Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Angielski - Testy PDF
Angielski - Testy PDF
Redaktor
Roland Smogór
Redaktor techniczny
Jolanta Ugorowslca
Marek Ugorowski
ISBN: 83-7195-110-8
Spis treści
W st§ p ........................................................................................................................ 7
Testy 51-100......................................................................................................... 84
K o m e n ta rz g ra m a ty c z n y ................................................................................ 212
adjectives and adverbs........................................................................................ 212
article................................................................................................................... 216
be - various points.............................................................................................. 220
conditional........................................................................................................... 222
conjunctions........................................................................................................ 225
determiners.......................................................................................................... 230
emphasis............................................................................................................... 235
future tenses........................................................................................................ 235
idioms................................................................................................................... 238
imperative............................................................................................................ 239
indirect speech.................................................................................................... 240
inversion............................................................................................................... 241
modal + infinitive............................................................................................... 242
modal + perfect infinitive.................................................................................. 245
nouns.................................................................................................................... 247
passive voice......................................................................................................... 250
past perfect.......................................................................................................... 253
past simple.......................................................................................................... 254
phrasal verbs...................................................................................................... 257
prepositions........................................................................................................ 259
present perfect................................................................................................... 262
present tenses..................................................................................................... 263
pronouns............................................................................................................. 265
relative clauses................................................................................................... 268
sequence of tenses............................................................................................ 272
subjunctive.......................................................................................................... 274
verb pattern........................................................................................................ 274
wish..................................................................................................................... 283
would rather....................................................................................................... 283
1. They were travelling on the same train so they_______ . But, of course, we don’t
know if they did.
AJ could meet B/ should probably meet Cl might meet D/ may have met
2. I’m afraid veiy few people know about the concert and almost no one will come.
If only the posters_______ on time.
A/ were hanging B/ were hung Cl had been hung D/ were hanged
3. Although at that time my knowledge of German was very poor, I _______ most
of what they said.
AJ didn’t understand B/ have understood
C/ managed understand D/ did understand
4. You know how upset she was that night. Y ou________her everything was all
right. Why were you so cruel?
AJ should tell B/ ought tell C/ may have told D/ could have told
5. For a person who h a s _______ Harvard, she has a rather low salary.
AJ graduated B/ graduated on C/ graduated from D/ graduated at
6. Friday will be a bad day for me - I have an extra session and maybe a press
conference. I wish your m other________on Saturday or Sunday. But I know it’s
not your fault.
AJ were coming B/ didn’t come C/ came D/ had come
7. All right, Bob. F irst_______ the floor. Then tell them to water the garden.
AJ make some of your friends to sweep B/ have a few of your friends sweep
C/ have a few of your friends to sweep D/ order some of your friends sweep
10. It’s time to say goodbye. Well, I’m looking fo rw ard ______ you all again
soon.
AJ to seeing B/ on seeing C/ to see D/ to be seeing
11. So you’re quite sure that I _______ the bill myself? But, listen, no one had told
me that before. And, besides, when the meal was over, they all very willingly
handed me their shares.
A/ would pay B/ ought to pay C/ must have paid D/ was to pay
12. Since, at the very beginning, he showed some inclination towards laziness, he
of all his duties. Afterwards he worked very well.
A/ must have reminded B/ had to remind
C/ had to be reminded D/ must have been reminded
13.1 must say I didn’t regret when I heard that Bob Hope was being recalled from
the Committee. H e ________my views ever since he became a member. I didn’t
know I would be leaving only two months after him.
A/ has opposed B/ had been opposing Cl was opposing D/ has been opposing
14. Within hours following the crisis the price of coffee________80 cents a barrel.
AJ rose B/ has risen C/ raised D/ was rised
15. The auction turned out to be a tremendous success in spite of the fact that there
manuscripts than originally planned.
AJ were a few less B/ were slightly fewer C/ were not so many D/ was the least
1. They’ve faxed me I should stay till they_______ a replacement. Well, last time
it took two weeks.
AJ found B/ will find C/ find D/ had found
3. Thank God Sue came on tim e!_______ the keys without her?
AJ Would you find B/ Would you have found
Cl Could you find D/ Would you be able to find
4. You are a smoker yourself, Mr Parker. How did you find out som eone_______
in your study?
AJ had been smoking B/ was smoking
C/ has been smoking D/ had to be smoking
5. At the first sound of the plane engine the soldiers_______ to their feet.
A/ sprung B/ sprang C/ had sprung D/ have sprung
6. Believe it or not, but these girls_______ that Elvis Presley will be remembered
as the greatest musician of the 20th century.
