Department Of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ELEC 6471 :Hybrid Electric Vehicle Power System Design

and Control

ASSIGNMENT 2

Vaquas Ali Mulla

Student Id - 40223048

1
Problem 1 Power Flow questions for HEVs :
1. Calculate the torque and rotational speed of the wheels, electric machine, ring gear, internal
combustion engine, and generator when the electric machine produces 15 kW power and the
internal combustion engine is idle (zero torque and speed), at 21.6 km/h. All losses in the system
are ignored and required configuration information is given below.

Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator

Rot. speed in rad/sec
Torque in Nm
Power in kW

Table 1:

2. When the battery is critically low, the energy management system runs the internal combustion
engine both to drive the wheels and charge the battery. The vehicle speed is 43.2 km/h, total power
required on driven wheels is 30 kW, battery charging power is set to be 10 kW and the electric motor
is freewheeling (zero output torque). All losses in the system can be ignored. Fill the following
table for this operating point.

Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator

Rot. speed in rad/sec
Torque in Nm
Power in kW

Table 2:

3. 3. Calculate an alternative power distribution among components for the operation when the total
power required on driven wheels is 30 kW and the battery charging power is set to be 10 kW at 43.2
km/h such that the ICE operates at its maximum efficiency. Fill the following table for this optimal
operation.

Hint: Efficiency of the ICE is an important criterion in power management. In Prius, the ICE is the
main power source but its shaft is not directly coupled to the wheels. Therefore, the speed of the
ICE can be chosen independent of the driving speed. Once the power and speed of ICE are known,
power distribution between generator and ring gear can be calculated. This configuration is also
called power-split hybrid because the power of ICE splits between ring and sun gears. The power
versus speed characteristic at maximum efficiency of the internal combustion engine is shown in
Fig. 3. Select the optimal operating point for the ICE according to the characteristic line, then
calculate the other torque and rotational speed values.

2
3
 Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator
Rot. speed in rad/sec
Torque in Nm
Power in kW

Table 3:

4. Repeat part 3 for 𝑃𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑠 : 35 kW, 𝑃𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 : 5 kW

Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator

Rot. speed in rad/sec
Torque in Nm
Power in kW

Table 4:

SOLUTION:

1. Given the assumptions that all the losses in the system are ignored.
The Rotational Speed in rad/sec for the Components are:-

(a) Front wheels total rotational speed in rad/s:

𝑉 21.6 ∗ 1000
𝜔𝑤 = = = 20 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑟 0.3 ∗ 3600
(b) Electric machine rotational speed in rad/s:

𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 𝜔𝑊 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 𝐺 𝑟−𝑤

𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 20 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 = 80 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(c) Ring gear Rotational speed in rad/s :

𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑊 𝐺 𝑟−𝑤

𝜔𝑟 = 20 ∗ 2 = 40𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(d) ICE rotational speed in rad/s is ZERO (𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0)

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(e) Generator rotational speed in rad/s :
𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 𝑁𝑠 𝑁𝑠
= (1 + )𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝜔𝐺 𝑀1
𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 𝑁𝑟 𝑁𝑟
(∵ 𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0)
𝑁𝑟 𝜔𝐺 𝑀2
𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = − ∗
𝑁 𝑠 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟
80 80
𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = − ∗
32 2
𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = −100 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(f) The Power of Front wheels is 15 kW , so the Torque is:

𝑇𝑤 = 𝑃𝑤 /𝜔𝑤

𝑇𝑤 = 15𝑘𝑊/20
𝑇𝑤 = 750𝑁𝑚
(g) The electric machine produces 15kW, So the Torque of electric machine is :

𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 = 𝑃𝐺 𝑀2 /𝜔𝐺 𝑀2

𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 = 15𝑘𝑊/80𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 = 187.5𝑁𝑚
(h) The Torque and Power of ring gear :
We know that 𝑇 𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∝ 1/𝜔
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 𝜔𝑟
∴ =
𝑇𝑟 𝜔𝐺 𝑀2
187.5 40
∴ =
𝑇𝑟 80
𝑇𝑟 = 375𝑁𝑚
Now Power will be :
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟 ∗ 𝜔𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = 375 ∗ 40
𝑃𝑟 = 15𝑘𝑊
(i) The Torque of ICE is Zero
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0

