
 HINGED C O V ER S 51

A . A SKE T C H B OOK
I n making dimensioned sketches for the various parts
( see P late XXV ) dete r mine first the size of the pages and
plan the cover s to extend beyond them about one eighth -

of an inch M ake the sketches of the pages and the news

.

Ie —l e

PLA TE XXV F reehand di mensioned sketches showing parts

.

of a sketch book cover .

board foundations L ay out and cut the latter of full size

.
, ,

and then from either a long or short Side of each in acc ord ,

anc e with plan cut a strip to form a hinge The wi dth of

,
.

these strips may be from three — quarters of an inch to one

inch Vellum should b e planned to cover c ompletely one
.

side of both pieces of each c over to fold around the small ,

'

piec e and to lap o v er o n to the large piec e about one half -

inch I t should also fold over the other three edges about
.

one half inch ( See P late XXV I ) The lining paper should
-
. .
52 B OOKB INDING FOR BE GINNER S

c over to within about one eighth of an inch of the edges of

-

the large pieces and should not extend onto the hinge Con .

sta n t bending soon breaks paper but with ordinary u s e does ,

not a ffec t the tough vellum M ake dimensioned sketches

.

of these piec es ( s ee P late XXV ) and lay out and cut

all remaining parts .

P roperly plac e main part of newsb oard on vellum draw ,

ing around it L ay small part one eighth of an inch from

.
~ -

main part and draw a r ound it R emove the piec es of news .

P LA TE XXV I diagram Showing the posi

. A
tion of the two pieces of newsboard on a
piece of vellum .

b oard and apply paste to vellum inside the pencil line b eing ,

c areful to cover the surface smoothly and evenly ; lay b oth

back piec es in p l a c e tu r n the vellum over and rub down
, .
.

Cut from the p r oj ec ting vellum on the hinged side a small

piec e even with the edges of the hinges a s far as the outside
corners ( se e P la te XXV I ) a nd clip Off the outside c orne r s
,

as before described A pply paste to proj ecting vellum

.
,

fold over first the hinged side and its opposite then the other ,

two sides and rub down P aste the lining paper in and dry
,
.

the covers separately under weight R emember to plac e .

newspaper or b l o tt n g paper between each pair otherwise

'

the moisture from one will cause wrinkl es in the other .

 HINGED C O V ER S 53

F or the leaves use drawing paper which may be cut

, ,

singly o r in folio ( with S ingle fold ) The latte r method is .

p r eferable as folded sheets are easier to plac e at the back

, ,

look better and a r e more secure

,
.

Two holes in each c over are sufficient for the c ord but ,

a little care S hould be taken to determine the best position

for them The distance of each from the end of the hinge
.

strips should be from one fi fth to one sixth of its length and
- -
, ,

PLA TE XXV I I . T wo
methods of cutti ng and
fold i ng paper for the pages of a scrap book
or postcard album .

of course they should be placed midway between the long

,

edges A fter punching the holes se e that the leaves a r e

.
,

properly marked so that the holes in them will exactly fit

the holes in the c over To do this plac e one sheet on the
.
,

c over leaving correc t margins and through the center of

, ,

each hole mark the paper which S houl d then be punched .

Treat the o the r sheets in the same manner E yelets S hould .

be inserted in the c overs only and for that purpose a good

,

eyelet punch is nec essary D irections for its use and sample
.

eyelets acc ompany punches when sent from the dealer .

Complete by tying al l together with a piec e of cord .

M ake a small flat bow on the front c over .

54 B OOKB INDING FOR BEGINNER S

B A S C RAP B o o k
'

This should b e planned and w orked out in the same

manner a s the Sketch B ook but it should be somewhat ,

larger possibly 6 X 8M inches

,
F o r the leaves screenings .
,

or wrapping paper may be used .

1
To prevent c overs from flaring after the book has b een
filled the thickness at the back should b e increased by
,

additional fo l ds in the paper as shown in P late X X V I I A ,

.

“
The stub S hould b e about one inch wide after it is folded .

The J apanese method which i s to fold a very long strip

,

many times in the same manner forms a pleasing arrange ,

men ( see P late X X V I I B ) .

C . A P O S T CA RD A L B U M
M ake the c ove r s described in A and the leaves of a
heavy paper Green or brown screenings look well and give
.

a background generally harmonious with colored postcards .

The size of the leaves should b e sufficient to le ave a generous

margin a r ound the c ard I f two a r e to b e placed on one page
.
,

have the Spac e between less than the margins ar ound the
edges A little additional margin at the b ottom is always
.

pleasing Slits for holding the cards may b e made in the

.

following manner : cut a blank sheet of pape r of the size of a

postal ca r d and from each co r ne r measure both ve r tically
and horizontally 1 to 1 Minches and connec t the adj acent
c orners with straight lines P lace this pattern in proper
.

position and use the ends of the lines on it to locate the lines
to b e drawn on the page itself I t a hole is punched at each.

end of the line it gives a neat appearanc e and p r events the

,

paper from tearing easily The lines on the page should be

.

cut with a sharp knife I nsert each card by placing its

.

c orners in the S lits .

A second s e t of oblique lines parallel to those already

described may be drawn and cut three eighths of an inch farther -
 HINGED C O V ER S 55

from each c o r ne r This will fo r m a strap to hold the cards

.

in place and on the opposite side of the leaf cards may be

,

inser ted in the outside slits .

D . A C L I P P IN G F I L E
B etween two separate c overs several envelopes — say

five— ar e to b e fastened and used for holding clippings etc .

,

P LA TE XX V III elative positions of

. R
newsboard and vell um in makin g the
cover of a clipping fil e .

Selec t the env elopes 3 M by 9 inches is a convenient size

—
.

P lan covers to b e ab out one eighth of an inch longe r on each

-

end than the envelopes and seven eighths of an inch wider

-
.

This allows th ree quarters of an inch for the guard and

-

also a proj ec tion of one eighth of an inch on the opposite

-

side Strips of vellum should be planned to c over c om

.

p l e tel y both sides of the hinge to lap over onto the large piec e
,

about one inch both outside and in and to extend b eyond ,

56 B OOKB I NDING FOR BEGINNE R S

each end about one — half inch To c ove r the r est of the .

newsboard cover paper should be used and the piec es

,

should lap over the vellum about three quarters of an inch on -

the side next to the hinge and fold over the other edges about
one half an inch The lining paper should c over to within
-
.

one eighth of an inch of the edges of the large pieces of news

-

board M ake dimensioned S ketches of all pieces and lay out

.

and cut all parts .

D raw a line through the c enter of the vellum showing

where the bac k edge of the small piece of newsboa r d should
—
c ome L ay main part one eighth of an inch from this line
.

and draw around the edges of b oth pieces exc ept where the
large piece proj ects beyond the vellum ( see P late XXV III ) .