A/ are really thinking B/ really are thinking Cl do think D/ think really
8. One of the men was lying on the ground after_______ down by a piece of rock.
A/ knocking B/ was knocked C/ knocking him D/ being knocked
9. There are still six days to go before the deadline, and so a few of the top players
to stay away. Let’s hope not too many of them will.
A/ will still decide B/ can still decide C/ may have decided D/ might still decide
11. “I always admire your lawn, Mr Preston. I guess you must cut the grass almost
every day.”
“Well, Pm often away for a week or longer, but of course, I m ust_______ ”
AJ have been cutting it regularly B/ have cut it regularly
C/ have it cut regularly D/ have regularly cut it
12. “We were ten minutes late.” “Well, it’s _______ surprise to me.”
A/ none B/ hardly C/ not D/ no
13.1 really think there’s no need to be sorry. The Rangers were so good that it was
not possible to beat them anyway. Even if you and G eorge_______ better in the
first half.
AJ had played B/ would play C/ did play D/ have played
14. She counts on Tom far too much. She doesn’t take into account the possibility
that h e _______ her, in spite of his willingness to do so.
AJ might not be able to help B/ may not have helped
Cl can’t have helped D/ may not want to help
15. Mr Linn has never reappeared in the town since the day his house_______ down.
A/ has been burnt B/ had burnt C/ burnt D/ has burnt
Deaf S
1. S h e_______ you that evening. You should have told her everything.
A/ would help B/ was there to help C/ must have helped D/ wished helping
2. The boy must have learnt a little Spanish during his stay as h e _______ the fax.
A/ did understand B/ could hardly understand
C/ managed understand D/ understood anything of
3. Since, for some time to come, her prom otion_______ back, they decided to
offer her a new car in compensation.
AJ has been held B/ was holding C/ must have been held D/ had to be held
4. The collision occurred at five in the morning. Soon afterwards one of the ships
7. He made all sorts of beautiful plans for his tour without talcing into consideration
the possibility_______ an entry visa.
Al of refusing B/ to be refused C/ of refusal of D/ of being refused
8. The reception given by the Adlers before their departure for the States was
a very sad event for us. They_______ our closest friends since they came to live
in our town.
AJ were B/ had been C/ have been D/ have become
9. Ursula and Tess had their little differences at the beginning of their work but now
they seem to b e _______ quite nicely.
A/ getting along B/ getting through C/ doing up D/ doing by
10.1 left my office at four because I was sure Mr Atldns wouldn’t come. Now I wish
I for him.
A/ would have waited B/ did wait C/ had waited D/ would wait
11.1 found the id ea______ identical dresses very eccentric.
A/ to make them all wear B/ of making them all wear
C/ of maldng them all wearing D/ to make them all to be wearing
13. Oh, if I ________about it a little earlier ... Why didn’t you tell me?
A/ knew B/ had known C/ could know D/ did know
15. What’s worrying me is that it’s been two weeks since I _______ by a hamster and
my arm is still swollen.
AJ have been bit B/ have been bitten C/ was bit D/ was bitten
Test 4
2. When I met Walters about two years before his death he didn’t seem satisfied.
H e _______ no major book since he settled in Uganda.
AJ has published B/ could have published C/ had published D/ published
3. Now I know we were just too tired. Even with your help w e _______ it.
A/ shouldn’t finish B/ wouldn’t be able to finish
C/ wouldn’t have finished D/ wouldn’t finish
4. “When will they start packing?” “The moment y o u ________. But no sooner
than that.”
AJ let them go B/ will let them to go C/ will let them go D/ let them to go
8. It is hard to say when the new line will start to bring in a profit. The company’s
spokesman has revealed recently that i t _______ a year before they actually stop
losing money.
A/ would take B/ will have taken C/ can take D/ might take
9. Don’t believe Peter. H e _______ Steve’s camera after the game. I was not the
only one to have seen it.
A/ has been using B/ were using C/ did use D/ may have used
10. A broken leg and some slight injuries! Wasn’t he lucky? Just think about the
consequences if he ______ at the moment of the crash.
A/ smoked B/ would be smoking
C/ was smoking D/ had been smoking
11. The same thing happened a few years earlier when, after ten days of rain, most
rivers_______ their banks.
AJ overflew B/ have overflown C/ have overfled D/ overflowed
12. I’m not lazy but I think we h av e_______ public holidays. We ought to have
more.
AJ too little B/ too few C/ rather a few D/ fairly little
13. As a small boy he was used t o _______ in the house for an hour or two.
A/ leaving alone B/ being left alone C/ leave alone
D/ be left alone
15.1 didn’t see it myself, but of course, if h e _______ so rude to Ann, he’ll have to
apologise to her next time she’s here. That’s all I can say.
