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Santos Paulo Roberto Santos dos (Orcid ID: 0000-0003-3609-7820)

Retrieving records of a rare and threatened shark in a mosaic of marine protected areas of
southeastern Brazil

Paulo R. S. Santos1,4, Kaliandra Klafke2, Otto B. F. Gadig3, Domingos Garrone-Neto1,4

1. UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade de

Ambientes Costeiros, Praça Infante D. Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente - SP, Brasil; ORCID:
0000-0003-3609-7820. Corresponding Author: prs.dossantos@gmail.com.
2. Centro de Profissionalização e Educação Técnica, XV de Novembro 964, 80060-000 Curitiba -
PR, Brasil. ORCID:0000-0001-7234-2403.
3. UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Pesquisa de Elasmobrânquios, Praça
Infante D. Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente - SP, Brasil. ORCID: 0000-0002-8109-5085.
4. UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Registro – Unidade Agrochá, Laboratório
de Ictiologia e Conservação de Peixes Neotropicais, Avenida Saburo Kameyama 375 (Estrada
Municipal RGT-265), 11900-000 Registro – SP, Brasil. ORCID: 0000-0001-9134-595X.

Abstract
In this study we use the Fishers Ecological Knowledge (FEK) from the south coast of the São Paulo
state, in southeastern Brazil, to recover records of Atlantic Nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum),
a threatened with extinction species, in a mosaic of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the south
coast of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil, in the southernmost distribution of the species in the
Southwest Atlantic Ocean. For half a century, in the study area only one male of the G. cirratum was
officially recorded, in 1967. Retrieving records from artisanal fishers, recreational anglers, fishing
guides and spearfishers added more 30 records of the G. cirratum, including two recent captures
(Feb/2022 and May/2022), especially around coastal islands that are covered by MPAs. Two
uncommon fishing techniques, but which provided the highest number of records for the species,
were documented. These are fishing nets and small longlines adapted for fishing close to the rocks,
being an apparently traditional activity of a few natives of the region. As Brazil has a long history
of intense catches of threatened elasmobranchs and problems with fisheries monitoring, the
consideration of the FEK in the fisheries monitoring carried out by the authorities can be useful to
promote improvements in data collection, especially of rare and endangered species such as the G.
cirratum. The strengthening of the protection of the MPAs and the articulation of research and
management institutions with native people and tourists who use these areas should also be
considered.

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been
through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to
differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi:
10.1111/jfb.15357
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Keywords: Conservation, Fishing, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Insular Sharks, Threatened Species.