A pply paste to vellum lay pieces of newsboard in plac e turn

, ,

it over and rub down Cut from the proj ec ting vellum a
.

small piec e even with the ends of the hinges a s far as the
outside corners A pply paste first to proj ec ting ends then
.
,

to long strip ; fold over and rub down .

P roperly plac e c over on c over paper a n d draw around

it A pply paste to cover paper and finish a s when vellum i s
.

used for entire c over P aste in the lining paper and dry
.

under weight .

Strips of vellum ab out 2 1 inches wide and one inch

2
longer than the envelopes should b e folded lengthwise down
the middle to form guards Cut strips of newsb oard three .

quarters of an inch wide and of the same length as the ,

envelope A pply paste to half the vellum and lay the news
.

board o n it with one edge against the c enter fold A gainst .

the other edge of the newsboard lay the lower edge of the
envelope with its ends and the ends of the newsboard in
the same straight lines Treat the ends of vellum in the
.

same manner a s on the covers P unch holes in c overs and .

guards insert eyelets and fasten together by tying or with

, , ,

paper fasteners .
 P r o bl e m IX
B OXE S
T I M E : 6 hours
M A TER I AL S : N ewsb oa r d s t a y ,
tape or vellum and a thin paper
-
,
.

F irstdetermine the size of the box which should b e ,

made for a definite purpose Consider the proportions of .

the width length and height ; also the height of the S ides
,

of the cover .

A box consists of foundations of newsboard the edges ,

of which are sta yed with st r ips of tape or vellum and the ,

outside c ove r ed with paper The c over S hould b e lar ger .

than t he bottom by M inch in both directions to allow it to

slip over the box This amount will vary somewhat with
.

the thickness of the newsboard the paper with which it is ,

covered and the S kill of the worker

,
.

The foundation for each part i s to be developed from a

S ingle piece of newsboard The box and cover are to be .

c overed with a thin paper A great variety of paper for .

this purpose may be purchased either figured or in plain ,

colors .

F o r the box plan a strip of paper long enough to extend

a r ound the four sides and to provide fo r a lap where the ends
j oin B e generous with this lap as it will be found tha t the
.
,
“ ”
pape r takes up when it i s pasted on The width of the .

strip should be at least one inc h more than the depth of the
box F or the cover plan c overing paper like the newsboard
.
,

development but with i ts S ides M inch or more wider to fold

,

over the edges L et the corner squares serve a s laps M ake

. .

dimensioned sketches of all piec es and lay out and cut all
parts .
( See P late XX I X ) .
58 B OOKB I ND I NG FOR B EGI NNER S

A long folding lines of the foundations sc ore deeply with

a knife one blade of the scissors or with a pin and fold with
, , ,

the crease on the outside I t is essential to the success of the

.

b ox to have this crease on the outside to insure a S har p ,

straight and strong edge which might otherwise b e rounded

, , ,

irregula r and weak

,
.

L —
7P — i

I< —15 —9I

2
—4 I
é s
PLA TE XX I X D awings of the pieces required in making boxes
. r .

F asten the co r ners of both box and c over together wi th

pieces of ta pe or strips of vellum lapping onto the sides ,
.

( See P late XXX ) I f possible allow the c or n er s to dry

.
,

before proceedi n g further .

P aste the strip of paper around the b ox allowing M ,

inch to proj ec t beyond both top and bottom edges R ub .

d own well M ake a vertical cut at each corner of up per

.

proj ec tion and fold and paste laps d own on the inside ( See .

P late XXX I ) .
 BOX ES 59

M ake a V cut at each c orner of the lower

-
p r oj ec tion
,

fold and paste the laps against the bottom .

( See P late
XXX II ) I t will probably be necessary to apply
. more paste
before finally rubbing these laps down .

PLA TE XXX . T he
box in process of construe
tion showing method of staying the corners
“ ”
.

PLATE xxxi . owi ng method of pasting

Sh
the laps to the inside of the box.

P aste top of cover to the paper leaving equal margins

,

on all sides F rom the two long edges make cuts to the
.

corners of the newsboard foundation at right angles to its

60 B OOKB INDING FOR BEGINNER S

edges F old and paste paper over the ends of c over first and
.
,

then onto the inside using the thumb to push the paper
,

over the edges ( See P late XXX I ) The cuts made from the
. .

P LA TE XXX II . T he
laps are being pasted
to the bottom of the box .

PLA TE XXX I II . ere the paper is being pasted

H
to the side of the cover .

long edges give an extra length to end coverings P aste this .

extra piec e onto long S ides and then paste the part naturally
to be used to cover these S ides The appearance of the box
.
 B OX E S 61

will be greatly improved by r unning the thumb and finger

along the folded edges of the cover to sharpen them .

I n this manner boxes of any si ze may be made Small

,
.

boxes may be covered with linen cretonne or o ther kinds of

, ,

cloth I n this case it may b e bette r ( after making the foun

.

dations as already described ) to paste the covering to the

inside of the foundation only otherwise the surfac e might be
,

discolored by the paste oozing through the cloth .

A box with a glass top is sometimes desirable for

holding specimens of various kinds Such a box may be
.

m ade as above described w ith the following changes :

I f it is to be a sealed box the S pecimens should b e properly
placed in the box and the glass ( which should be as large
as the outside measurement of the b ox to prevent its
dropping in ) laid over the top before pasting down that
part of the covering which proj ects above the box itself .

Whe n properly arranged this should then be pasted to the

glass exactly as th e laps are pasted to the bottom of the box .

I f a removable cover i s desired cut strips of newsboard

,

for the S ides and a strip of material fo r c overing them in the

same manner that the box is covered A fter staying the
.

corners with vellum paste on the strip of covering material ;

,

one edge of this should lap over the newsboard and be

pasted to the inside of the Cover and the o th er S h ou l d hold
/

the glass in position after it has been placed on the news

board .
 Pro bl e m X

P O ST CA RD H O LD E R
T I M E : 8 hours.

M A TER I AL S : Newsboard ,
vellum and l i ning paper
, .

B efo r e beginning this holder it may be well to have

,

c ollections made of cards relating to a definite subj ec t “i n .

ter es t in the study of various industries history and geo g, ,

ra p h y i s greatly increased by the u s e of pictures and in many ,

places sets of cards prepared for such a purpose may b e

purchased .

P LATE XXX I V . T he p ostcard holder partl y ope n .

This holder c onsists of an outside case into which the

inner holder slips ( See P late XXX I V ) The size of the
. .

fac es may b e determined by individual pupils but if the , ,

blocks to be described later are used it will be quite essential

,

to have a uniform size s o that the blocks may b e used inter

changeably among the pupils F o r this reason it is r e c om
.
,

mended that the broad faces of the outsi de b e about one

 P O S T CA RD HO L DE R 63

inch larger in each direc tion than a postcard and the narrow ,

faces 1 M wide
”
.