AJ was B/ would be Cl were D/ is
Tes! 5
3. It’s a tremendous task so I’m rather pessimistic about Roger’s chances. Even if
h e _______ how to begin.
AJ shows B/ has shown C/ were shown D/ showed
4. They_______ married for two years or so when Roy employed a very attractive
Indian secretary in his Glasgow office.
A/ only have been B/ were only C/ have only been D/ had only been
7. From a strictly medical point of view all the children ought to have been
vaccinated three months ago. Anyway, we should begin vaccinating them the day
the vaccine________ready.
AJ is B/ was C/ would be D/ had been
9. Could you tell me how you cam e_______ this unknown letter?
AJ along B/ through C/ to D/ across
10. We live very far from the station, so sh e ______ a taxi because she got here just
ten minutes after the arrival of the train.
AJ must have taken B/ had to take CJ would certainly take D/ had to have taken
xx. I can i go fishing with you oecause my wife is giving a party tomorrow. 1 wish
A/ you came B/ you wouldn’t Cl she were not D/ she would not
13.1 guess you would want to work here as a teacher. If so, y o u ______ a degree
first.
AJ must have got B/ would have got Cl would have to get D/ had got
14. Well, if I ________ it several times, I might still believe he has good
intentions.
A/ hadn’t heard Dino say B/ didn’t hear Dino say
C/ hadn’t heard Dino to be saying D/ heard not Dino as saying
15. Tony is lying. H e _______ money from Alf on the ferry back from Bergen. I’m
absolutely positive about it.
AJ has borrowed B/ did borrow
C/ has been borrowed D/ may have borrowed
Test 6
4. Now that you’re through with it, you should be more grateful to Ted for all his
help. Do you think_______ without it?
AJ you would succeed B/ would you succeed
Cl you might succeed D/ you would have succeeded
5 . 1 was very surprised that nobody reacted______ he was trying to do.
AJ against that which B/ to that what Cl to what D/ for what
6. For me it’s obvious that anyone who_______ to make some changes here would
have to start by gaining local people’s confidence.
A/ was wanting B/ were wanting Cl had wanted D/ would want
7. What? Your sister saw Jimmy at The Oasis? Well, if i t ________him, he must
have been dismissed again.
A/ were really B/ was really Cl had really been D/ really had been
8. You should be glad that Fielding, your main opponent, didn’t appear. Can you
imagine the verdict if h e ________?
A/ did B/ didn’t Cl had D/ would
10.1 could never sympathise w ith_______ only criticised other people’s work.
AJ such a persons who B/ such persons who Cl persons who D/ such persons that
11. It’s really hard to know when s h e ______ . Maybe next weekend or some
weekend after next. Maybe she won’t come at all.
A/ comes B/ will come Cl will have come D/ has come
12.1 must admit th e y ________ far too quickly for me. Anyway, I’m not good at
sports.
A/ rowed B/ rew Cl have rown D/ rown
15. He is very conservative in his opinions. He says, for example, that he prefers
1. Thank goodness she isn’t your wife. Just try to imagine our cooperation if she
6. On leaving school the boys gave Mr Jay, their headmaster, an album with the
photographs which they_______ since the first day at school.
AJ have taken B/ have been taking C/ had taken D/ were taking
9. Without doubt any such incident_______ him in such a difficult situation that
he would have to resign immediately.
AJ had placed B/ would have placed C/ would place D/ has placed
10. It’s not difficult to imagine how Dave would react if one of his partners______
with bankruptcy.
AJ were threatened B/ were threaten C/ threatened D/ threaten
11. Both gangsters were fairly sure there was no danger_______ .
A/ of being arrested B/ of arresting Cl to be arrested D/ to have been arrested
14. I’m sure the timing won’t be difficult at all. The band starts playing the moment
yo u_______ .
A/ see them enter B/ will see them being entering
C/ will see them entering D/ see they will be entering
15. A number of bad contracts and last year’s deep recession finally drove him
business.
AI off B/ from Cl out of D/ outside
TeBt 8
1 .1 th in k ______ the battery before going to Vienna. Do you know Lucy had
problems starting the car last night?
AJ you’d better change B/ you’d better changed
Cl you’ve better changed D/ you will better change
3. If, as Mr Fox says, the repair turned out to be so complicated, they _______
much earlier. But nobody expected it would be so time-consuming.
AJ should start B/ ought to have started Cl might start D/ must have started
4. At the time of our first meeting there was a considerable difference between me
and him; h e ________articles in magazines for over five years while I was
practically unknown.
