HALIC UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

MBG104
GENERAL BIOLOGY LABORATORY-II

INSTRUCTOR
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra KASAPBAŞI

EXPERIMENT 18
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

ASSISTANTS
Res. Assist. Anıl CEBECİ
Res. Assist. Hatice KURNAZ
Res. Assist. Şafak ŞENER

Experiment Date: 21.03.2022

Name of the Student: Hatice Sena YENİGÜN

GROUP MEMBERS
Helin Dila TARHAN
Kürşat DENİZ

Submission Date of The Report: 28.03.2021

AIM
Chemical reactions do not always take place in one direction, but sometimes in two
directions, and this situation is defined as chemical equilibrium. In this experiment, chemical
equilibrium will be examined.

INTRODUCTION
The dynamic balance between the reactants and the products formed after the reaction is
called "chemical equilibrium". In other words, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the
ratio of concentrations of reactants and products formed remains unchanged. If it is said that
pressure affects the equilibrium, this indicates the presence of substances in the gas phase in
the equilibrium reaction. These reactions occur bidirectionally. If all the substances
participating in the reaction are in the same phase, homogeneous equilibrium is in question, if
they are in two or more phases, there is heterogeneous equilibrium. Reactions in equilibrium
are expressed as:
xA + yB mC + nD
In the first moments of the reaction, a decrease in the concentration of the reactants and an
increase in the concentration of the products are observed. While there is a decrease in the
product formation, which is high at first, over time, the reaction rate, which is the opposite of
the reaction that causes the product formation of the reactants, will increase and the rates of
these two reactions, which are opposite to each other, will be equalized and the chemical
equilibrium will be reached. The equilibrium constant (K) is the ratio of the forward velocity
constant to the reverse velocity constant. Depending on the reactants, the time it takes for a
reaction to reach equilibrium can vary from microseconds to thousands of years.
According to the rule found by Le Châtelier and named after him, if any change is made
(temperature, pressure, concentration amount/ratio) while the system is in equilibrium, the
system automatically shifts in the direction that will compensate for this and reduce the
change. This rule indicates which direction the reaction will shift when there is an effect.
Chemical equilibrium is in question in events from lightning strikes to the ionization of weak
acids and bases and the continuous solid-liquid phase change of water molecules in the
iceberg.

MATERIALS
Chemicals
0.2M K2CrO4
0.2M BaCl2
0.2M CuSO4
0.2M NH3
0.2M HC2H3O2 (Acetic acid)
0.2M HNO3
0.2M NH4Cl
0.2M NaOH
Phenolphthalein indicator
Distilled water

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Laboratory equipment
Test tube
Pasteur pipette
Graduated cylinder
Watch glass
Spatula
Beaker
Volumetric flask
Funnel
Devices
Balance

METHODS
A. Solution preparation
1) The amount of NaOH needed to prepare 50mL of 0.2M NaOH solution was found. The
amount of substance found was weighed and added to the volumetric flask.
2) Some water was poured onto the NaOH and mixed until it was completely dissolved.
3) After the NaOH was completely dissolved, some more water was added on it and the
solution was equally divided into 6 beakers. And beakers were distributed to other groups.
4) Other necessary solutions were taken from other groups and the experiment was started.

B. Concentrations effect the rate of reactions

1)5ml distilled water was measured in a graduated cylinder and placed in the first test tube. 3
Drops of phenolphthalein indicator were dripped on it.
2) 1 drop of 0.2M BaCl2 solution was added to the tube. The color of the solution has turned
white.
3) 0.2M HC2H3O2 solution was added to the tube until the color of the solution returned to its
former state. It was observed that the color became transparent in more tahn 30 drops.
4)5ml distilled water was measured in a graduated cylinder and placed in the second test tube.
2 Drops of phenolphthalein indicator were dripped onto it. Then 1 drop of NH 3 was dropped
into the test tube. The color of the solution turned pink.
5)2 drops of NH4Cl solution were added to the second tube and mixed. When NH 4Cl was
added to the solution, the color of the mixture turned light pink. When a few drops of strong
acid were placed in the test tube, the color of the mixture turned completely transparent.
6) 3mL of K2CrO4 solution was measured with a graduated cylinder and transferred to the 3rd
test tube. It was observed that the solution color was yellow.
7) When 10 drops of 0.2M HNO3 solution were dropped into the 3rd test tube, a color change
was observed.
8) When 8 drops of 0.2M NaOH solution were added, it was observed that the color became
lighter.
9) 3mL of 0.2M CuSO4 solution was measured with a graduated cylinder and transferred to
the 4th test tube. It was noted that the color of the solution was blue.
10) NH3 solution was added to the tube by shaking the tube. The precipitate formation was
observed in 3 drops.
11) 0.2M HNO3 was added dropwise to the tube, and it was observed that the solution color
became transparent.
12)Finally, concentrated NH3 was dropped into the tube, and it was observed that the color of
the solution turned dark blue.

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RESULTS
The data obtained as a result of the experiment are given in Table 18.1.
Table 18.1-) Reaction Direction
Reaction Adding Reaction direction
reactant
1. HInd → H + Ind
+
H+ Reactant
OH -
Product
2. NH3 + HOH → NH4+ + OH- NH4+ Reactant
NH3 Product
3. 2CrO42- + 2H+ → Cr2O72+ + H2O H+ Reactant
OH -
Product
4. Cu (H2O)42+ + NH3 → Cu(NH3)42+ + 4H2O H+ Product
OH -
Reactant

DISCUSSION
A short-term color change has been observed in the compounds formed by conjugate acid and
weak base or weak acid and conjugate base, but never a complete color change because this
reaction forms a buffer solution.

REFERENCES
 Kasapbaşı,E.E. (2021).General Chemistry Laboratory Guide, Faculty of Science and
Literature, Halic University, İstanbul.