P lan the foundation of a single piece of newsboard as ,

wide a s the outside length of the holder sc ored to divide it ,

into the four faces above referred to and a fifth division ,

the exac t S ize of one narrow face A rrange these faces to b e

.

j oined at their long edges with a narrow face on each end

of the strip of newsboard so that when folded together one
narrow face will be double which gives greater stability to
,

the shape of the holde r P lan a strip of vell um 2 inches

.

2T
wi er than the length of the case and long enough to extend
,

a r ound it allowing fo r a lap at one co r ner I t will be found

,
.

in putting on this vellum that it will require a piec e longer

than the su m of the width of the faces a s however c losely it ,
“ ”
may be put on it takes up at the co r ners The r efore be
,
.

gene r ous with the lap as a little extra length does no harm .

”
F or the inner holder plan a strip of newsboard M
na rr ower than the case scored to divide it into five pa r ts
,
.

Two parts are to be of the same length as the case alternat ,

ing with two narr ow faces less than thickness of the

c ase ( that they may fit inside ) and the fifth piece about one
half the length of the long faces .

P lan two strips of vellum to c over the narrow faces ,

”
and lap onto the adj oining fac es about A llow M at each
end to tur n over the edges F o r each of the three b r o ad
.

faces plan a co vering of lining paper w hich S hall allow a n

,

edge of vellum to S how at the j oints and shall lap ove r the ,

othe r edges of the newsboa r d N otic e that these three piec es

.

are of th ree di ff erent S izes .

M ake dimensioned S ketches of all pieces ( See P late

XXXV ) and lay out and cut all parts A long the folding .

lines of both newsboard foundations sc ore and fold a s ex ,

plained in connec tion with the box .

When pasting the vell um onto the outs ide case it will ,

be found of gr eat advant age to have blocks of woo d to work

64 B O OKBINDING FOR BE GINNER S

around I f there is a woodworking room in c onnection with

.

the school these blocks may well be made there They

, .

I~ < —>I

Is 45— 4

1 4
.

E 58 —5
“ “

k —
§ >I

LININGPAPER
PLA TE XXX V Dimensioned sketches of
.

the parts of the postcard holder .

S hould be at least the full length of the c ase and may proj ec t
b eyond the ends Their thickness should be the width of th e
.
 P O S T CA RD HO L DER 65

na rrow fac es and their width may be the same a s that of the
,

broad faces or narrower I f narrower the blocks may be

,
.
,

slipped along as the vellum is being rubbed down .

The strip of vellum for covering the outside i s s o lar ge

that it is difficult for a child to cover it with paste before a ,

part of it has dr ied I t is bet ter therefore to paste a little

.
, ,

more than enough for one face at a time rub this down apply , ,

paste again and s o o n to the end B y putting the paste a

,
.

PLA TE XXXV I illustration of the meth

. An
“

od of covering the outside of the case when

a block of wood i used s .

little beyond were it i s needed the r e i s a certainty of leaving

no dry areas at the corners .

I f blocks are to be used paste together the two end ,

divi sions O f the newsboard put the block inside and paste on
, ,

the strip of vellum P lac e one end of the vellum flush with
.

one edge of the c ase and c over one broad face fi rst
, ( See .

P late XXXV I ) B efore rubbing down the vell u m on the

.

next fac e be sure that it is pulled a s closely as possible over

,

the edge leaving no wrinkles or loose places When all the

, .

faces have been c overed there shou l d remain a margin of

,

vellum to lap onto the face first covered I f this is pasted .

down very closely it will be a hn o s t invisib l e

, .
66 B OOKBINDING F OR BEGI NNER S

I f no blocks are available three faces should be covered

,

before j oining the two end pieces of newsboard which should ,

then be c overed as one piece L ay each fac e as it is being

.

pasted so that one edge i s at the edge of the desk o r table ,

and allow the r est of the c ase to hang ove r the side ( See .

P late XXXV II I n this way the fac es may be easily c overed .

P LA TE XXXV I I . llustration of the method f

An i o
'

co v

ering the outside of the case when no block of wood

is available

N ext make a longitudinal cut on the proj ec ting vellum as

far as the newsboa r d at each c o r ner of the c ase The result.

ing laps may then be easily pasted down onto the inside of
the c ase .

O ver the narrow faces of the inner holde r paste the

strips of v ellum cut for this purpose P aste and fold their
,
.

ends over t h e edges of the newsboard These ends fit a little

.

bette r if two Slits are made in each at the fold of the news
board Cover the broad fac es with th e lining paper turning
.
,
 P O S T CA RD HO L DER 67

and pasting the laps over the edges closely The corners .

should be cut as in the flat obj ects described in previous

articles This inner part should not be pressed as a flat piec e
.

as this would cause the paper to crack Open when folded for
u se .

I f desired the inside may be lined with white paper in

, ,

which case the pieces should b e put in separately instead of

in one long strip T hi s i s difficult for any but most skillful
.

workers .

B A h ol d er of similar construction but of c onvenient

'

.
,

S ize to hold note or letter paper makes an excellent filing

case .
 Pr o bl e m XI
S LI P B OX "
<

T I M E : 6 hours .

M ATER I A L S : Ne w sb oa r d
vell m t h in paper
,
u ,
.

This box ( P late XXXV III ) by varying the size may

be used for holding pencils checkers a picture pu zzle or , , ,

for other pur poses .

A ccur ately lay out the box on the newsb oard as shown
in the drawing and cut on the outside lines preferably ,

with the cardboard cutter A long the edges of the b ase .

sc ore with a sharp knife or strong pin and turn up the sides
with th e lines outside The c orners S hould be stayed with
.

a strip of vellum a s shown to hold the b ox in S hape .

Cut a strip of lining or o ther thin paper long enough

to extend around the box and lap over about M inch ;
the width should b e at least one inch greater than height
of sides P aste this strip to the sides of the box allowing
.

surplus width to extend equally above and below .

A t each c orner of the box make cuts i n the paper so

that it may be pasted to the inside Of the box at one edge
and to the bottom of the b ox a t the other I t is advised
'

that no attempt be made to line eithe r the inside or the base .

The c ase should be enough larger than the box to allow the
latter to slip easi ly but not fall out B y making each side .

of the c ase M of an inc h wider tha n the corresponding sides

of the box this is acc omplished I t will be noticed that
,
.

three narrow faces are shown in the drawing L ap the .

broader outside face B over the na rrower one A a n d paste

securely This gives stability to the outside
. .

Cut a strip of vellum lo n g enough to paste around the

b ox and extend beyond it at least M inch at each end .