AJ was publishing B/ had been publishing Cl has been publishing D/ published
5. In principle I have nothing against_______ here. If they are polite, of course.
AJ letting Bob and the other boys come B/ to let Bob and the other boys come
Cl letting Bob and the other boys to come D/ to let Bob and the other boys to be coming
9. I’m not sure who should be punished for the incident. Certainly not Alice, since
sh e _______ of possible dangers.
A/ hasn’t warned B/ wasn’t warned Cl hadn’t warned D/ wouldn’t be warned
10. As I expected, the prospect________to hospital made him feel much worse.
A/ to be taken B/ for taldng Cl of taking D/ of being taken
11. You look really tired. You could_______ a week’s holiday, I think.
AJ make for B/ make with C/ do with D/ pass for
12. Her unexpected arrival probably saved his life. Ten minutes later the fire______
impossible to control.
AJ had been B/ might be C/ would have been D/ must have been
13. I’m not dogmatic. Before taldng a decision I always want to know______ on the
matter.
A/ people’s varying opinion B/ people’s varying opinions
Cl peoples’ varying opinions D/ peoples’ varying opinion
14. Mr Simpson says it was impossible to finish the job on time. I don’t necessarily
agree with this as there were some options he didn’t try; for instance, if he
four lorries instead of two.
A/ had hired B/ hired Cl would hire D/ were to hire
15. “Where’s your green dress?” “Unfortunately i t _______ in the first wash.”
AJ shrunk B/ shrinked Cl has shrunken D/ shrank
Test 9
1. There are no problems with Dave. He seem s_______ after in a proper way.
AJ to be looking B/ to have been looked
C/ to have looked D/ as if he were to look
3. Don’t try to stop him. The sooner h e ________the better. I certainly won’t miss
him.
AJ resigns B/ will resign C/ will have resigned D/ had resigned
4. Hearing the sad news, sh e ________tears. I’m still upset to think about it.
AJ has burst in B/ burst with C/ has burst into D/ burst into
6. As for Tina, we can be quite sure she will not say a word, even if sh e ________.
A/ speaks to B/ will be spoken to
C/ is spoken to D/ will be able to speak to
8 .1 didn’t hear the voice but if the m a n ______ Barbara’s father, we’ll be in
trouble. You shouldn’t have told her about our meeting.
AJ had been B/ were C/ was D/ would be
10. I don’t know what they’re waiting for. We’ve agreed to depart once they
11. I’ve just had a quarrel with your father w hether_______ fishing.
AJ allow you and your friends go B/ to allow you and your friends go
C/ to allow you and your friends for going D/ to allow you and your friends to go
12. Buenos Aires Radio says _______ a twenty-four hour general strike in
Argentina on Friday.
A/ there is to be B/ it is to be
C/ it has been D/ there may have been
13. “Monica has just left. She’s sorry about being absent last Monday. She had to
babysit for a neighbour.” “It’s OK b u t_______ ”
A/ she could phone B/ couldn’t she have phoned?
Cl she ought have phoned D/ why she didn’t phone?
1. This news is too good to be true. I’m afraid George has ________ it up
himself.
A/ brought B/ made C/ put D/ did
2. Excuse me, Mr Finn, but would you mind if w e _______ your front windows?
They’re terrible!
AJ got some Scouts to clean B/ made some Scouts to clean
Cl would make some Scouts clean D/ got some Scouts clean
3. What great joy it was to receive the news h e _______ for such a long time!
A/ has been waiting for B/ has been waiting
C/ had been waiting for D/ has waited
10. Since no photographs_______ taken during the walk, I left my camera in the
bus.
AJ had been B/ have been C/ were to be D/ should have been
12. “It says here the base at North Pass has been receiving supplies only by air.”
“Oh really? Since when?” “Since the bay_______ over.”
AJ freezed B/ froze C/ has frozen D/ has frost
13. It’s very naive of Adam to expect _______ so much money for such an old
car.
AJ receive B/ receiving C/ to receive D/ his receiving
14. Since, at that time, his n a m e ________secret, we all addressed him “Uncle
Roy”.
AJ has been kept B/ was keeping
Cl must have been kept D/ had to be kept
15. Last year’s festival_______ quite the same thing without Danny Rogers. Most
of the audience came only to hear him and left after his concert.
AJ wouldn’t be B/ hadn’t been
Cl wasn’t D/ wouldn’t have been
lest 1»
1. If the exams are to be taken separately, I can see no point_______ on the same
day.
A/ to have all of them come B/ in having all of them to come
Cl to have all of them to come D/ in having all of them come
3. If, indeed, y o u _______ a police agent who was following you on the train, the
situation may soon become very serious.
A/ saw B/ had seen Cl have seen D/ see
4. The only incident that night involved two policemen who ________ near
Checkpoint E ll.