The Atlantic Nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) inhabits the
consolidated substrates of coastal and island waters of tropical and subtropical regions of the
Atlantic Ocean, in which the species feeds on fish and invertebrates (Castro 2000; Garla et al. 2009;
Ebert et al. 2021). This shark is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature's) and Brazilian Red List (MMA 2022), especially due to artisanal captures
without management and the degradation of coral and rocky reefs (Garla et al. 2015; Hammerschlag
et al. 2016; ICMBio 2018; Carlson et al. 2021; Rangel et al. 2021; Wosnick et al. 2021).
In Brazil, the species occurs mainly in the coast and oceanic islands of the north and northeast
regions, with the south coast of the state of São Paulo, in the southeast region, being the southern
limit of its historical distribution (ICMBio 2018). This record is based on a specimen (184.2 cm
total length TL) captured in the 1960s in Cananeia (Sadowsky 1967). Anecdotal records obtained
from unofficial sources, of popular circulation, indicate the capture of other individuals of the
species in neighboring areas by artisanal fishers and spearfishers. However, the lack of details about
these captures prevents their real dimensioning, making the occurrence of the G. cirratum in the
southernmost distribution of the species in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean rare, unusual.
This historical lack of information on G. cirratum in its southern limit of distribution,
combined with the advance of fishing in recent decades, with a consequent reduction of many
sharks populations, especially in the Southeast and South of Brazil (Vooren and Klippel 2005; Viana
2013; Barreto et al. 2016, Chelotti and Santos, 2020), made this species one of the first to be
considered vulnerable in the regional list of endangered fauna of the São Paulo State (São Paulo
1998). In 2018, its status was re-evaluated as critically endangered (SMA 2018), however, some
authors claim that this species could already be regionally extinct (ICMBio 2018; Wosnick et al.
2021), due to the absence of formal records from São Paulo since the 1960s (Gadig et al. 2001;
Graça-Lopes et al. 2002; Costa and Chaves 2006; Spier et al. 2018; Chaves et al. 2019; Santos et al.
2022).
In this context, we used the Fishers Ecological Knowledge (FEK) of artisanal fishers,
recreational anglers, fishing guides and spearfishers to recover occurrence records and biological
data of the Atlantic Nurse Shark in south coast of the state of São Paulo. The study was carried out
in the south coast of the state of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil, in an area considered a hotspot
for local biodiversity and also an area with the only official record of G. cirratum for the region
(Figure 1) (UNESCO, 2005; RAMSAR, 2007; Santos et al., 2022). During the interviews,
information was obtained on the presence of the species in the local fisheries, date, area and capture
device (or means of observation) (for more information on monitoring, see Santos et al. (2022)).
 10958649, ja, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfb.15357 by IFES - Instituto Federal do Espirito Santo, Wiley Online Library on [28/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Ethical Statement - The study was completed following the gaining of all relevant ethical and
legislative approvals (SISBIO - 44554-12, 44554-17 and 68957-1; Plataforma Brasil - 4.029.769;
SISGEN – AE2F5C1).
The use of FEK allowed the description of 30 occurrences of the G. cirratum for the study
area, from the first record, in 1967, to 2022, with 28 recovered records and two recent captures
monitored in situ (Figure 1). The identification of the G. cirratum by the people interviewed was
considered unequivocal due to the unique morphological characteristics of G. cirratum and that
differentiate the species from other Brazilian sharks, being easily recognized (Gomes et al., 2019).
Among the biological information retrieved, length estimates indicate juvenile or subadult animals
(between 120 and 250 cm of TL), based on data available for the species (Castro, 2000). The
attention given to the length and sometimes the weight of sharks, especially when the species it is
not common, is one of the characteristics observed in the daily life of fishing communities, since
these animals are normally exhibited as fishing trophies (Shiffman et al., 2014; Irigoyen and
Trobbiani, 2016; Leduc et al., 2021; Santos, 2021).
Likewise, the FEK provided information about the capture devices (or means of observation)
related to the records of the G. cirratum. Two specific techniques that were responsible for 83.34%
of the records were well documented during the interviews: 1) bottom gillnets, with 22 cm mesh,
intended for catching Lobsters (Panulirus sp.). In this operation, the lower gear of the net is
positioned under the rocks or in burrow entrances, with the help of oars or divers; 17 specimens
(56.67%) were captured in this type of fishing; and 2) hand line baited with live fish (different
species of estuarine fish from the families Clupeidae, Eleotridae, Engraulidae and Serranidae) also
used in the same fishing spots of technique 1; Eight animals (26.67%) were captured using this
technique. The remaining records were related to captures by spearfishing.
The sharks were concentrated mainly in insular areas within a mosaic of state (The São Paulo
Marine Environmental Protection Area of the South Coast, APAMLS – Sustainable Use) and federal
(The Tupiniquins Ecological Station, EETUPI – No Take/Integral Protection) protected marine
areas (23 sharks – 76.67%), followed by captures of G. cirratum in nearby coastal regions, with
gravel bottom (seven sharks – 23.33%). This result reinforces the benefits of MPAs for the
conservation of species such as the G. cirratum (and also of other elasmobranchs) (Bonin et al.,
2021; Santos et al., 2021; Motta et al., 2022; Rolim et al., 2022), as well as highlighting the
importance of the mosaics of protected areas to reduce conflicts between users, allowing certain
activities such as fishing in some places and restricting its practice in others.
It is also important to consider the adjacent environmentally similar areas and in similar
isobaths in the north (e.g., Queimada Grande Island, Queimada Pequena Island, Peruíbe Island and
Guaraú Island) and south (Peças Island and Mel Island), as these areas may offer conditions for the
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reestablishment of G. cirratum in its southernmost area of distribution. Non-formal records found in
popular literature during this period bring photographs with positive identification of this species, of
specimens captured in spearfishing activities on Queimada Grande Island in 1966 (OBF Gadig,
personal image bank).
This strategy can help to engage fishers and other users in conservation actions and
collaborative monitoring through citizen science while promoting the maintenance of biodiversity
and its services (Garrone-Neto et al., 2018; Garrone-Neto and Rodrigues, 2018; Gibson et al., 2019;
Giovos et al., 2019; Santos et al., 2016; 2019; Santos, 2021; Garla et al., 2022). This aspect
highlights the importance of maintaining good relations with fishing communities and their
respective local ecological knowledge, as they allow for a more refined monitoring of fishing
activity, which are essential for rare or little-known species. Currently, the literature has numerous
examples that this process generates important results for the conservation of elasmobranchs
(Carvalho et al., 2018; Martins et al., 2018; Colloca et al., 2020; Barbosa-Filho et al., 2021; Blanco-
Parra et al., 2022).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are immensely grateful to all the fishers who participated in the study, especially Mr.
Ivanildo Atanasio and Mr. Josenildo Atanasio. We are also grateful to MSc. Bianca Rangel for the
help in graphic production and all supporters of the Elasmocategorias Project: Associação
MarBrasil/Instituto Linha d'Água, FUNBIO/Instituto Humanize, Uncovering the Global Shark Meat
Trade and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT
This work was supported by the Fundo Brasileiro para Biodiversidade (FUNBIO)/Instituto
Humanize [grant numbers 99/2019], Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior [grant numbers 88887.601984/2021-00] and Associação MarBrasil/Instituto Linha d'Água
[grant numbers 01/2022].

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they are not aware of any competing interests.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors were involved in the conceptualization of the study and in writing and editing the
manuscript. PRS and KK completed all sampling and OBFG and DGN. completed all data analyses
and evaluation.
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stress in a benthic, resident and large-sized mesopredator, Ginglymostoma cirratum.
Environment Poll 288:117784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117784.
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JFB_15357_Figure 1..jpg
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1. Historic line of Atlantic Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) records in a mosaic of marine
protected areas in southeastern Brazil
FIGURE CAPTIONS