Questions on Passage 1 (updated 20/8/07)

1. According to the writer in paragraph 1, why do people value material wealth? Use your own words as far as
possible. From the passage its relation to luxurious standards of living. (ll.78) The value of material wealth has more to do with its relation to freedom of choice (ll.6-7) Many also assume that the more money we have, the better able we will be to use it to provide us with what we value material goods, leisure time, education. (ll. 9-11) Paraphrase It enables people to live lavish /ostentatious lifestyles [1] But more than that, it gives them the autonomy/the liberty/ability to decide/to select what they want/they have more options [1] It provides us with a means to obtain what we see as important in life/cherish [1] [3]

2. Why does the writer think that freedom of choice is not an unalloyed good (lines 13 - 14)? Use your own
words as far as possible. From the passage people can be paralysed by too wide a choice, (l.14) [2] Paraphrase people have so many choices that they do not know what to pick/do/ they are faced with a dilemma [1] (award mark for the idea of paralysis) They seldom choose wisely/well/make the right decisions/ they make wrong decisions [1 ] even when they choose well, they have this nagging suspicion that the other options could have been better than the one that they have picked/ the happiness they derive from such goods is reduced as they have left behind other desirable options. [1] (award mark for the idea of leaving behind other desirable choices) 1-2= 1; 3= 2

and in part because they often choose badly (ll.14-15), in part because even when people overcome paralysis, and choose well, the thought of all those attractive options they have left on the table can undermine their satisfaction with the option they chose. (ll.16-17)

3. Explain how the obesity epidemic is myopia in action (line 26).

From the passage obesity epidemic is myopia in action (ll.25-26)

[2]

Paraphrase Myopia (literal): Just as myopia suggests that one is short-sighted/ cannot see far Likewise, (Inferred) People eat what they like in inordinate amounts/ people do not eat their favourite food in moderation/ people do not control what they eat. [1] They derive instantaneous/ immediate pleasure from it and are unable to foresee/ they ignore the negative implications on their health/of becoming fat in the long run. [1] [must show contrast between short term passion and long term interest

We have a powerful tendency to indulge (l.21)

in short-term passions at the expense of longterm interests (ll.21 22)

4. Why does the author refer to the process of adaptation as the hedonic treadmill (line 39)? Use your own
words as far as possible. [2]

From the passage New acquisitions

give

us

pleasure,(l.36)

Paraphrase Buying new things/consumption gives us satisfaction. However, we tire of them easily/ they do not sustain our attention for long / it is short-lived [1]

but for much less time than we expect. We become bored, (ll.36- 37) OR we feel cheated or short-changed, (l. 37) and we are off to find the next new thing. (ll.37- 38) But, as on exercise treadmills, we do not actually get anywhere. (l. 39)

and when we start searching for something new or proceed to find/hunt another new product, we end up where we started/ we are back to square one/ we are stuck/trapped in a vicious cycle [1] NB: No marks awarded for literal meaning of treadmill because the writer has explained it in the passage

5. In line 48, the writer asks how much wealth is enough? What point is he trying to make here? Use your own
words as far as possible. From the passage The answer is: more neighbours. (l.48) OR The result is a kind of arms race of wealth acquisition (ll.48-49) OR We compete with one another to amass more wealth [1] Paraphrase wealth than your People will never be satisfied with what they have/ they have an insatiable appetite for wealth [2]

that thrives on inequality, (l.49) but leaves no one better off. (l.49)

This feeds on the unfair/uneven distribution of resources/exploitation [1] and leading to a lose-lose situation/ resulting in no one gaining the upper hand/ there are no winners [1] 1-2=1mark; 3=2marks Questions on Passage 2

6. What do the writers mean by we consume for the wrong reasons (line 9)? Use your own words as far as
possible. From the passage The problem is our attachment consumption, (l.7) form attachments to products (l.11) to [2] Paraphrase The process of consumption/material goods we buy become essential/important/significant to us [1/2] and we think these material possessions help us attain our aspirations/ what we aspire to be [1/2] define who we are/shape our identity/build confidence/selfesteem through these products [1/2]

the way we invest our hopes, our goals (ll.78) and our sense of self in the things we buy and own. (l.8) OR we want to use them to build an ideal self (ll.11 12)