P aste this to th e foundation ; at each corner make cuts in

the vellum and paste proj ec ting parts to the inside of the
,

foundation .

F m W Tim O p ti o
* r0 ar e ccu a ns .
 SLI P B OX 69

PLATE XXXV III .

 Pro bl e m XII

A PO R T FO LIO
T IM E : 6 hours .

M A TE R I A Ls : N ewsboard vellum cover paper lining paper tape

, , , , .

( A ) This portfolio c onsists of two foundation pieces of

.

newsboard c overed and lined with paper and j oined by a

,
-

back of vell u m L et the S i ze a n d shape of these c overs be

.

determined by the use to which they are to b e put They .

ma y be for drawings maps c ompositions etc The S ize of

, , ,
.

the newsboa r d will prac tically b e the S ize of the finished po r t

folio and should be somewhat larger than the papers it i s to
,

hold .

P lan the back which c onsists of two piec es of vellum

, ,

wide enough to allow for the space desired between the

covers and also to lap onto each c over at least one inch
,
.

O ne piece of vellum S hould b e long enough to lap ov er the

ends of the newsboard about M an inch and the other piece ,

should be about M of an inch S horter than the newsboard .

P lan the c over paper to be large enough to allow for M

inch lap to fold over the three free edges but remember to ,

allow a ma r gin of vellum to show at the other edge P lan .

the lining paper to be small enough to allow the foundation

'

to extend beyond it at least M of an inch on all sides .

M ake dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and

cut all pa r ts ( See P late XXX I X ) P lace the newsb oa r d
. .

foundations on the short piec e of vellum the p r oper d i s

tance apart with equal amounts of vellum extendi ng unde r
,

each The newsboard of c ourse will extend at each end a

.
, ,

t r ifle beyond the vellum When the prope r position is .

determined draw pencil lines lengthwise of the vellum indi

,
 P OR T FO L I O 71

the edge of each c over P u t paste on the v ellum and

e a ti n g .

rub down well onto the newsboard forming the inside of the
hinge To make sure that the upper and lower edges of the
.

c overs are in a c ontinuous straight line plac e a rule or ,

straight edge against one cover extending across and beyond

,

the vellum ; place the second c over against the rule and the

t — 82
'

—4
PLA TE XXX I X Dimensioned sketches
.

of the parts of a portfolio .

edges will be in a straight line ( See P late X L ) P aste

. .

the sec ond piece of vellum onto the outside and turn the
proj ecting ends over the newsboard pasting them down
,
.

P roperly place one foundation piece on the cove r paper ,

allowing the vell um to S how where it laps onto the news

board and draw around it The amount of vellum which is
,
.

to S how is a problem in space division J ust how much w i l l

.

look well on the particular cover under consideration S hould

be carefully thought out .
72 B OOKB INDI NG FOR BE GI NNER S

A pply paste to the cover paper noting that it requires

,

mo r e Skill to spread paste uniformly on a heavy paper than

on vellum o r lining paper P lac e one piec e o f newsboard
.

on the paper as previously marked turn them over and r ub

,

down A piec e of cloth held in the hand and used for r ubbing
.

the sur face prevents finger marks ; or the r ubbing may be

done on a piec e of paper laid ove r the su r face The c ov e r .

pape r should cling firmly to the foundation at eve r y point

and this should be assured before p r oceeding A pply paste to
.

PLA TE XL . asting the newsbo ard

P
to t he vellum back .

the proj ec ting laps fold them over and rub down Treat the
,
.

othe r half in the same manner .

I t i s desirable to tie the po r tfolio together on one side

at least F or this purpose secure tape of harmonizing c olor
.

and o r M inch in width A bout M an inch from and

.

parallel to the f r ont edges cut a slit th r ough bo th paper and

newsboard of the same length as the width of the tape ( This .

needs to be done with a knife or be tte r yet with a chisel )

, ,
.

I nse r t a piece of tape from 6 to 9 inches long in each slit and

secur ely paste at least 1 inc h to the inside of the newsboard ,

allowing the gr eater length to proj ec t from the outside .

P aste the lining pape r on the inside of each half and this will
 P OR T FO L IO 73

cover the pasted end of the tape The portfolio i s then

.

c omplete .

(B )
. B y a di fferent arrangement of tape the same kind
of portfolio may be used as a magazine holder or cove r for a
p aper book or pamphlet P lan
. the newsboard foundations
to proj ec t M of an inch b eyond the book on three sides The .

space between the two pieces of newsboard should be at least

an inch greater than the thickness of the book so that the
c overs will lie flat when the book i s inside I t will b e see n.

PLATE X LI . A magazine in a sti ff cover .

that with s o wide a space the inner edge of the newsboard

will not extend as far back as the back of the book and in ,

planning the newsboard it should ac tually b e narrowe r than

the book M ake dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay
.

out and cut all parts .

Construct the c overs as for the portfolio but inse r t the ,

tape a s follows : A bout M of an inch fro m both uppe r and

lower edges of the back c over and j ust where the cover paper
,

laps onto the vellum make slits of the same width as the
,

tape and parallel to the edges P ush one end of the tape
.

th r ough f r om the outside and paste with the end tur ned
,

toward the edge Carry the tape over the adj acent edge
.
74 B OOKBINDING FOR BEGI NNER S

along inside of the c over and over the opp osite edge where
it Should be inserted in the second slit and pasted on the
inside as at the other end A little slackness of tape is not
.

Obj ec tionable The lining paper may c ome to the edge of

.

the tape or with more difficulty be slipped under it

, , ,
.

P LATE X L II . S imple borders suitable for use on a portfolio .

When one c over of the book has been placed under the
tape it S hould hold it securely
, ( See P late X LI )
. .

I f desired there is here an excellent opportunity for the

,

applic ation of a c over design This may c onsist of simple

.

str aight line borders i n lower grades or of more elabora t e ,

designs in upper grades ( See P late X LII ) L ettering

. .

also may be used either singly or c ombined with decorati v e

figures The design should b e carefully planned b efore any
.

attempt i s made to plac e it upon the finished c ove r E r a .

sur es are always noticeable and should be avoided I t is .

 P OR T FO L IO 75

PLATE X L III S ome cover designs made by students at the S lo y d T raining

S chool B oston M ass
.

, ,
.

recommended that straight lines should b e drawn with a

rule and the distance of the bo r de r from the edge measured
,

eithe r with a rule or a piece of paper The decoration may b e

.

applied with ink crayons or water c olo r C ommon ink

, ,
.

diluted gives the effec t of a darker tone of the c olor of the

paper and as it is easily ob tained it is on the whole a satis
fac tory medium ( See P late X LIII )
. .
 Pr o b l e m XIII

S TAT IO N E R " H O LDE R

T IME : 8 h urs
o .