∴ 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0
(j) The generator is driven by the internal combustion engine, so it is also not producing any
torque or power.
The Final Results are :

5
 Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator
Rot. speed in rad/sec 20 80 40 0 -100
Torque in Nm 750 187.5 375 0 0
Power in kW 15 15 15 0 0

2. Here the battery is critically low, the vehicle speed is 43.2 km/h , Total Power required on wheels
is 30 kW , battery charging power is set to be 10 kW and the electric motor is freewheeling(zero
output torque). Also assuming losses in the systems are ignored :

(a) Front wheels total rotational speed in rad/s:

𝑉 43.2 ∗ 1000
𝜔𝑤 = = = 40 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑟 0.3 ∗ 3600
(b) Electric machine rotational speed in rad/s:

𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 𝜔𝑊 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 𝐺 𝑟−𝑤

𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 40 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 = 160 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(c) Ring gear Rotational speed in rad/s :

𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑊 𝐺 𝑟−𝑤

𝜔𝑟 = 40 ∗ 2 = 80𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(d) The Power of Front wheels is 30 kW , so the Torque is:

𝑇𝑤 = 𝑃𝑤 /𝜔𝑤

𝑇𝑤 = 30𝑘𝑊/40
𝑇𝑤 = 750𝑁𝑚
(e) The Torque and Power of ring gear :
We know that 𝑇 𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∝ 1/𝜔
𝑇𝑤 𝜔𝑟
∴ =
𝑇𝑟 𝜔𝑤
750 80
∴ =
𝑇𝑟 40
𝑇𝑟 = 375𝑁𝑚
Now Power will be :
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟 ∗ 𝜔𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = 375 ∗ 80
𝑃𝑟 = 30𝑘𝑊

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 𝑁𝑠
(f) For Generator: The Torque is 𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = 𝑇𝑟 ∗ 𝑁𝑟

𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = 375 ∗ (0.4)

𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = 150𝑁𝑚
The Power of the Generator is 10 kW so the rotational speed will be :

𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = 𝑃𝐺 𝑀1 /𝑇𝐺 𝑀1

𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = 10𝑘𝑊/150𝑁𝑚
𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = 66.67 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(g) The Torque and Power of electric machine is zero as the machine is freewheeling . ∴ The
power of machine will also be 0.
(h) For ICE : The Torque of ICE is :
𝑁 𝑠 + 𝑁𝑟
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = ( ) ∗ 𝑇𝑟
𝑁𝑟
112
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = ( ) ∗ 375
80
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 525𝑁𝑚
The rotational speed of ICE is :
𝑁𝑠 𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 𝑁𝑠
(1 + )𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = + 𝜔𝐺 𝑀1
𝑁𝑟 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 𝑁𝑟
160 32
(1.4)𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = ( ) + ( ) ∗ 66.67
2 80
80 + 26.668
𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
1.4
𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 76.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
The Power of ICE is :
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 ∗ 𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 525 ∗ 76.2
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 40𝑘𝑊
The Final Results are :

Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator

Rot. speed in rad/sec 40 160 80 76.2 66.67
Torque in Nm 750 0 375 525 150
Power in kW 30 0 30 40 10