(inferred) the reason for consumption is superficial/shallow OR we no longer buy out of necessity. OR It is unhealthy []

7. What, according to the writers, can we do to combat affluenza? Using material from paragraphs 3 to 6,
summarise these measures. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are given below. Use your own words as far as possible. [8] From the passage 1 What an average person can do: Conscious consumption is the antidote to affluenza (l.13) OR Conscious consumption involves cultivating an awareness of why we buy things and understanding what needs we are trying to meet by buying this item or that one. (ll.14 15) What parents can do: One of the things that parents can do for their children is to teach them to adopt a critical attitude towards marketers attempts to influence them. (ll.19 20) OR point out that advertisers are trying to deceive them (ll.22 23) Parents who not only control the amount of television their children watch but also take time to watch it with them and (ll.21 22) What (more) an average person can do: We must also be conscious of the impact our decisions on the rest of the world. (ll.27 28) OR We need to think about our consumption decisions socially (l.28) What governments can do: What is needed is a political philosophy of wellbeing, one that focuses on those aspects of our personal lives and social structure that do improve our welfare. (ll.29 30) It would give priority to fulfilling work and help us reclaim our time. (ll.30 31) It would encourage vibrant, sustainable communities (ll31 32) resilient, Paraphrase The writers suggested that We should be mindful/ cognizant of the reasons we acquire possessions/ products OR We should instil an understanding of/sensitivity to the reasons/rationale for our purchases. (Award marks based on general understanding of this point) Parents should instruct their children to be more sceptical towards marketers attempts to manipulate them. OR Parents should highlight/identify advertisers attempts to mislead children. Parents should limit the amount of television their children watch and supervise them.

3 4

We should also be more mindful/ aware of the implications/ repercussions of our decisions/ actions on the environment /others/ people around us.

We need a political ideology/paradigm that will enhance/ better our lives. It would emphasise the importance of achieving a sense of satisfaction from jobs/tasks/what we do [1/2] and we have more time [1/2]. It would promote/ foster dynamic/ interesting/ diverse, tenacious/ strong and self-supporting/ selfreliant/ progressive communities (Paraphrase encourage and any 1 of the qualities to get 1m) and help people acquire skills to foster better relationships with family members. We should ensure that school are not run like a corporation/ business Schools should focus on a holistic education and be committed to holistic development/welfare of young people Less emphasis should be placed on preparing them for the labour market/improving their employability. 1 mark each, up to a maximum of 8 marks.

8 9 10

And help people develop the skills to build stronger family relationships. (l.32) It would wind back the process of commercialising our educational institutions (ll.33 34) And insist that our schools and universities be devoted to improving the physical, emotional and moral health of our young people, (ll.34 35) rather than certifying them for the workplace. (l. 35)

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8. The writers seem pessimistic about the dystopian future (line 43) which is marked by an
intensification of all the distress and damage caused by affluenza (line 44). Identify and explain two phrases that reflect this pessimism. Use your words as far as possible. [2] From the passage Paraphrase unthinking consumerism (1/2) suggests that people buy excessively/buy even when there is no need to. (1/2) OR fractured relationships (1/2) suggests that relationships will break down/relationships will become strained/ can lead to estrangement/dysfunctional families. (1/2) OR psychological disorders (1/2) suggests that people can suffer from mental/emotional problems (1/2) OR mountains of waste (1/2) suggests that the world will be drowned in its own garbage/ become a throw-away society/ we will have to deal with a massive environmental problem. (1/2) OR (condemed to) lives without meaning (1/2) suggests that life is not worth living/there is no purpose in life. (1/2) OR 'turned over to the market' (1/2) suggests that our lives will be controlled/manipulated by the market. (1/2) Any 2 of the above for 2 marks.

