Mapua University

Senior High School

Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics

CHM02/MS102 EXPERIMENT NO.3

IODINE CLOCK REACTION AND RATE OF REACTION
Abaño, Daphnie Anjonette B.
Dela Paz, Paul Ethan T.
Estilles, Jerich Anthony B.
Gatchalian, Richmonde Paulo G.
Ramoya, Sean Heinrich A.
Instructor: Mr. Eleazar Jude R. Delos Santos

ABSTRACT

Chemical reactions are defined as the conversion of one or more substances called reactants into
one or more different substances called products. The experiment’s objective is to calculate the initial rate
of reaction based on observations on concentrations of the reactants, temperature, and time it takes for the
reactions to take place. The experiment first observed the effect of concentration to the reaction, thus
varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide with Dl water were used in three trials. The temperature and
volume of iodide solutions and thiosulfate solutions remained constant. With the recorded lab data, the
concentrations of substances and the initial rates of reaction can be calculated. The second trial took the
longest to react, and the third trial had the shortest time. In the second part, the effects of temperature were
observed. Thus, varying temperatures of iodide solutions were used in three trials. The rest remained
constant. Again, computing for the concentrations of reactants and the initial rates of reaction. The first
trial was the slowest to react, while the third trial was the quickest. In conclusion, the rate of a reaction is
greatly affected by factors such as the temperature or the concentration of a reactant.