M A TE R I A L s : N ewsboard vellum and paper

,
.

A v ery satisfac to r y stationery holde r ( see P lates

X LI V and X LV ) may be made by substituting pockets ,

etc fo r the plain lini n g of the po r t folio M ake the outside

.
,
.

a s described in P roblem X II Then cut for each half a .

,

piece of newsboa r d one quarte r of an inch Shorter and -

nar rower than the o u tside pieces Co ver one of these .

smaller pieces with the same paper that i s used on the

outside turning over a margin of one half an inch on eac h -

of the four sides A t each c o r ner attach suitable pieces

.

fo r holdi n g a blo tter ( See page When pressed and

.

d r ied this forms a lini n g for one Side The other piece of .

“
newsboard should be used as a foundation for a bellows
”
pocket for holding stationery F irst bind one long edge .

with a strip of vellum having it Show on the upper surface

for about an inch and a half The pocket S hould be made .

of vellum and when c ompleted should be a s large as the ,

n ewsboard foundation To give strength and stability

“

to this cut a piece of paper of the same S ize as the news

board P lan and cut a piec e of vellum 5 inches lo n ge r and
.

an inch and a half wider than this L ay the paper lining .

on the vellum with an equal amount of ve llum proj ec ting

at each end and fold the vellum over one long edge of the
,

paper for its enti r e length and to the depth of ab out one
inch P aste the hem thus made to the paper but do not
.

paste the broad fac e as this will cause wrinkling Then .

fold the vellum over each end of the paper sharply and make
 ST A T IONER " HO L DER 77 .

PLATE X L I V S tationery H olders ( closed ) made by students at the B oston

S chool of O ccupational T herapy
.

a reverse fold one inch from the end P lace this vellum .

on the newsb oard with the hem of the pocket against the
bound edge of the newsboard and on the other three S ides
,

turn over the proj ecting vellum and paste to the unde r
Si d e of the newsboard B efore pasting in thi s piece and
.

the blotter for linings a fastener or tape should be

,

inserted as al r e a d v described .

The holder may be made mor e elaborate by adding

a third page which should be narrower than the other tw o
and when folded together will appear as a flap Cut a .

piece of newsboard for its foundation and fasten to one

of the large pieces in the same manne r as the two large
pieces are attached To line this cut a piece of newsboar d
.
,
 B OOKB IND ING FOR BEGINNER S

one quarter of an inch S horter and narrower than the

-

outside piece and cover it with a single piece of vellum ;

or pockets may be added and a strap for holding pen or
p e n e fl .

Some ve r y handsome c ases can thus be made by using

wall papers on the broad faces N ar row stripes or gold
.

bands used as border dec orations on the c orners of the

blotter or the edge of the pockets are very e ffective while
figures well ou t may be appliqued to the outside or the inside .

PLATE X LV An open stationery holder made at the B oston S chool of

O ccupational T herap y
.

F orfastening use c ord tape or ribbon which should

, ,

b e inserted before the li nings are pasted in To illustrate : .

P as s a r ibbon across the outside of the middle piece putting ,

— s
each end through a slit a y one inch from the edge

and glue these firmly to the newsboard Through a slit .

in the other broad face pass another length of ribbon on

the end of which shall be a J apanese bead ; on the narrow
face in similar fashion attac h a l o op of ribbon ( ma d e by
p a s sm g both ends through th e same Slit ) When closed .

the case may be fastened by putting the bead through the

loop .

A nother style of fastener c onsists of a co r d or braid

similarly i nserted with a fanc v k n ot in place of the bead .
 Pr o b l e m X I V

S E W IN G A N D B IN DIN G A BO O K
T I M E : 1 0 hours .

M A TER I AL S : Newsboard ,
5
vellum cover paper white paper tape sewing
, , , ,

linen and su p er
,
“
.
”

There are sever al ways of sew ing a book and even mo r e

ways of binding it afte r it is sewed The first method here .

given i s the simpl est , and is such as is feasible i n a fifth o r

‘

sixth gr ad e wit h out a s ewm g frame a p r ess or other appa , ,

r atus than the simple tools required in the p r evio us problems .

F irst dete rmine the shape and size of the book It is .

better at first n ot to attemp t a book which i s ve r y thick ,

sev en to tw elve S ignatures bei n g sufficient for a b eginning

“

“
A signatu r e i s the name appl i ed to a folded sheet seve r al
”
,

of which go to make up the inside of a book I f the S heet is .

“ ” ”
folded onc e i t i s c al le d a folio ; if twice a quar to ; if
‘

,
“
thr ee times an oc tav o ( S ee P late X LV I ) These signa
“

. .
,

tures when sewed together form what is tech ni cally known

, ,
“ ”
as the book and the co v ers and back the c ase
,
.

With a piec e of cheap paper experiment a littl e folding ,

it one or more t imes and if necessary trimming the edges to

change size or p r oportions Wh en the siz e is dete r m i ned .
,
“
cut a su fficient number of sheets fold and stack ( pile ) , ,
”

them fo r sewing I f the paper pro v ided is too small to be

.

“ “ ”
used fo r a quarto place On e folio inside another which
,

will give two thicknesses of paper at eac h fold and will have
“ ”
the same effec t a s a quarto I f desired two or three .
,

5
A book cover ma y be made of hea ier newsboard than the articles
- v

previously described although in elementary grades it will probabl y be

,

more convenient to use one weight onl y Number 3 0 is co mmonl y used .

for books of ordi nar y size ( sa y 7 M x 5 M inches ) while for larger books ,

( 1 0 x 7 inches ) a still heavier board is used .

80 B OOKBINDING FOR BE GINNE R S

sheets of paper may be plac ed together b efore folding s o

that there will be several thicknesses at the back .

These signatures are to be sewed over three piec es of :

tape one to b e at the middle of the fold one from 1 to I M

, ,

inches from each end acc ording to the size of the pages
,
.

FOLIO "UARTO

16 mo
PLA TE X LV I . Diagram to Show methods of folding Sheets of paper .

O n the back of the first signature mark carefully the position

of the edges of each piece of tape and additional points M
,

an in ch from each end The latte r points show the location

.

of the kettle stitches .

R eplac e this S ignature on the others and ma r k across the

backs of all locating similar points on o the r signatures with
,

a s much accuracy a s possible ( See P late X LV II ) The maj or

. .