Questions on Passages 1 and 2 (updated 15/08/2007)

9. Give the meaning of each of the following words as they are used in Passage 1 and Passage 2. You
may write your answer in one word or a short phrase. 1 a) exacerbates (V) Psg1, l.27
Wealth exacerbates them (problems of self-control)

[5] 0 deteriorate degenerat decline amplifies magnifies

worsens makes worse aggravates compounds respect esteem admiration

adds on to
intensifies

b)

regard (N) Psg 1, l.44

Status or regard can be derived...

repute positive opinions/ perception that people have of someone

c)

reinforcing (V) Psg 2, l.2

The illness is constantly reinforcing itself

making stronger fortifying strengthening accustomed to used to

intensifying

see look attention considerati on reputation how people perceive us social standing recognition image stature emphasisi ng empowerin g become a habit ingrained comfortabl e with adapted to conditione d used (without to) to be differentiated highlighted stigmatise d shown plagued symbolise d signified signalled represente d cursed afflicted

d)

habituated Psg 2, l.38

(Adj)

familiar with

habituated to the ideology of the market

e)

marked (V) Psg 2, l.44

This dystopian future will be marked by an intensification

characterised distinguished having distinctive character/trait identified defined

indicated recognised denoted

 plagued Rule of thumb: award whichever mark is lower. + = +0=0

10. The writer of Passage 1 discusses the problems that have arisen as a result of affluence, while the writers of Passage 2 suggest solutions to these problems. To what extent is the world today plagued or afflicted by affluenza? How far are people in your generation willing to re-examine their priorities and values to combat affluenza? [8] Draw appropriate information from the passages. You must also rely on your own knowledge and observations. [8] Unhealthy and excessive consumption, and the negative implications as a result (to show that it is a problem, an illness) Reference Arguments Society: The importance of choice also casts light on the emphasis that developed societies place on increasing the material wealth of their citizens. (psg 1, ll.5-6) per capita GDP is a decent proxy for the amount of freedom enjoyed by individuals in a society. (psg 1, ll.8-9) wealth becomes an increasingly important yardstick of status (psg 1, ll.46-47) Possible discussion points Counter arguments Societies also emphasise other things, besides wealth. The attempt to instil social etiquette is an example. For e.g. Singapores courtesy campaigns, Beijings attempt to educate its residents to stop spitting and littering (i.e. its not just building up infrastructure to get ready for the Olympics and hence showing off its economic prowess only)

In developed societies, it is not just an emphasis but an over-emphasis on wealth acquisition the 5Cs and the celebration of the rich and famous e.g. Hi-Life The mark of a civil society is often mistakenly measured by its affluence and its economic prowess E.g. Singapore fixated on amassing wealth at the expense of other more positive traits such as appreciating the arts and social etiquette. Singaporeans being infamous for snobbish/obnoxious behaviour in Malaysia (Johor Bahru) Everything is cheap cheap cheap. There has been much talk about the emerging middle class in China and their purchasing power. Other countries are wooing Chinese tourists because of their ability to purchase and their brand consciousness.

Individuals: Many assume that the more money we have, the better able we will be able to use it to provide us with what we value material good, leisure time and education (psg 1, ll.9 - 11)

E.g. There is an increasing trend of the wealthy in Asia buying expensive watches; more luxury cars such as Lamborghinis, Ferraris being sold in Singapore, all these for the sake of building up an image, for elevation of status. They are self-delusional. It is a misconception. Eton schoolhouse/ exclusive and elitist schools favoured by Singaporeans because they are seen as prestigious (even though parents choose to believe that these institutions will be able to provide better quality education).

constraining us to derive our identities and sense of place in the world though our consumption activities. (psg 2, ll.3-4) The problem is our attachment to consumption, the way we invest our hopes, our goals and our sense of self in the things we buy and own.

More people are visiting gyms, rather than do sports outside, as going to gym is seen as a lifestyle i.e. people no longer exercise for the sole purpose of keeping fit; people want to be seen. (narcissistic) And affluence gives them the means to buy gym memberships. People even go to

(psg 2, ll.7-8) our inability to exert self-control. We have a powerful tendency to indulge in short-term passions at the expense of long-term interests, and increased wealth feeds this myopia, by giving us the wherewithal to indulge such preferences. (psg 1, ll.20-23)

gyms to check out members of the opposite sex. Australians and Americans are plagued by credit card debts (longterm implications) because they consume excessively due to their inability to exert self-control. Seems prevalent amongst young people even in Singapore as well, as more file for bankruptcy at a young age. US Federal Reserve increased the interest rates, which was an attempt to slow down the overheated the property market as people were buying property on credit, causing a property bubble.