Keywords: rate of reaction, concentration, temperature, collision theory

Introduction the reactant, while the result of the conversion is

When a mixture of substances is being
talked about, chemical reactions are the first
thing that comes into the minds of most people.
Chemical reactions occur when substances are
converted to another substance, and these
substances can either be elements or compounds.
The substance that is being converted is called
called the product. Chemical reactions are
symbolically represented through chemical
equations, it represents the change of reactants
and products in the form of symbols and formula
(LibreText, 2020).
To understand the rates of a chemical
reaction, chemical kinetics must be introduced.
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate of
chemical reactions, it is the rate wherein the
reactant transformed into products with time.
Chemical kinetics is related to thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics can indicate the possibilities
that can happen during a reaction process, while
chemical kinetics indicates what actually occurs.
The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a
chemical reaction happens, it is also the
concentration of products or reactants that is
either formed or consumed per unit time
(Laidler, 2020). Rate of reaction is based
on change over a matter of time, which is why it
can be measured by thoroughly observing the
disappearance of the reactant and the appearance
of the product.
The rate of reaction can be expressed as:
1 ∆[𝐴] 1 ∆[𝐵] 1 ∆ [𝐶]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − 𝑎 = − 𝑏 ∆𝑡 =
∆𝑡 𝑐 ∆𝑡
[Equation 1]
The formula for rate of reaction is written
below:
∆ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = [Equation 2]
∆ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
A theory explains that for a reaction to
occur it must come together or collide, it is called
a collision theory. Collision theory states that in
order for particles to react, they have to collide
with each other with sufficient energy. Collisions
itself is not enough for a reaction to occur, but
also particles must have sufficient energy and
enough speed to break bonds and to form a new
one. Activation energy is the minimum amount
of energy that is required for a reaction to occur,
particles do not always reach activation energy.
If particles collide with a lesser energy particle,
a reaction will not occur.
There are four main factors that affect the
rate of reactions which are concentration of
reactants, temperature, presence of catalyst, and
surface area. These 4 factors also affect rate of
reaction by the amount of energy that particles
have and the frequency of collisions. When the
number of collisions increases the rate of
reaction will also increase. The factors used in
the experiment are temperature and
concentration of reactants.
The objective of the experiment is to
collect the data necessary to determine the effect
of concentration and temperature on the rate of
reaction. The initial rate of reaction must be
determined with respect to 𝐻2 𝑂2 . It was
hypothesized that the temperature would lessen
that time it would take for the reaction to take
place, with an increase in the reaction rate,
because an increase in heat would mean an
increase in energy which allows the molecules to
collide into each other more frequently. It was
also assumed that a higher concentration would
be the same as higher temperature since a higher
concentration of a reactant would mean that there
are more molecules for the other reactants to
interact with. Materials such as the iodine clock,
the solutions, pipet, stir bar, etc. Must be used to
achieve the objective of the experiment.
Materials and Methods
I. MATERIALS
The experiment conducted aimed to
accomplish the task of determining the rate of a
reaction through an iodine clock reaction.
The following laboratory apparatus and
chemicals were used throughout the experiment:
(1) thermometer fit for monitoring liquid
temperatures, (2) stir plate for stirring solutions,
(3) stir bars that were used in conjunction with
the stir plate, (4) 1 and 10-milliliter pipets for
aspirating and discharging liquid samples, (5)
Deionized (DI) Water, (6) Hydrogen Peroxide,
(7) Iodide, (8) Thiosulfate, and (9) Wash/waste
bins and beaker for disposing of chemicals for
laboratory safety purposes.
II. METHODS
The first part of the experiment observed
reaction rate with concentration change. Three
trials were conducted, each with varying [𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ]𝑓 − [𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ]𝑖
concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Firstly, a 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
thermometer was used to measure the
[Equation 6]
temperature of the iodide solution. A 10-mL
graduated pipet was then used to transfer 10 mL
Once done, the mixture was poured into
of iodide solution to a beaker. Using a different
the beaker for disposal, and the used beaker into
pipet for each substance, 1 mL of thiosulfate
the wash/waste bin to maintain laboratory safety
solution and 10 mL of Deionized Water were
protocols.
added to the beaker. These exact volumes were
recorded as lab data.
The second experiment sought out
different reaction rates with respect to changes in
A stir bar was placed inside the beaker,
temperature. Three trials were also conducted
and the beaker was placed on the stir plate. 7.5
and followed a relatively similar fashion in the
mL of hydrogen peroxide solution 𝐻2 𝑂2 was
procedure. A thermometer was used to measure
then added to the beaker to initiate the reaction.
the temperature of the iodide solution before
The time required for the solution to change
using a 10-mL graduated pipet to transfer 10 mL
color was taken and recorded as lab data.
of the solution to a new beaker. Subsequently, 1
Observations like color change were also
mL of thiosulfate solution and 10 mL of
recorded as lab data. Note that for the second
Deionized (DI) Water were also added to the
trial, 5.0 mL of Deionized (DI) Water and 5.0 mL
beaker with separate pipets. For two of the trials,
of hydrogen peroxide solution 𝐻2 𝑂2 were
the solutions were either in a basin full of ice or
instead used. Meanwhile, the third trial made use
on a hot plate that would affect their temperature.
of 1.5 mL of Deionized (DI) Water and 8.5 mL
It is also important to note that these values were
of hydrogen peroxide solution 𝐻2 𝑂2.
also recorded as lab data for calculations.
Given the values recorded as lab data, the
The beaker was placed on the stir plate
initial concentration of each reactant could be
after inserting a stir bar. While stirring, 10 mL of
calculated by first computing for the total
hydrogen peroxide solution 𝐻2 𝑂2was then added
volume;
to the beaker to initiate the reaction. The time
required for the solution to change color was
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝐼− + 𝑉𝑆2 𝑂32− + 𝑉𝐻2𝑂2 + 𝑉𝐻2𝑂
taken and recorded as lab data. Unlike before,
[Equation 3] these variables were kept consistent throughout
the three trials, as temperature change was the
Solving for the initial concentration; central focus of this part.
𝑐2 𝑉2 = 𝑐1 𝑉1 [Equation 4]
In calculating the reaction rates, the same
Afterwards, the equations below enabled procedure was done wherein the total volumes of
the initial rate of the solution with respect to the each solution were computed using lab data; the
concentration of hydrogen peroxide to be proportional relationship of dilutions.
calculated. Afterwards, laboratory safety protocols once
again called for proper cleanup and disposal of
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑒 chemicals.
1
= − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒
2
[Equation 5]

