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Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
In this section we use implicit differentiation to find the
derivatives of the logarithmic functions y = logax and, in
particular, the natural logarithmic function y = ln x.

Figure 12
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Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

In general, if we combine Formula 2 with the Chain Rule,

we get

or

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Example 2
Find ln(sin x).

Solution:

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Logarithmic Differentiation

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Logarithmic Differentiation
The calculation of derivatives of complicated functions
involving products, quotients, or powers can often be
simplified by taking logarithms.

The method used in the next example is called logarithmic

differentiation.

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Example 15
Differentiate

Solution:
We take logarithms of both sides of the equation and use
the properties of logarithms to simplify:

ln y = ln x + ln(x2 + 1) – 5 ln(3x + 2)

Differentiating implicitly with respect to x gives

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Example 15 – Solution cont’d

Solving for dy/dx, we get

Because we have an explicit expression for y, we can

substitute and write

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Logarithmic Differentiation

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PARTIAL FRACTIONS
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
 Partial Fractions
dx 1 A B
 
 x2  5x  6 x  5x  6 x  3 x  2
2

1 A( x  2) B( x  3)
 
x  5x  6
2 x3 x2
1  A( x  2)  B( x  3)
If x = 2: 1=-B so B = -1
If x =3: 1=A
dx  1 1 
 x2  5x  6   x  3 x  2 dx
 

x3
ln | x  3 |  ln | x  2 | C or ln C
x2
 Partial Fractions-Repeated linear factors
5 x 2  20 x  6 5 x 2  20 x  6
A B C
 x  2x  x
3 2
dx
x  2x  x
3 2
  
x x  1  x  12

5 x  20 x  6  A( x  1)  Bx( x  1)  Cx
2 2

If x =0: 6= A
If x = -1: -9 = -C, so C = 9
If x = 1: 31=6(4)+2B+9, B = - 1
5 x 2  20 x  6 6 1 9 
 x3  2 x2  x dx    x  x  1  ( x  1)2 dx
x6 9
1 ln  C
6ln | x |  ln | x  1| 9( x  1)  C x 1 x 1
 Quadratic Factors
2 x3  4 x  8
3
2x  4x  8 A B Cx  D
   2
 x( x  1)( x 2  4)dx x( x  1)( x  4) x x  1 x  4
2

2 x3  4 x  8  A( x  1)( x 2  4)  Bx( x 2  4)  (Cx  D) x( x  1)

If x = 0 then A = 2
If x = 1 then B = -2
If x = -1 2 = -C +D
If x = 2 8 = 2C+D
Solving the system of equations you find
C = 2 and D = 4.
 2 x3  4 x  8 2 2 2x 4 
 x( x  1)( x 2  4)dx    x  x  1  x 2  4  x 2  4 dx

x
2ln | x | 2ln | x  1|  ln( x  4)  2arctan  C
2
2
 Repeated quadratic Factors
8 x  13 x
3 8 x3  13 x Ax  B Cx  D
 ( x2  2) 2
dx ( x  2)
2 2

x 2
2

( x 2  2) 2

8 x3  13x  ( Ax  B)( x 2  2)  Cx  D
8 x  13 x  Ax  2 Ax  Bx  2 B  Cx  D
3 3 2

8 x3  0 x 2  13 x  0  Ax3  Bx 2  2 Ax  Cx  D  2 B
For third degree: A=8 For second degree: B=0

For first degree: 13=2A+C

For constant: D+2B=0

 Repeated quadratic Factors
8 x  13 x
3 A=8 B=0
 ( x2  2)2 dx
13=2A+C
D+2B=0
So, D=0 and C = -3
8 x3  13x  8x 3x 
 ( x2  2)2 dx    x2  2  ( x2  2)2 dx

8 x3  13 x 3
 ( x2  2)2 dx  4ln( x  2)  C
2
2( x  2)
2
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