An example is the obesity epidemic that now plagues the developed world: thats myopia in action. (psg 1, ll.25-26)

Increasingly, obesity is plaguing societies with emerging economies, suggesting that wealth/affluence can also bring about health problems because wealth gives us the means to indulge. Parents in China, for example, send their children to camps just to lose weight. This also suggests a co-relation between economic progress (hence affluence) and obesity. Increasing obesity rates in USA and Australia. BBC (2002): obesity responsible for many cancers & increased risk of cancer. 50% of men & 35% of women are obese in UK. Between 1987-97 10% increase in obesity rates, but Govt is still ignoring issues that make a difference: long working hours & high pressure environment, which leads to a decrease in leisure time, prohibiting regular exercise or healthy cooking. In Iran, Saudi Arabia and Australia adult obesity is increasing alarmingly. In some islands in the South Pacific the svelte are close to extinction. Obesity rates on Nauru and Western Samoa are almost 75%.

We must be conscious of the impact of our decisions on the rest of the world. (Psg 2, l.28)

We also consume at the expense of the environment (long-term consequences). The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change has recently concluded that they are 90% certain that the environmental problems we face today is a result of humans actions, such as industrialisation (i.e. part of the production-consumption cycle) Consumption and the throw-away culture is the reason for the environmental problems we face

Around the world, the effort to save the environment is gaining momentum (example: Live Earth concert). Governments have begun putting in place measures to do their part or encourage their citizens to do their part for the environment, such as Singapores Bring your own bags Day, Ikea charging for its plastic bags in its outlets all over the world. These show that we acknowledge that we need to pay a price for the affluence we enjoy and we need to start looking

today. With emerging economies such as China and India, and their rapid industrialisation (fuelled by demand) as well as the middle classes increasing demand for what used to be considered luxury items, such as cars and air-conditioners, the problem will only get worse. Role of advertisers and marketers: The market offers us one novel consumption opportunity after another, and novelty tends to produce a bias towards short-term rewards, towards individualism, hedonism, narcissism and disorientation. (psg 1, ll. 23-25) Advertisers dangle attractive treats in front of our eyes and nosesThe market shoves shiny toys in our faces and we can afford to buy them. (psg 1, ll.30 - 33) The virus is spread and intensified by a vast marketing industry that exploits our insecurities and vanities (psg 2, ll. 4-5) ...they persuade us to form attachments to products because we want to use them to build an ideal self. (psg 2, ll. 11 - 13) Conscious consumption: cultivating an awareness of why we by things and understanding what needs we are trying to meet by buying this item or that one. People who have a better understanding of themselves and are less prone to self-deception can see through marketers attempts to deceive them. (Psg 2, ll. 14 - 17) Misplaced priorities: In a society in which efforts are concentrated on increasing GDP, and life is oriented towards consumptionother things recede into the background. (psg 1, ll. 14 17) The problem of affluenza is exacerbated by advertising messages that promote hedonistic lifestyle. For e.g. Some things are priceless, for everything else theres Mastercard. Advertisers resort to selling lifestyles rather than products and many a times, the products have very superficial differences.

at the long-term consequences. Other efforts include: RGS students lobbied to force their canteen drink vendor to buy fair-trade coffee as well as the excitement about hybrid cars in the recent years especially because of its popularity amongst politicians and celebrities.

Bodyshop: popular among the young because of the marketing strategy about non-animal testing (a different way of marketing themselves by promoting animal rights, thereby showing that we need not compromise the environment while promoting consumption)

Very prevalent as a marketing strategy for beauty products, and the said products as a solution if one wants to be more popular, or if one does not want to be rejected. Advertisers usually portray users of the products as confident and desirable. Media literacy is given very little emphasis in most countries and there is very little done to cultivate an awareness of our consumption decisions. Hence many people are a lot more prone to affluenza due to their ignorance/ are unable to see through marketing ploys.

Dove has tried to deviate from such advertising tactics by using normal women of all shapes and sizes, from all walks of life, and to promote what they call true beauty.