7
3. To calculate an alternative power distribution among components for the operation when the total
power required on driven wheels is 30 kW and the battery charging power is set to be 10 kW at 43.2
km/h such that the ICE operates at its maximum efficiency.
(a) Front wheels total rotational speed in rad/s:
𝑉 43.2 ∗ 1000
𝜔𝑤 == = 40 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑟 0.3 ∗ 3600
Power on driven wheels is 30kW ,therefore Torque is
𝑇𝑤 = 𝑃𝑤 /𝜔𝑤
𝑇𝑤 = 30𝑘𝑊/40
𝑇𝑤 = 750𝑁𝑚
(b) Here the ICE operates at maximum efficiency, so from the graph we select the optimum point
at 40kW at which the rotational speed of ICE is 206.8rad/s.
So the Torque of ICE is :
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 /𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 40𝑘𝑊/206.8
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 193.42𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑟
(c) For ring gear: The Torque of ring gear is :𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 ( 𝑁𝑟+𝑁 𝑠)
𝑇𝑟 = 193.42 ∗ 0.7143
𝑇𝑟 = 138.16𝑁𝑚
The power is 30kW , so the rotational speed is :
𝜔𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟 /𝑇𝑟
𝜔𝑟 = 30𝑘𝑊/138.16𝑁𝑚
𝜔𝑟 = 217.14 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(d) For electric machine: The rotational speed is : 𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 𝜔𝑤 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 𝐺 𝑟−𝑤
𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 40 ∗ 2 ∗ 2
𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 160 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Now the torque is given by :
𝑇𝑤
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 + 𝑇𝑟 =
𝐺 𝑟−𝑤
750
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 ∗ 2 + 138.16 =
2
(375 − 138.16)
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 =
2
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 = 118.42𝑁𝑚
The power will be : 𝑃𝐺 𝑀2 = 𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 ∗ 𝜔𝐺 𝑀2
𝑃𝐺 𝑀2 = 118.42 ∗ 160
𝑃𝐺 𝑀2 = 18.95𝑘𝑊 ≈ 19𝑘𝑊

8
 𝑁𝑠
(e) For Generator : The torque is : 𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = ( 𝑁𝑟 )𝑇𝑟
𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = 0.4 ∗ 138.16
𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = 55.264𝑁𝑚
The power of the generator is 10 kw ,so the rotational speed is :
𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = 𝑃𝐺 𝑀1 /𝑇𝐺 𝑀1
𝜔𝐺𝑚1 = 10𝑘𝑊/55.264𝑁𝑚
𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = 180.95 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

The Final Results are :

Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator

Rot. speed in rad/sec 40 160 217.14 206.8 180.95
Torque in Nm 750 118.42 138.16 193.42 55.264
Power in kW 30 19 30 40 10

4. Repeating part 3 for Pwheels: 35 kW, Pcharge: 5 kW

(a) Front wheels total rotational speed in rad/s:
𝑉 43.2 ∗ 1000
𝜔𝑤 = = = 40 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑟 0.3 ∗ 3600
Power on driven wheels is 30kW ,therefore Torque is
𝑇𝑤 = 𝑃𝑤 /𝜔𝑤
𝑇𝑤 = 35𝑘𝑊/40
𝑇𝑤 = 875𝑁𝑚
(b) Here the ICE operates at maximum efficiency, so from the graph we select the optimum point
at 40kW at which the rotational speed of ICE is 206.8rad/s.
So the Torque of ICE is :
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 /𝜔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 40𝑘𝑊/206.8
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 193.42𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑟
(c) For ring gear: The Torque of ring gear is :𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 ( 𝑁𝑟+𝑁 𝑠)

𝑇𝑟 = 193.42 ∗ 0.7143
𝑇𝑟 = 138.16𝑁𝑚
The power is 35kW , so the rotational speed is :
𝜔𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟 /𝑇𝑟
𝜔𝑟 = 35𝑘𝑊/138.16𝑁𝑚
𝜔𝑟 = 253.33 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

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 (d) For electric machine: The rotational speed is : 𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 𝜔𝑤 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 𝐺 𝑟−𝑤

𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 40 ∗ 2 ∗ 2

𝜔𝐺 𝑀2 = 160 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Now the torque is given by :
𝑇𝑤
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 𝐺 𝐺 𝑀2−𝑟 + 𝑇𝑟 =
𝐺 𝑟−𝑤
875
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 ∗ 2 + 138.16 =
2
(437.5 − 138.16)
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 =
2
𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 = 149.67 ≈ 150𝑁𝑚
The power will be : 𝑃𝐺 𝑀2 = 𝑇𝐺 𝑀2 ∗ 𝜔𝐺 𝑀2