“
folds S hould then b e j ogged up evenly at the back and the
”
,

“ ”
minor folds at the head or top .
 S E W ING A ND B INDI NG A B OOK 81

At each point on each S ignature make a hole for sewing

by opening the S i gnatures and piercing through with a
needle from the back R eplac e the signatures in the sa m e
.

order as before Cut three pieces of tape about three inches

.

long P lace the first signature on the deck or table with the
.

fold of the back toward the operator The left hand should .

b e placed inside the signature to rec eive and return the

PLA TE X LV II . M ar king the Signatures before stitchi ng .

threaded needle which i s pushed through from the outside

by the right hand ( See P late X LV III ) P ass the thread i n
. .

thr ough the first hole ( leaving an end long enough for
tying) o ut through the sec ond hole over the tape i n through
, , ,

the third hole o ut through the fourth hole over the second
, ,

tape i n through the fifth hole o ut thro ugh the S ixth hole
, , ,

over t he third tape i n through the se ve nth hol e and o ut

, ,

through the eighth or last hole of the Signature .

Close this S ignatur e and plac e the sec ond signature on

top of the first ; then pass the thread i n th r ough the eighth
hole of the second signature and o ut through the seventh
,

hole ove r the tape i n thr ough the sixth hole and s o o n until
, ,
82 B OOKB INDI NG FOR BEGINNE R S

the thread comes out th r ough the first hole Tie the thread .

to the loose short end i n a square or hard knot P lac e the .

third signature o n top of the sec ond and proceed a s before .

O n reaching the end of the third S ignature pass the needle ,

under the stitch connec ting the first and sec ond signatures
and through the loop formed by the thread ( See P late .

“
X LI X ) P ull tightly to form the kettle stitch which
.
”

sh o uld be made at the end of every signature hereafte r .

PLA TE X LV II I . S ewing a book over tapes .

I n the same manner any i

nur i b er of signatures may thus
be sewed to form a b Oo k
F or fl y lea ves pr epar e f our single S heets folded onc e
-
, ,
,

to be of the sam e size as the leaves Of the book P lac e these .

folded sheet s one on top of another leaving abo ut M of an

inch of the folded ed g e of each exposed the upper sheet ,

being protec ted by a piec e of waste pape r R u b paste over

.

the exposed surfac e of all four at the same time ( See P late .
,

L ) R emove the upper sheet and with i ts pasted edge

.

downward place it upo n the front signatu r e of the book its ,

folded edge being flush with the folded edges of the sewed
part and the tapes thrown back out of the way A fter rub
,
.

bing this sheet well down open it a nd place the sec on d sheet
,
 S E W ING A ND B I NDIN G A B OOK 83

inside the first having i ts pasted edge downward also S ee

,
.

that the folds exac tly fit and rub down the second sheet
,
.

Turn the book over and repeat the process on the opposite

PLATE X LI X .
T he needle I s In position to form the kettle stitch .

Side ( S ee page 93 D ) B efore proceedi n g farther the book

.
-
.

should be d r ied under weight .

“
L ay the book flat o n the desk and with a wooden
”

mallet h amrher the folds at the back which will make the

PLA TE L . A ppl yin gpaste to the folds of the fly leaves

- .

signatur es lie close together Tur n the book ove r and .

r epeat the process A few st r okes are su fficient

. Cover the .

back with paste ( or if available hot glue ; do not attempt

, ,

cold ) and r ub it well in with the fingers that it may hold the
,
84 B OOKB I NDING FOR BE GINNER S

V ELLUI I V

PLA TE LI . Dimensioned sketches of the parts of a book ,

 S E W ING A ND B INDING A B OOK 85

S ignatures together and prevent their spreading Use only a .

thin even c oat of paste ; pull the tap e s tightly across the
,

back a nd paste their ends to the outside leaves

,
.

“
Cut a strip of super a little shorter than the lengt h
of the back and wide enough to extend on to the fl y leaves
,
-

about 1 inch P lac e this over the freshly pasted back and
.

“ ”
rub it well on P aste the p art of the super which ex tends
'

onto each S ide to the outsi d e l e av e s o ve r the tapes When

'

perfectly dry cut off about two thirds of the width of each -

outside leaf leaving a stub onto which the super and tapes
,

are already pasted The ends of these stub s should be slanted

.

by cutting from the binding toward the front of the book .

“
The case which S hould be a t r ifle longer than the
,
”

”
book should be c onstruc ted similarly to the portfolio but
,

without tape or lining paper and with but o ne strip of vellum

,

( the long one ) on the back P lan to have the c overs extend
.

b eyond the front and e n ds of the b ook ab out M Of an inc h ;

but as the newsboard foundations should set forward from
the binding about M of an inch Their wi dth sh oul d .

b e a trifle less than the wi dth of the pages M ake d i m e n .

s i o n e d sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all parts .

( See P late LI ) .

P lace the pieces of newsboard on each Side of the book

in the exac t position they are intended to occupy Take a .

narrow strip of paper and attach its ends to the outside of

the pieces of newsboard ( see P late LII ) s o that when the
“ ”
latter are removed from the book they will be attached
to each other the c orrect dis tanc e apart ; that is the spac e
b etween them will b e at least M an inch greater than the
thickness of the b ook P lace them on the vellum and
‘

trace along the inner edge of each after ascertaining that the
distanc e between them is the same at both ends R e m ove .

the paper which c onnec ts the c overs and paste them to

the vellum in the position already marked out but do not ,

yet turn over the ends of vellum Cut a st r ip of heavy pape r

.
86 B OOKB I NDI NG FOR B E GINNER S

of j ust the width of the back of the book and paste in the
middle of the piec e of vellum after which the ends of vellum
,

S hould b e turned over and pasted down Complete the .

“ ”
c ase by pasting on the c over pape r afte r which it should
be pressed and dried .

Wh en this i s done plac e the book as far b ack in

“ ”
th e c ase as it i s possible to do and be certain that the

PLA TE LI I Determining the distance

between covers
.

edges of the c overs are in alignment M ake tiny pencil .

ma r ks at the front edge of the leaves to guide the placing

“
of the book after the paste is spread W hen necessary .

“ ”
lines or points have been loc ated remove the book from
“ ”
the case and prepare to paste .

Under the first whole leaf place a piece of newspaper

“ ”
c onsiderably larger than the book to protec t the pages .

Spread paste over the surface of this leaf first under the ,

stub which should then be pushed down with the b r ush

to hold it securely to the outside leaf ; then cover the out
“
side o f the stub with paste P lace the b ook in the
.
”
 S E W ING A ND B I NDING A B OOK 87

case following the guide lines previously made and ,

press the c overs together with the hands L ay the b ook .

on the desk o r table with the pasted half down ( See .

P late LIII ) .O pen at the pasted leaf a ver y little way and
c arefully rub the lining onto the c over smoothing out any ,

wrinkl es which may appear Turn the book over and repeat
.

the process with the other c over D o not open wide until
.

the book has been pressed .

PLATE L III . P asting book inside the cover .

This S hould be done very e ffectually and for this

purpose two bo a r ds clamped together with h a n d sc r ew s
make a better press than a weight I f two thin pieces of .