Other important things that fade into the background include family time and relationships. In China, the urban Chinese go away during CNY, suggesting a de-emphasis of traditions and family ties. Misplaced priorities as an example of disorientation? Urban Chinese go away during CNY, but the rural Chinese still stick to tradition Dual income households in many developed societies- much time is spent on work and earning that extra dollar to buy material goods. What is sacrificed in the process is quality Not everyone is affected by influenza; there are families which try to strike a balance and are able to juggle both, where there is an equal emphasis placed on both material pursuits and family. The time spent on pursuing material

The time we spend on the hedonic treadmill is time we do not spend nurturing and sustaining relations with friends, family and community. (psg 1, ll.45 - 47)

family time. Friends and family often take a backseat as young couples build their careers and go after material pursuits or success in career/ fame. For example, in the pursuit of the Singapore dream, many Singaporeans are also spending too much time building their careers, which accounts from the low birth and marriage rates, so much so that the government has had to step in to promote the importance of families and relationships (through campaigns such as the I Love Children and Romancing Singapore) In the past we relied on a network of restraints provided by the state and various social and religious institutions. But these restraints have weakened. (psg 1, ll.27 - 29) As societies focus on building wealth, and with personal choice and freedom being the basis of consumption (which is needed to fuel economic growth), societies seem to have become more individualistic and liberal. Such exacerbates the problem of affluenza as the parameters of what is socially acceptable become blurred. Religious leaders themselves are not setting very good examples for us to follow; the financial scandals involving the Churches in America show us that even priests are not immune to affluenza. Also some of the pastors and Buddhist/ Taoist monks drive Benz and earn a lot of money conducting rites for people.

pursuits is an attempt to better provide for the material comforts of our family; means to an end Friends can also bond through similar topics of conversation albeit through shopping for their material goods

Not true that the restraints have weakened. The various institutions remain strong advocate of positive values such as family relationships, morality and environmentalism (already discussed earlier). Governments definitely play the largest and more active role in promoting family relationships, such as encouraging people to start families through various incentives (for e.g. Germany contemplating giving mothers a years maternity leave, suggesting the emphasis/importance placed on family.) Moreover, the restraints may not necessarily be effective to begin with. Studies have shown that even though Americans go to church more often (presumably more religious therefore), such does not translate into positive behaviour. This undermines the role of religion as an effective restraint to begin with. Many parents still fulfil their roles in imparting values to their children Many young people are active in their cell groups and the sermons preached by religious leaders have an impact on young people too.

The result is a kind of arms race of wealth acquisition that thrives on inequality, but leaves not one better off. (psg 1, ll.48 - 50)

The final evidence of the world being plagued by affluenza is the dualeconomy in many developed countries, i.e. widening income gap. This results in the unhappiness of those in the lower and middle-income brackets. The rich get richer while the poor get poorer.

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How far are people in your generation willing to re-examine their priorities and values to combat affluenza? From the passage Arguments (Willing) Conscious consumption: cultivating an awareness of why we by things and understanding what needs we are trying to meet by buying this item or that one. People who have a better understanding of themselves and are less prone to self-deception can see through marketers attempts to deceive them. Less vulnerable. (Psg 2, ll.14 17) Parents (can and should) teach (their children) to adopt a critical attitude towards marketers attempts to influence them. (Psg 2, ll.19 20) Possible discussion points Counter-arguments (unwilling) Difficult for young people to cultivate conscious consumption because they are at an age where they tend to be less self-assured and more self-conscious. They are thus more vulnerable to the deception of marketers and this is exacerbated by peer pressure.

Parents themselves may be plagued by affluenza (dual income families being on the rise) and are busy amassing their wealth to even spend time with their children. Young people take the cue from their parents and in their own ways succumb to affluenza. Parents also contribute to the problem by making up for their lack of attention with material goods, and hence send the wrong message to children. Some young people are conscious of the impact their actions have on the environment; and are involved in green projects. Other young people are fervent supporters of causes, such as recycling, and the refusal to wear fur. With so much talk about the environmentalism and the effects becoming more evident, as well as greater awareness, young people may actually be more willing to practise conscious consumption. It does not mean that other things are not important to them either. Youths initiate Community Involvement Programmes (CIP) and despite being voracious consumers, do not allow other things to recede to the background. While they may be materialistic, they are not about to create a dystopian future. They are not overly obsessed with consumption. Youths are self-centred and tend to make decisions based on what they think will benefit them (the whats in it for me mentality). They are unlikely to think of the impact of their decisions on the others around them and they are too caught up in the hedonic treadmill to reflect on the impact of their consumption on others Many societies are still resultoriented, especially as competition becomes more intense in the global economy. Where there is so much emphasis on GDP, young people may find it hard to choose not to be part of the rat race. This is evident in the Singapore system, where the young are encouraged to do CIP so that they can stand out (CVbuilding), market themselves better. There is also evidence that youths these days are plagued by many more problems (such as selfmutilation and suicide) suggest that the competition has become even more intense. In addition, consumption could be a means of escapism.