A/ had shot at B/ have shot on C/ were shooting at D/ had been shot at
5. H e _______ on the bed and soon went to sleep.
A/ lay down B/ lied down Cl laid down D/ lain down
6. I’m sure they will always object_______ in how their community should be run.
A/ to have no say B/ to having no say
Cl to having said nothing D/ against saying nothing
8. After that scandal Mr Patterson_______ resign. Just think of some people’s joy
if he is.
A/ might have to B/ may be forced to
C/ may have been forced to D/ could have been forced to
12. There was nothing I could do for Joe in that situation. Even if I _______ less
busy.
Al were B/ weren’t Cl would have been D/ had been
13. I’m afraid he couldn’t help being jealous_______ his brother’s good fortune.
AJ of B/ about Cl at D/ over
14. Once in Miami I ________what to do. The problem is there is no way of getting
there.
AJ knew B/ know C/ would know D/ would have known
15. Our experts agree that one te n th ________the terrorists put into the parcel
would have blown up the judge’s car.
AJ of that what B/ of that Cl which D/ of what
Test 12
1. Any contract w h ich ________ the ownership of the palace would have to be
approved by the Supreme Court. And I doubt whether such approval would be
given.
A/ would affect B/ has affected Cl had affected D/ affects
2. One must not forget that in twenty years from now ________in society needn’t
be exactly the same.
A/ role of women B/ women’s roles C/ woman’s role D/ womens’ role
4. Even if she thought the ride and the tickets would be free, she _______
Jimmy some pocket money. As it was the boy couldn’t even buy himself an ice
cream.
AJ could give B/ should give Cl had to give D/ ought to have given
5. The situation has changed and now I wouldn’t wait too long with handing in the
resignation. In your place I’d do it exactly the day the new rector_______ office.
A/ took B/ will take C/ takes D/ had taken
8. Remember, if you eventually meet Mrs Field, you’ll have to speak to her as if you
the real Mr Archer.
A/ were B/ will be C/ would be D/ are
10. I’m sorry, I forgot to tell you the Fergusons drink only water, so really you
_______ all that wine. But don’t worry, we’ll keep it for your birthday party.
A/ needn’t have bought B/ didn’t need to buy
C/ oughtn’t to buy D/ didn’t need buy
12.1 wish w e______ longer in Antwerp instead of going to Brussels, which I have
seen many times. Do you think it might still be arranged?
AJ have stayed B/ had stayed Cl shall stay D/ could stay
13. We should be very glad that there were so few policemen on duty that day. But I
prefer not to think about the possible end of our action if there_______ more.
A/ were B/ had been C/ are D/ would be
14. He got into bed with a hot-water bottle a n d _______ his cold out before it could
have developed into flu.
AJ sweat B/ sweated C/ has sweated D/ sweatened
15. He is the kind of person that will always________in most impossible ways.
AJ take advantage B/ take advantage of
Cl be taken advantage of D/ be taldng advantage of
Tesf 18
2. With a better goalkeeper they_______ almost certain to win the cup. But even
with poor old Joe Wright they are a very likely winner.
AJ would be B/ would have been C/ were D/ will be
6. There is no point asldng Bob for information concerning the contest. As far as I
know h e ________about it.
A/ hasn’t told B/ didn’t tell Cl hasn’t been told D/ wouldn’t tell
7 .1 don’t know how you will do it, but one thing is certain: there shouldn’t be any
people coming and going after the lecture________
AJ began B/ has begun Cl will have begun D/ will begin
10. We should not make the final decision yet since________two more meetings in
April and May.
AJ there will have been B/ there had been C/ there have been D/ there are to be
11. The Mayor has said that it will take months to re p a ir_______ done to the
buildings by Hurricane Linda.
A/ damages B/ the damages Cl a damage D/ the damage
12. He pretended_______ Russian, which probably saved his life.
AJ not understand B/ not understanding
Cl not to understand D/ didn’t understand
13. He’s trying to convince me I _______ him. But he doesn’t take into
consideration the fact that I was in trouble myself.
AJ could help B/ could have helped
C/ was able to help D/ had been able to help
14.1 went to see Aunt Mathilda yesterday and found her wearing her best dress. She
said she was waiting for her insurance agent who’d said he would_______
A/ call on her B/ call at her Cl call her off D/ call her out
1 5 .1 reacted the way I did out of ignorance. Could you imagine my reaction if
I _______ the spider was so dangerous?
A/ knew B/ did know C/ had known D/ would know
1. T h e re _______ no price rises till the end of the year. Because of this we
will have to change the name of the product before we can sell it for more
money.
AJ will have been B/ are Cl are to be D/ won’t be
3. Professor White, who is _______ to be the best specialist in this field, will give
a lecture on the subject.