𝑃𝐺 𝑀2 = 150 ∗ 160

𝑃𝐺 𝑀2 = 24𝑘𝑊
𝑁𝑠
(e) For Generator : The torque is : 𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = ( 𝑁𝑟 )𝑇𝑟

𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = 0.4 ∗ 138.16

𝑇𝐺 𝑀1 = 55.264𝑁𝑚
The power of the generator is 10 kw ,so the rotational speed is :

𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = 𝑃𝐺 𝑀1 /𝑇𝐺 𝑀1

𝜔𝐺𝑚1 = 5𝑘𝑊/55.264𝑁𝑚
𝜔𝐺 𝑀1 = 89.89 ≈ 90 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

The Final Results are :

Front wheels total Electric machine Ring gear ICE Generator

Rot. speed in rad/sec 40 160 253.33 206.8 90
Torque in Nm 875 150 138.16 193.42 55.264
Power in kW 35 24 35 40 5

10
Problem #2 Questions on Battery Energy Storage:
A 12V battery is connected to series RL load as shown in Figure below.
Thebattery has a rated capacity of 80Ah. At t=0, the switch is closed
and the battery begins to discharge.

1. Calculate and plot the battery discharge current, i(t), if the steady-state
discharge rate is C/2. Neglect battery voltage drop.
2. Calculate and plot the SoD(t) in Ah for 0 < 𝑡 < 2ℎ.
3. Calculate and plot SoC(t) assuming that at t=0 the battery is charged to
rated capacity. Assume also that the rated capacity is the practical capacity.
4. Calculate the time corresponding to 80% DoD.
SOLUTION:

1. By Neglecting the battery voltage drop, The battery discharge current i(t) , if the steady state
discharge rate is C/2 is given by :
𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 𝑠𝑠 (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 )
12𝑉 𝐶 80𝐴ℎ
𝐼 𝑠𝑠 = = = = 40𝐴
𝑅 2 2ℎ
∴ 𝑅 = 0.3Ω
We know that the time constant 𝜏 can be given by :
𝐿 90 × 10−3
𝜏= =
𝑅 0.3
𝜏 = 0.3𝑠

∴ 𝑖(𝑡) = 40(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 ) 𝐴 [𝑒𝑞 𝑛 (1)]

11
 The plot for the battery discharge current i(t) is given below:

2. The SoD(t) in Ah for 0 < 𝑡 < 2ℎ is given by :

∫ 𝑡 ∫ 2
40
𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑖(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 = [1 − 𝑒 −𝜏/0.3 ]𝑑𝜏
0 3600 0

𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 0.0111[𝑡 + 0.3(𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1)] 𝑒𝑞𝑛 − (1)

40
𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = [(7200 − 0) − ((−0.3){𝑒 −7200/0.3 − 1})]
3600
(∵ 2ℎ = 7200𝑠)

12
 𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 0.0111[7200 + 0.3(𝑒 −24000 − 1)]
𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 0.0111[7200 − 0.3]
𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) ≈ 80%

The plot for the 𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) is given below:

3. The 𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) assuming that at t=0 the battery is charged to rated capacity is given
by: (Also assuming that the rated capacity is the practical capacity)
We know that the the rated capacity of battery is :- 𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 80𝐴ℎ and using eqn-(1).

𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡)

𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) = 80 − 0.0111(𝑡 + 0.3(𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1)) 𝑒𝑞𝑛 − (2)

13
 The plot for the 𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) is given below:

4. The time Corresponding to 80% DoD :

We know that the

𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡)
𝐷𝑜𝐷 (𝑡) = × 100%
𝑄𝑇
0.0111(𝑡 + 0.3(𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1))
𝐷𝑜𝐷 (𝑡) = × 100%
80
Given that the DoD(t)= 80%
0.0111(𝑡 + 0.3(𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1))
∴ 80% = × 100%
80
∴ (0.8 × 80) = 0.0111(𝑡 + 0.3(𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1)
∴ 0.0111(𝑡 + 0.3(𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1) = 64