In a society in which efforts are concentrated on increasing GDP, and life is oriented towards consumptionother things recede into the background. (psg 1, ll.46 47)

The time we spend on the hedonic treadmill is time we do not spend nurturing and sustaining relations with friends, family and community. (psg 1, ll.41 - 43)

Governments have realised the impact of affluenza. Schemes introduced to improve welfare / refocus on the family; such as Family Day, 5-day work week, Eat With Your Family Day. The Chinese government

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is also reinforcing Confucian values amongst the young. Therefore young people will re-examine their values and learn to place greater emphasis on family and relationship. What is needed is a political philosophy of well-being wind back the process of commercialising our educational institutions and insist that out schools and universities are devoted to improving the physical, emotional and moral health of our young people, rather than certifying them for the workplace. (Psg 2, ll.29 35) With greater emphasis on holistic education (example, character development), young people may be willing to re-examine their values? Difficult to change the mindset of people who have been ingrained with the mentality that Singapore can only rely on human resource and that the economy will only survive if the people are skilled to work in the economy. Unwillingness to re-examine our priorities and values stem from the fact that people in this generation have grown up in relatively affluent times where their needs and wants are very much provided for by their parents. Being used to it, it would take tremendous effort to get this generation to alter their consumption patterns. (History has ended for them) Religion could also be a positive source of influence by promoting values/virtues such as prudence, charity, compassion, and the same time denouncing materialism.

In the past we relied on a network of restraints provided by the state and various social and religious institutions. But these restraints have weakened. (psg 1, ll.27 - 29)

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Mark Range

Strand

Requirement

Explanation A 7-8 m Evaluation

Coherence

Requirement

Descriptor Systematic & conscientious reference to specific evidence/symptoms of and solutions to affluenza, from passages 1 and 2 respectively. Logical and well-substantiated conclusion drawn about 1) the extent to which the world is plagued by affleunza and 2) whether people of their generation will be willing to re-examine their priorities and values. Arguments are well-developed. Clear, convincing, relevant, effective (even original) illustrations that provide insights about the world. Shows mature and in-depth analysis of the factors that have contributed to the problem of affluenza or those that have worked against it. Shows sensitivity to the word plagued and/or afflicted and the extent that we are affected. Able to critically and convincingly evaluate and predict whether or not people of their generation will be willing to re-examine their values. Able to offer sound, relevant and concrete reasons to support the evaluation. Shows impeccable coherence and organisation very good paragraphing, good use of appropriate connectors, very clear development of ideas and logical flow of argument. Answer is adequately based on points from the passages, but this may not be clear or explicit. Requires work on examiners part to discern this. Attempts to show evidence of affluenza and to draw conclusions about whether people of their generation are willing to re-examine their values, but may not always be logical and well-substantiated. Inadequate or superficial references to what happening in the world. Evidence of some elaboration but may not be fully developed. Examples cited may be clichd, common, or not truly effective. Scope may be limited to examples from Singapore (or their own country) May include minor misinterpretation. Balance may be lacking. Personal insights and predictions are hinted at, but tend to be superficial with limited development of ideas. Reasons offered to support the students evaluation may not be fully developed and clear. Answer shows a fair degree of organisation (paragraphing, etc) but is not completely effective. Links between some points may be lacking. Some minor logical gaps. Little or no reference to the specific points made by the writers in the passages. Little or no reference to people of their generation. Explanations are unconvincing, badly reasoned, lack examples and development. Shows a high degree of misinterpretation of the question and ideas in the passages. Little or no attempt at all at evaluation. Student may resort to paraphrasing / summarising passage instead of critically commenting on selected points. Little or no attempt made to justify the evaluation.

B 4-6 m

Explanation

Evaluation

Coherence

Requirement

Explanation C 1-3 m Evaluation

Coherence

Direction of answer is sorely lacking. Student does not seem to have a thesis / argument, essay is extremely disorganized (evidence of random points jumbled together).

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If students do not address both questions, max mark awarded will be 4 for fulfilling only part of the question requirement.

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