AJ told B/ said Cl spoken D/ talked
4. Miss Archer will be eighty next September. At this age she is still enjoying
health.
AJ relatively good B/ relative good C/ a relatively good D/ the relatively good
5. Being on the whole very sceptical about the project, Mr A dam s________to
cooperate. But he made it clear that his support was only conditional and could
be withdrawn at any moment.
AJ didn’t promise B/ did promise C/ has promised D/ wouldn’t promise
6. In your situation you n eed ________would be cheap but not too ugly.
AJ such furniture which B/ such a furniture which
C/ furniture that D/ a furniture that
8. The new s_______ be true. That’s why until we learn more about it we ought to
behave as if we had never received it.
AJ doesn’t need B/ needs not to
C/ mustn’t D/ may or may not
9. If at that point the situation________well in hand, then why did they react so
brutally?
A/ had been B/ were C/ was D/ would be
10. Not unexpectedly, the enemy artillery_______ back, lulling a number of people
and starting a fire.
AJ has hitted B/ has hit Cl hitted D/ hit
11. W ithout_______ what to begin with they won’t be able to move on.
A/ being shown B/ showing them Cl having shown D/ showing
12. We all rejoiced to hear that the first prize had gone to Willis, w h o ________
active in this field for longer than any of us.
AJ has been B/ had been Cl was D/ is
13. This time of day all the lines are engaged, so I doubt whether she’ll be able to
to us.
A/ get about B/ get down Cl get over D/ get through
14. Over a hundred Embassy staff and their fam ilies________ that there was no
danger.
A/ were gathered to tell them B/ were gathered to be told
Cl gathered to tell D/ were gathered for telling them
15. In my opinion we should react as soon as the p lan _______ public. Waiting a day
or two would put us in a rather awkward position.
AJ has been made B/ will be made Cl went D/ had gone
Test 15
1. H e _______ us on the last day of the congress so his presence at the opening
ceremony was something of a surprise.
A/ must have joined B/ was to join C/ had to join D/ should join
2. Mr Oiler discussed the details of the project w ith_______ authority that made
all the listeners forget his young age.
A/ the complete B/ such a complete authority C/ such completely D/ complete
3 .1 still regret I didn’t have a camera. I _____ some photographs of the bird.
A/ would certainly take B/ would have taken
Cl could maybe take D/ had better take
4. We’ve been working in the same shop for a week but I still don’t know how to
address her. I wish_______
A/1 do one day B/1 did Cl I would D/ to find out soon
5. What a pity I was away! If only the fax_______ me an hour earlier ...
A/ had reached B/ would reach C/ reached D/ did reach
6. Last year’s tournament was by far the best. We managed to gather_______ top
players.
A/ hardly all B/ quite few C/ quite a few D/ rather much
7. We didn’t know what to do and then Sue had the bright idea_______ their own
food.
AJ to get every couple cook B/ to get every couple cooking
C/ of getting every couple cooking D/ of getting every couple to cook
8. We were lucky. A television documentary was just being made and w e_______
the Chapel, which is not normally shown to the public.
AJ could have seen B/ did all but see C/ were able to see D/ could see
10. Pablo______ on similar equipment since he left school, and therefore he was
not required to attend the afternoon training session.
AJ was worldng B/ worked C/ has been working D/ had been working
11. We are not going to stop. The campaign should go on until every bike_______
marked with the new reflective paint. Just think how many lives it may save.
AJ has been B/ was Cl will have been D/ will be
12. One thing seems rather certain. The advertising campaign_______ in a proper
way.
AJ hasn’t run B/ hadn’t run C/ wasn’t run D/ wouldn’t run
13. Talcing the Duke by surprise, the girl_______ her arms round his neck trying to
kiss him.
AJ threw B/ has thrown C/ thrown D/ was throwing
15.1 remember that meeting Andy Sugar was a great occasion for my children.
Since the showing of his film th e y ________him as something of a national
hero.
AJ admired B/ have admired C/ have been admiring D/ had admired
Test 16
3. We cannot invite her for a tour of the province because her parents have told her
to return home after the last gam e________over.
AJ is B/ will be C/ would be D/ was
4. Doctor Delors was very fluent in English and so I _______ an interpreter, which
greatly reduced the cost of the lecture.
A/ needn’t have hired B/ didn’t need to hire
Cl needn’t to have hired D/ didn’t need hire
5. Who will pay for the coach if almost two fifths of the passengers_______ a free
ride?
A/ will receive B/ were to give Cl are to be given D/ would receive
7. Don’t tell me I acted too quickly. I’m sure nobody in my place_______a minute
longer.