“
tin zinc or blotting paper are placed between the c ase
,
- ”

”
and the book while in press i t will prevent the moisture
from being absorbed by the leaves causing them to wrinkle ,
.

V A RI AT ION S
“
Several variations of the case are possible .

( A ) The simplest is to c over the outside c orners with

.

v ellum. I f this is to be done the vellum corners ar e to b e

,
88 B OOKB INDING FOR BE GINNER S

applied before the cover paper The width of the c orner .

piec e exclusive of the laps and measured on a line bisecting

,

the right angle S hould equal the width of the strip of vellum
-
,

which shows at the back This rule holds tru ein all high class
.

bindings such ( See P late LI V ) .

B y experimenting a little a pattern ( trapezoid ) m ay ,

be made for the corner piec es by which to cut them ( See .

P late LI V ) P lan these pieces to extend under the paper

.

at least M of an inch .

PAT T E RN

FOR CORNER

W IDTH Of A
'

: W IDT H OF E

PLATE LI V Diagram to illustrate the size of separate corners also

method of cutting them
.
,

A fter the c over paper h a s been cut in r ec tangular shape ,

ac cording to the original plan the two outside c orners should

,

be trimmed to allow the proper amount of vellum to S how .

This may be ac c omplished in one of two ways Using the .

same pattern as fo r the vellum c orners fit its two opposite ,

non parallel edges as close to the corner as possible and cut

-

along the inside edge of the pattern O r one may plac e the .
,

newsboard on the paper and trace around it lay o ff the S ize ,

of the finished corner and c ut on the resulting Oblique line .

A fter the vellum c orners have b een pasted on fir mly plac e ,

the c over paper c arefully and paste it on as already des

c ri b ed .
 S E W ING A ND B I NDI NG A B OO K 89

(B ) A fter the case i s c ompleted I n either of the two

.

ways described it may be decorated with lettering or by the

,

application of other design I n this instance the suggestions

.

given in connection with the portfolio should be followe d .

“ ”
(C) The entire case may be c overed with vellum
. .

Generally a cloth c overing is not desirable on a hand sewed -

book but if for a special reason one is to be used have a single

, ,

piece Of vellum cut large enough to c over both back and

sides A fter finding the c orrec t distance between the two
.

pieces of newsboard lay them o n the vellum in the manner

, ,

already described trace around them and c omplete the

, ,
“ ”
c ase by pasting .
 P ro b l e m XV

S E WI N G A BO O K ON A FRA M E

TIME A ND M A TE R I A L s : As for Problem X except bookbinder s twine is to

,
’

be used instead of tape .

To carry out this problem a few c ommon wood w orking -

tools will be nec essary A sewing frame may be made by.

Older pupils a working drawing for which i s here given ( See

, .

P late L V ) .

Th e wooden upright screws may b e purchased I n .

’
stead o f tapes the book is to be sewed on bookbinder s twine .

Cut th r ee pieces 6 inches longer than the distance b etween

the upper and lowe r bars Tie one end of each securely to .

the upper ba r and Slide them along to position ( See P late .

LV I ) Tie the o ther ends to the lower bar pulling them as

.
,

taut as possible .

The signatur es should b e j ogged up and c arefully

plac ed in a V ise b ack up and extending above the j aws about
,

half an inch I t may b e better ( depending on the shape and

.

size Of the vise ) to place the signatures b etween two boards ,

and then the whole in the vise O n the back of one signature .

”
mark Off the position of the kettle stitches and twine
—
5 points in all and if T square try square or triangle ar e-
, ,

available s quare lines across ; otherwise lay Off these points

,

on b oth outside S ignat ur es and thus insure cuts which S hall

b e square across the b ack A t each point s a w ac r oss all .

S ignat ur es wi th a b ack s aw making a cut about M of an inch

,

deep H old the s aw perfectly horizontally that the cuts

.
,

may b e of uniform depth on all Signatures I f vise and saw .

a r e not available V cuts may b e made on each signature

,
-

with scissors instead .

To s ew a printed book begin at the front with the ,

.

head toward the right P lace the first signatur e on the

”
.
 S E W ING A B OOK ON A FR A M E 91

frame ( page 1 down ) with the back toward the opera tor
,

and the three inside cuts against the twine leaving the cut s ,
“
at the ends for the kettle stitches I f neces sary move the
.
,

pieces of twine along the bars so that they exac tly fit th e

cuts and sink into them ( See P late LV I )
. Tighten the .

twine by turning the wooden nuts and commence to sew .

PLA TE LV . Worki ng drawing of sewi ng frame

- .

H old the signature open with the left hand and c ommencing , ,

at the head ( right ) insert the needle from the outside through
,

the first hole B ring th e thread Ou t through the second h ole

.

on the right of the twine cross it and return the thread

, ,

through the same hole on the left of the twine I t will be .

seen that this process is V irtually the same as sewing over

tapes Continue across the first S ignature and when com
.
,

p l e te d close it lay the sec ond signature on top and in the

, , , ,

same manner s ew across it from left to right P ull the sew

, .
92 B OOKB INDING FOR B EGINNER S

ing threads tightly and always fo r ward in the directio n of

the sewing I f they are pulled b ac kw ard the paper will b e
.
,

torn .

A fter sewing across the sec ond S ignature tie the thread ,

to the loose end a s in a book sewed on tapes When the thi rd .

signature has been sewed make loop stitch as already illus

,

PLA TE LV I . A sewing frame in use

-
.

( forming a part of the kettle stitch

tr a te d , and repeat
this stitch at the end of each S i gnature When the sewing is .

finished grasp the book firmly and S lide it up on the cords

,

about 1 Minches ; then cut the twi ne from the frame leaving ,

ab out 1 Mi n c h es proj ecting beyond the book on b oth sides .

P ull the twine with b oth hands to straighten it P u t in .

“
fl y leaves and super and bind a s before
-
The ends of the .

twine should be frayed out and after the fl y leaves are in

, ,
-
,

pasted in fan shape to the outside leaf P u t on th e c ase as

-
.

S ho w n in P roblem X I V .
 S E W ING A B OOK O N A FR A M E 93

A DDI T I ON A L P O I N T S

( A ) The binding may be made stronge r by whip

.

stitching the fl y leaves afte r they are pasted in F or this

- .

purpose take an ordinary sewing needle ( about N o 2 ) and

,
.

linen thread ( N o B egin at the right an d , with over

.

and over stitches about M of an inch apart s ew through

-
”
,

the outside signature and the fl y leaves A knot shoul d be -

.

made at each end to fasten the threads Turn the book over .

and repeat the operation on the opposite side .