∆[𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ∆𝑡
Results and Discussion
I. RESULTS
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Concentration of Concentration of 100.0 100.0 100.0
255.8 255.8 255.8
iodide solution iodide solution
(mM) (mM)
Concentration of Concentration of 20.1 20.1 20.1
47.0 47.0 47.0
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution (mM) solution (mM)
Concentration of Concentration of 176.0 176.0 176.0
110.1 110.1 110.1
hydrogen peroxide hydrogen
solution (mM) peroxide solution
(mM)
Temperature of 25.0 25.0 25.0 Temperature of 2.5 20.0 30.3
iodide solution iodide solution
(°C) (°C)
Volume of iodide 10.0 10.0 10.0 Volume of iodide 10.0 10.0 10.0
solution (𝐼 − ) used solution (𝐼 − ) used
(mL) (mL)
Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0 Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution (𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ) solution (𝑆2 𝑂3 2− )
used (mL) used (mL)
Volume of DI 2.5 5.0 1.5 Volume of 10.0 10.0 10.0
water used (mL) hydrogen
Volume of 7.5 5.0 8.5 peroxide ( 𝐻2 𝑂2 )
hydrogen peroxide used (mL)
(𝐻2 𝑂2 ) used (mL) Time (s) 32.5 8.5 4.2
Time (s) 16.7 24.7 14.5 Observations It took This This
Observations After This This was quite solutio solution
mixing, also the long to n was the
the turned fastest turn quickl quickest
solution blue, solution blue y to turn
turned but it to turn turned blue
blue took blue blue
longer Initial 47.6 47.6 47.6
than concentration of
iodide in reaction
trial 1
(mM)
Initial 122 122 122
Initial 0.96 0.96 0.96
concentration of
concentration of
iodide in reaction
thiosulfate in
(mM)
reaction (mM)
Initial 2.2 2.2 2.2
Initial 83.8 83.8 83.8
concentration of
concentration of
thiosulfate in
hydrogen
reaction (mM)
peroxide in
Initial 39 26 45 reaction (mM)
concentration of
Initial Rate 0.015 0.056 0.11
hydrogen peroxide
(mM/s)
in reaction (mM)
Table 1.2
Initial Rate 0.066 0.045 0.075
(mM/s)
Table 1.1
 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Concentration of 100.0 100.0 100.0 Concentration of 100.0 100.0 100.0
iodide solution iodide solution
(mM) (mM)
Concentration of 22.8 22.8 22.8 Concentration of 20.1 20.1 20.1
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution (mM) solution (mM)
Concentration of 176.0 176.0 176.0 Concentration of 176.0 176.0 176.0
hydrogen hydrogen
peroxide peroxide solution
solution (mM) (mM)
Temperature of 25.0 25.0 25.0 Temperature of 1.3 20.0 32.2
iodide solution iodide solution
(°C) (°C)
Volume of 10.0 10.0 10.0 Volume of iodide 10.0 10.0 10.0
iodide solution solution ( 𝐼 − )
(𝐼 − ) used (mL) used (mL)
Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0 Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution (𝑆2 𝑂3 2− solution (𝑆2 𝑂3 2−
) used (mL) ) used (mL)
Volume of DI 2.5 5.0 1.5 Volume of 10.0 10.0 10.0
water used (mL) hydrogen
Volume of 7.5 5.0 8.5 peroxide (𝐻2 𝑂2 )
hydrogen used (mL)
peroxide ( 𝐻2 𝑂2 Time (s) 35.8 8.5 3.6
) used (mL) Observations the color the color the color
Time (s) 12.7 19.2 11.2 of the of the of the
Observations the color the color the color mixture mixture mixture
of the of the of the changed changed changed
mixture mixture mixture into blue into blue into blue
changed changed changed
into blue into blue into blue Initial 47.6 47.6 47.6
concentration of
Initial 47.6 47.6 47.6 iodide in reaction
concentration of
(mM)
iodide in
reaction (mM) Initial 0.96 0.96 0.96
concentration of
Initial 1.1 1.1 1.1 thiosulfate in
concentration of
reaction (mM)
thiosulfate in
reaction (mM) Initial 83.8 83.8 83.8
concentration of
Initial 63 42 71 hydrogen
concentration of
peroxide in
hydrogen
reaction (mM)
peroxide in
reaction (mM) Initial Rate 0.013 0.056 0.13
(mM/s)
Initial Rate 0.043 0.028 0.049
(mM/s) Table 2.2
Table 2.1
 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Concentration of 73.9 73.9 73.9 Concentration of 100.0 100.0 100.0
iodide solution iodide solution
(mM) (mM)
Concentration of 31.5 31.5 31.5 Concentration of 20.1 20.1 20.1
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution (mM) solution (mM)
Concentration of 145.5 145.5 145.5 Concentration of 176.0 176.0 176.0
hydrogen hydrogen
peroxide peroxide solution
solution (mM) (mM)
Temperature of 25.0 25.0 25.0 Temperature of 3.4 20.0 31.0