14
 𝑡 + 0.3(𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1) = 5760
Assuming 𝑡 >> 0.3𝑠, (𝑒 −𝑡/0.3 − 1) ≈ (−1)
∴ 𝑡 + 0.3(−1) = 5760
∴ 𝑡 = 5760 + 0.3 ≈ 5760𝑠
𝑡 ≈ 1.6ℎ

Problem #3 repeat questions of problem 2 but now with a 24V battery

and compare the results:

1. Calculate and plot the battery discharge current, i(t), if the steady-state
discharge rate is C/2. Neglect battery voltage drop.
2. Calculate and plot the SoD(t) in Ah for 0 < 𝑡 < 2ℎ.
3. Calculate and plot SoC(t) assuming that at t=0 the battery is charged to
rated capacity. Assume also that the rated capacity is the practical capacity.
4. Calculate the time corresponding to 80% DoD.
SOLUTION:

1. By Neglecting the battery voltage drop, The battery discharge current i(t) , if the steady state
discharge rate is C/2 is given by :
𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 𝑠𝑠 (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 )
24𝑉 𝐶 80𝐴ℎ
𝐼 𝑠𝑠 = = = = 40𝐴
𝑅 2 2ℎ
∴ 𝑅 = 0.6Ω
We know that the time constant 𝜏 can be given by :
𝐿 90 × 10−3
𝜏= =
𝑅 0.6
𝜏 = 0.15𝑠

∴ 𝑖(𝑡) = 40(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 ) 𝐴 [𝑒𝑞 𝑛 (1)]

The plot for the battery discharge current i(t) is given below:

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2. The SoD(t) in Ah for 0 < 𝑡 < 2ℎ is given by :
∫ 𝑡 ∫ 2
40
𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑖(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 = [1 − 𝑒 −𝜏/0.15 ]𝑑𝜏
0 3600 0

𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 0.0111[𝑡 + 0.15(𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1)] 𝑒𝑞𝑛 − (1)

40
𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = [(7200 − 0) − ((−0.15){𝑒 −7200/0.15 − 1})]
3600
(∵ 2ℎ = 7200𝑠)

𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 0.0111[7200 + 0.15(𝑒 −48000 − 1)]

𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) = 0.0111[7200 − 0.15]

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 𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) ≈ 80%

The plot for the 𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡) is given below:

3. The 𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) assuming that at t=0 the battery is charged to rated capacity is given
by: (Also assuming that the rated capacity is the practical capacity)
We know that the the rated capacity of battery is :- 𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 80𝐴ℎ and using eqn-(1).

𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡)

𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) = 80 − 0.0111(𝑡 + 0.15(𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1)) 𝑒𝑞𝑛 − (2)

The plot for the 𝑆𝑜𝐶𝑇 (𝑡) is given below:

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4. The time Corresponding to 80% DoD :
We know that the

𝑆𝑜𝐷 𝑇 (𝑡)
𝐷𝑜𝐷 (𝑡) = × 100%
𝑄𝑇
0.0111(𝑡 + 0.15(𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1))
𝐷𝑜𝐷 (𝑡) = × 100%
80
Given that the DoD(t)= 80%
0.0111(𝑡 + 0.15(𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1))
∴ 80% = × 100%
80
∴ (0.8 × 80) = 0.0111(𝑡 + 0.15(𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1)
∴ 0.0111(𝑡 + 0.15(𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1) = 64
𝑡 + 0.15(𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1) = 5760
Assuming 𝑡 >> 0.15𝑠, (𝑒 −𝑡/0.15 − 1) ≈ (−1)

∴ 𝑡 + 0.15(−1) = 5760

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 ∴ 𝑡 = 5760 + 0.15 ≈ 5760𝑠
𝑡 ≈ 1.6ℎ
There is no as such change in the plots for 12 V and 24 V batteries , as the rate is same for both i.e.
C/2 .

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