A/ would have to wait B/ would have waited C/ would be able to wait D/ would wait
8. We expect that there ought to b e _______ accidents when the new traffic lights
are installed.
A/ considerably fewer B/ few less C/ least D/ much less
9. Now I understand why she spoke English most of the time: this was a way of
avoiding_______ for one of the natives.
A/ to take her B/ taldng C/ to be taken D/ being taken
10. The roofs of cottages in the valley below w ere______ of Morocco oranges.
A/ the colour B/ of the colour C/ in the colour D/ of colours
11.1 invited a lot of people hoping that Helen would help me with the preparations.
Now I wish I _______ only on myself.
A? counted B/ had counted Cl would count D/ have counted
13. Don’t be so pleased with yourself. Remember you would have missed the plane
without Mr Adams giving you a lift to the airport or, if th e re ________a traffic
jam in Langley Road.
A/ has been B/ had been C/ were D/ would be
14.1 ______the envelope to the gate, hoping the girl would be clever enough to
find it.
Al fast B/ have fastened C/ fastened D/ have fast
1. Why are you so sure Mr Newmarlc will do anything to help you? In your place I
only on myself.
A/ counted B/will count C/would count D/count
4. The work on the project has been going very well and I hope that if we get
financing from the Council, it may be completed very soon.
A/ a little B/ hardly any C/ only little D/ just little
6. Nobody answered the phone at the Chairman’s office, so I asked the operator to
put m e ________to his deputy.
AJ over B/ forward Cl through D/ down
7. In my opinion we shouldn’t speak to the media at all before the most basic facts
concerning the explosion_______ established.
AJ will have been B/ being C/ have been D/ were
8. His decision to close the firm w as________no one had ever taken seriously.
A/ something of what B/ something that C/ something what D/ something whose
10. The high turnout was a pleasant surprise for me as I didn’t think there would be
nearly h a lf________the first time.
A/ as many visitors like B/ so many visitors than
C/ as much visitors like D/ as many visitors as
11. Thinking over a decision can be a disadvantage: by the time our boss made up
his mind about the price the contract_______ to Brown & Sons.
A/ has gone B/ had gone C/ did go D/ would have gone
12.1 _______ some soup for Cindy but she said she wasn’t hungry.
A/ heated B/ hit C/ have heatened D/ heat
14. I’m rather surprised that Doris hasn’t come. S he_______ her mind at the last
minute as only yesterday she promised she would be here.
AJ must have changed B/ could change C/ had to change D/ had had to change
15. Most children in the area wish that the strike_______ for another week or so.
But I think it may be over tomorrow.
AJ has lasted B/lasted C/ will have lasted D/would last
1 .1 was careful enough not to promise them ______their daughter to France for
the summer holiday.
AJ inviting B/ invite C/ to invite D/ an invitation of
2. In fact the criminals_______ _ in because the front door was wide open and so
they just walked in.
AJ didn’t need to break B/ didn’t need break
C/ needn’t have broken D/ needn’t to have broken
3. Without substantial foreign aid they won’t be able to achieve even_______ they
have planned.
A/ half which B/ a half of that C/ half of that what D/ half of what
7. In my opinion there might be some problems on the very day the new system
introduced.
A/ was B/ will be Cl had been D/ is
8. Two young men were arrested on suspicion of setting fire_______ a police van.
A/ in B/ on Cl with D/ to
10. If the place where they_______ themselves at the end of the operation doesn’t
have electricity, they will have to use their car battery.
A/ will find B/ found Cl find D/ will have found
11. We sold most of our collection to pay for Luke’s surgery. Now I know we
it because he would have recovered anyway.
A/ mustn’t have done B/ oughtn’t to do Cl didn’t need do D/ needn’t have done
12. As regards farmers and fruit growers, we have never h ad _______ today
A/ so few supporters among them as B/ as few supporters among them like
Cl such a few supporters among them like D / fewer supporters among them as
13. We were very disappointed when Dad returned two days earlier than planned
and discovered everything himself.________the last.
A/ It was to be told him B/ He was being told
Cl He was to be told D/ He was to tell him
15.1 know too little Dutch to have understood what they were talking about. What
I ________though, was that their boss would be there the next morning.
A/ didn’t understand B/ did understand
Cl have understood D/ could have understood
lest iy
2. What’s the point_______ here if you don’t have anything to tell them?
A? in getting them all to come B/ in getting them all come
C/ to get them all come D/ getting them all come
4. One thing should be made quite clear: there can’t be any last-minute changes
once the program_______ approved by all the people involved.
AJ will be B/ will have been C/ has been D/ would have been
5. It all went so smoothly because nobody said anything about money. But I can
easily imagine the Chairman’s reaction if the problem of compensations
mentioned.