iodide solution iodide solution
(°C) (°C)
Volume of 10.0 10.0 10.0 Volume of iodide 10.0 10.0 10.0
iodide solution solution (𝐼 − ) used
(𝐼 − ) used (mL) (mL)
Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0 Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution solution (𝑆2 𝑂3 2− )
( 𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ) used used (mL)
(mL) Volume of 10.0 10.0 10.0
Volume of DI 2.5 5.0 1.5 hydrogen
water used (mL) peroxide ( 𝐻2 𝑂2 )
Volume of 7.5 5.0 8.5 used (mL)
hydrogen Time (s) 30.1 8.5 3.9
peroxide ( 𝐻2 𝑂2 Observations Solution Soluti Solution
) used (mL) turned on turned
Time (s) 28.9 43.3 25.5 from turned from
Observations Solution Solution Solution clear to from clear to
turned turned turned dark clear dark
from from from blue to dark blue
clear to clear to clear to color. blue color.
dark dark dark color.
blue blue blue Initial 47.6 47.6 47.6
color. color. color. concentration of
Initial 35.2 35.2 35.2 iodide in reaction
concentration of (mM)
iodide in Initial 0.96 0.96 0.96
reaction (mM) concentration of
Initial 1.5 1.5 1.5 thiosulfate in
concentration of reaction (mM)
thiosulfate in Initial 83.8 83.8 83.8
reaction (mM) concentration of
Initial 52 35 59 hydrogen
concentration of peroxide in
hydrogen reaction (mM)
peroxide in Initial Rate 0.016 0.056 0.12
reaction (mM) (mM/s)
Initial Rate 0.026 0.017 0.029 Table 3.2
(mM/s)
Table 3.1
 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Concentration of 255.8 255.8 255.8 Concentration of 100.0 100.0 100.0
iodide solution iodide solution
(mM) (mM)
Concentration of 47.0 47.0 47.0 Concentration of 20.1 20.1 20.1
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution (mM) solution (mM)
Concentration of 110.1 110.1 110.1 Concentration of 176.0 176.0 176.0
hydrogen hydrogen
peroxide peroxide solution
solution (mM) (mM)
Temperature of 25.0 25.0 25.0 Temperature of 1.9 20.0 30.6
iodide solution iodide solution
(°C) (°C)
Volume of 10.0 10.0 10.0 Volume of iodide 10.0 10.0 10.0
iodide solution solution (𝐼 − ) used
(𝐼 − ) used (mL) (mL)
Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0 Volume of 1.0 1.0 1.0
thiosulfate thiosulfate
solution (𝑆2 𝑂3 2− solution (𝑆2 𝑂3 2− )
) used (mL) used (mL)
Volume of DI 2.5 5.0 1.5 Volume of 10.0 10.0 10.0
water used (mL) hydrogen
Volume of 7.5 5.0 8.5 peroxide (𝐻2 𝑂2 )
hydrogen used (mL)
peroxide ( 𝐻2 𝑂2 Time (s) 34.2 8.6 4.3
) used (mL) Observations It took The The
Time (s) 16.4 24.7 14.7 longer mixtur mixture'
Observations The It took The for the e's s color
color of longer mixture's mixture color change
the for the change in to turn change to blue
mixture mixture color was blue to blue was the
turns to to turn faster was fastest
blue in blue than the fast recorde
16.4 first two d
secs trials Initial 47.6 47.6 47.6
Initial 122 122 122 concentration of
concentration of iodide in reaction
iodide in (mM)
reaction (mM) Initial 0.96 0.96 0.96
Initial 2.2 2.2 2.2 concentration of
concentration of thiosulfate in
thiosulfate in reaction (mM)
reaction (mM) Initial 83.8 83.8 83.8
Initial 39 26 45 concentration of
concentration of hydrogen
hydrogen peroxide in
peroxide in reaction (mM)
reaction (mM) Initial Rate 0.014 0.056 0.11
Initial Rate 0.067 0.045 0.075 (mM/s)
(mM/s) Table 4.2
Table 4.1
II. DISCUSSION
The results show that in the first trial for
different concentrations, the time it took for the
reaction to occur was moderately fast. The
second trial changed the volume of hydrogen
peroxide to be lower for it to have a lower
concentration in the mixture, therefore the
reaction was much slower than the first trial. The
last trial had a higher concentration of thiosulfate
than the first trial. This made it to have the
quickest reactions of all three trials in varying
concentration. Computing for the concentration
of each substance;
First getting the total volume for the mixture;
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝐼− + 𝑉𝑆2 𝑂32− + 𝑉𝐻2𝑂2 + 𝑉𝐻2𝑂
[Equation 3]
Then using this equation for the initial
concentration of each substance;
𝑐2 𝑉2 = 𝑐1 𝑉1 [Equation 4]
“The rate of a reaction usually decreases
with time, reaching a value of zero when the
reaction is complete. This is usually because the
rate depends in some way on the concentrations