( B ) I f.heavy paper is used fo r the fl y leaves the out

-
,

side leaf should be to r n or cut o ff c aref ully before putting

o n the c ase L eave j ust a narrow margin at the fo ld to hold
.

the other half from coming out Thi s b eing done there is .
,

but one thickness with which to line the c ove r but two free ,

leaves are left as before .

(C) H ead bands may be used on a book sewed on a

.
-

frame Cut piec es to fit across the back of the book and

.

“ ”
paste one at each end after the super h a s been pasted on .

(D) A ny book is made more attractive by using

.

colored end papers or fl y leaves These may be of the

”
-
.

same material as the cover or of contrasting material .

A small surface pattern worked out in crayon or water

color for this purpose makes an excellent problem in applied
design and at the same t i me adds much to the appearance
of the book Wh en using any paper for fl y leaves which
.
-

h as a right and wrong side the S heets should be folded ,

wrong side out N ote that onl y two folios of colored paper
.

—
should be used W hile the other two are white that is at~
“ ”
each end of the book there will be one white folio with
a colored one inside it When stacking the S heets to apply
.

the paste place a colored sheet at th e bottom t h en a white

, ,

Sheet then a colored sheet and a white sheet on top

, , .

When pasting these to the book this brings a white sheet ,

first and a colored sheet inside s o that when pasted to the ,

”
case one half forms its lining and the other half is free
-
.
 P r o bl e m XVI

R E BIN D IN G A PAP E R= C OV E RE D BO O K

TI ME and M A TE R I A L s : ,
AS for Problem X I V or XV except the book .

Signatures for sewing may b e obtained by taking apa r t

some good paper c overed b ook F oreign books frequently .

c ome in this S hape and are much less expensiv e than in any
,

other binding .

Carefully remove the cover and the sewing threads if ,

any and scrape the glue from the back Then proc eed with
,
.

the sewing and binding a s already described .

I t may b e desired to have fl y leaves of lithographed or -

lining paper I n this case have two rather heavy sheets of

.

such pape r folded o nc e with the plain side out and two ,

folded sheets of white paper Wh en pasting these on to the .

book plac e a white sheet fi r st and then p l a é e a figured S heet

, ,

insi de it When c ompleted each c ove r will have a lining

.
,

of figured paper faced by a fl y leaf of the s ame and a plain -

,

sec ond fly leaf next to the printed pages

-
.

Pr o bl e m XVII

B IN D IN G N EW P R IN T ED S H E E TS

T I ME and M A TER I AL S : As for P roblem X I V or XV excep t the book .

Unsewed but p r inted signatures may sometimes be

Ob tained from a printe r or publisher F old and assemble .

the sheets using gr eat c are to observe the c orrec t order

,
.

Sew and bind b y o ne of th emethods already given .

 Pr o b l e m XVIII

R E B IN DIN G A N OLD BO O K

TI ME and M A TER I AL S : AS for P roblem X I V or XV except the book .

A school book whose leaves are still in good condition ,

but with broken c over or loose binding may often be pre ,

served for much l o n ger ser v i c e by rebinding Sometimes .

one has a worn book which has personal value and a new ,

cover is desired .

F irst remove the Ol d covers being careful not to in "ure,

the leaves pull out the sewing threads and remove glue
, ,

“
super and fl y leaves
,
”
-
.

Some repa i ring may also be necessary Torn edges may .

b e p as te d together or fac ed with gummed tissue or if the , ,

tears are no t to deep the edges m a y be trimmed off

,

B roken plac es in the folds may be mended if necessary

by using strips of p aper about 1 inch in width and as lo ng as
th e leaves I f many strips ar e pasted onto the folds the
.
,

back of the book will be thick and bulky F or this reaso n .

,

a thin tough p ap er should be used P aste the fold of two .

adj oining leaves leng thwise on the center of one of these

strips so placed that ho wever badly torn the leaves will
, , ,

assume their proper position and the extra piec e will be on

,

the outside of the fold .

I llustrations are usually printed on a single sheet Often ,

of paper di fferent from the leaves of the book To insert .

t h ese cover the back with a pie c e of waste paper leaving a

, ,

m argin along one edge a s in the c ase of the fl y leaf Cover -

.

this margin with paste and insert the leaf in its proper plac e ,

pasting it down to the adj acent leaf The illustration should .

u sua lly be on the right of the book .

Wh en all repairing has been done r e assemble the si g ,

-

n atures and bind as a new book .

 O R I G IN A L P R O B L E M S

’
A final test of the pupil s e fficiency lies in his ability to
plan and carry to c ompletion an original proj ec t O rigi .

n a li ty does not consist in making an article never heard of

’
before but in adapting to one s S pecific needs principles and
, ,

processes already learned through class instruction .

A fitting close to a c o u r se in elementary book binding -

is such a problem I f pupils choose to make a rticles

.

such as the memorandum pad or the hinged covers which

have already been taught they should be acc epted as orig
,

inal work provided that each pupil selects the size and
,

proportions himself and does n o t depend on the teacher to

,

r epeat the instruction in detail "e t more credit should b e

.

given one whose originality extends further as in the c ase

’
of a b oy who made for his father s use a holder for c on
’
d u c to r s checks or the one who made a mount for telepho ne
,

numbers .

All a r ticles c onstruc ted S hould b e such as are appro

r i
p a tel y made of the materials used M odels suc h as are
.
,

sometimes made of c ardb oard to be construc ted later of

,

different materials should b e excluded from this course .

I t is by no means essential or desir able that originality

b e held in abeyanc e until the end of the c ourse but r ather ,

it should b e fostered during each succeeding lesson The .

pupils who work more rapidly than the average of the class
may always have on hand an extra piece of work to b e done
when the regular assignment has been completed .

The adaptation of any problem to a specific pur pose

S hould always b e considered an opportunity for the develop
ment of class originality F o r example a p r i n c i p al may want
.
,

several portfolios in which to keep a particular kind of

 ORIGIN A L P ROB L E M S

papers ; or a se t of hinged c overs to hold a Course of

’
Study may be desired for each teache r s desk These
”
.

should be considered class problems and wo r ked out as

such.

I t should be c ontinually borne in mind that the Obj ect

of the course is the development of the child When he is .

conscious of the ability to make an article of intrinsic value

“
a long step h as been taken To help the pupil to help
‘

himself i s the highest aim of education

”
.

T EA M W O R K

Some o f these problems may be given especially in ,

“ ”
Older classes as team work The class may be divided
.
,

into sections doing specific parts of the work under a fore

man .

This method i s a good one when the aim i s the output

or when an insight into the construc tion of articles in large
quantities i s desired
.
 A FT E R W O RD
'

The border line between educational handwork and

-

technical bookbinding has now b een reached and it is not

,
’
the writer s pur pose to cross it I f this book of problems
.

assists others in solving the quest for interesting and educ a

ti o n al handwork its mission will have been accomplis h ed
,
.