of one or more reactants, and as those
concentrations decrease, the rate also decreases.”
(Moore et al., 2020) There are two reactions that
occur in the mixture, which are;
− [Equation 6]
𝐻2 𝑂2 + 3𝐼 − → 𝐼3 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
and
𝐼3 + 2𝑆2 𝑂3 → 3𝐼 − + 𝑆4 𝑂6 2−
− 2−
The solution turning blue is caused by the
depletion of thiosulfate in the mixture. The
quicker the depletion of thiosulfate, the quicker
the mixture to turn blue. Furthermore, the reason
for the increase of the reaction rate in higher
concentrations of the reactant is higher
concentrations allow for more collisions.
In the trials where the concentration for
each substance in the mixture is stagnant, the
temperature is increased every time. The first
trial had a low temperature for the iodide
solution, making it slower for it to turn blue.
After that, the succeeding trials raised the
temperature and it took less time for the solution
to turn blue. “An increase in temperature
typically increases the rate of reaction. An
increase in temperature will raise the average
kinetic energy of the reactant molecules.
Therefore, a greater proportion of molecules will
have the minimum energy necessary for an
effective collision.” (Key, n.d.) The increase in
the average kinetic energy allows the molecules
to move faster, making the collision of particles
more frequent. Another reason for this reaction
is the collision theory. “Collision theory states
that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting
particles must collide with one another. The rate
of the reaction depends on the frequency of
collisions” (LibreText, 2020). The rate of
reaction for both temperature and concentration
is acquired by the equations;
Since the rate of the reaction is equal to
the rate of the triiodide formed,
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑒 =
1
− 2 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒 [Equation 5]
∆[𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ∆𝑡
[𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ]𝑓 −[𝑆2 𝑂3 2− ]𝑖
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖
Then substituting this to [Equation 5] to
get the rate of reaction. It was also found that the
relationship between the time, concentration, and
the rate of reaction in the results conformed to
the equation for the rate law in [Equation 2].
Time is inversely proportional to the rate of
reaction, while concentration has a direct
relationship with it.
Conclusion
This experiment utilized an iodine clock
in determining the rate of reaction of a solution.
“The “clock reaction” is a reaction famous for its
dramatic colorless-to-blue color change, and is
often used in chemistry courses to explore the
rate at which reactions take place.” (Bellevue
College, n.d.) The objective of the experiment is
to calculate the different rates of a reaction in
terms of changing the temperature and
concentration of a mixture shown in an iodine
clock reaction. The findings show that a higher
concentration and a higher temperature result in
less time for the reaction to turn blue, resulting in
a higher rate of reaction.

In conclusion, the rate of a reaction is

greatly affected by factors such as the
temperature or the concentration of a reactant.
The collision theory explains the results and
behaviors of each of the trials given that
changing the temperature or the concentration of
a chemical can increase the possibility of
collision among molecules, thus increasing the
rate of the reaction. The experiment was a
success. The hypothesis was supported by the
results and each procedure was executed
accurately and safely by avoiding
miscalculations in determining the data needed
and safely disposing of all of the hazardous
chemical mixtures when finished.
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Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_K
inetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.
06%3A_The_Collision_Theory
POINT SYSTEM:
ABSTRACT---------------------------------20
INTRODUCTION--------------------------10
MATERIALS AND METHODS---------10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION----------30
CONCLUSION-----------------------------20
REFERENCES------------------------------10

TOTAL: 100