AJ were B/ had been Cl is to be D/ was to be
11. After the official dem onstration________farmers marched on the town hall
carrying green banners and singing patriotic songs.
AJ several hundreds B/ over six hundred of Cl hundreds of D/ over six hundreds
12.1 was going to introduce myself but then it turned out I ______ it as the
chairman had already said a few things about my case.
AJ didn’t need to do B/ didn’t need do
C/ needn’t to have done D/ needn’t have done
13. Lucidly, Roger’s departure was delayed by one day and so w e_______ one more
evening together.
AJ were able to spend B/ could spend
C/ could have spent D/ may have spent
14. What I regret is that we only spoke to the boy’s father. I wish w e________to the
mother as well.
AJ did speak B/ spoke C/ could have spoken D/ had spoken
15. The f ir e ________due to faulty insulation. But, for the time being, we cannot
exclude a terrorist attack.
AJ could start B/ may have started
Cl might be started D/ must have started
Test 2 0
1. The b o y ________the narrow canal in ten minutes to find himself in the base,
out of danger.
AJ swam B/ has swum CJ swum D/ had swam
7. Most people had to go home without seeing Johnny. And even those few lucky
ones w ho_______ him were not allowed to address him.
A/ have seen B/ did see C/ would see D/ would have seen
8. Don’t underestimate it. There have been at least six other cases of typhoid since
Mr Wang_______ ill.
A/ fell B/ has felt C/ has fallen D/ had fallen
9. First we have to find out to what extent the drop in car imports is related
the increase of interest rates.
A/ upon B/ with C/ to D/ over
11. Don’t be so sure it was Mr Gross himself. You may have seen _______ .
AJ an employee of him B/ the employee of him
C/ his another employee D/ an employee of his
12. The base can only be supplied through light biplanes carrying up to a ton of
cargo. An aircraft t h a t________large enough to carry ten tons would need
a much longer runway.
A/ would have been B/ would be C/ has been D/ is
13. Model CM2,_______ has only recently visited London, will be shown in Venice
next month.
A/ which designer B/ whose designer C/ designer of D/ that the designer
15. If w e_______ the air-conditioning when Amy told us to, the present heat wave
would not be such a big problem.
AJ would fit B/ fitted C/ had fitted D/ would have fitted
Test 21
3. As far as I remem ber_______ the second text took no more than ten minutes.
AJ the reading B/ reading of C/ the reading of D/ a reading of
4. I suppose in the end they didn’t have enough money to carry out all the
redecorations; or the landlord________to the changes.
A/ might object B/ has objected C/ may have objected D/ would have objected
6. We had to delay recording the title song of the album because of the producer’s
last minute decision_______ .
AJ about having rewritten the lyrics B/ to have the lyrics rewritten
Cl of rewriting the lyrics D/ to have rewritten the lyrics
8. After so many years of work I’m really tired _______ ordinary people’s egoism
and lack of consideration.
AJ with B/ of Cl at D/ by
9. It turned out that on Fridays admission to city museums was free, and so we
anything and were able to spend the money on fruit.
AJ didn’t need pay B/ needn’t have paid
Cl needn’t to have paid D/ didn’t need to pay
10. Kate thinks that most of the criticism in today’s art magazines is completely
worthless, a n d _______ that is worthwhile is too difficult.
A/ a little B/ some little Cl little D/ the little
_______ your abou l uau urda^y, pi^ase lti me lenow.
A/ Were you to change B/ Did you change C/ If you had changed D/ You had changed
12. Why should we wait any longer? We’ve been told to act once w e _______ the
governor’s permission.
A/ received B/ will have received Cl will receive D/ have received
13. At one moment everybody was busy looking for Father Francis, but the old man
w as_______ .
A/ nowhere to be found B/ nowhere found C/ found nowhere D/ being found nowhere
15. Frankly speaking I didn’t treat Jim as a serious partner. What difference would
it have made if I _______ ?
A/ would B/ did Cl did not D/ had
Test 22
1. It is a pity that we will not be wearing tartan kilts. The cerem ony________so
much nicer!
A/ would look B/ will look C/ were looking D/ looked
2. He didn’t stop talking even for a moment, which for me was a rather childish way
of avoiding______ my question.
A/ to answer B/ not to answer Cl answering D/ to have answered
3. The story about the red squirrel going shopping seems all right, on condition that
y o u _______ to it.
A? will make the younger kids listen B/ can make the younger kids will listen
Cl make the younger kids to listen D/ can make the younger kids listen
4. We don’t want my father to lenow about the trip. Please, don’t give u s _______
AJ off B/ away Cl on D/ in
5. The tickets for the remembrance concert are too expensive for the veterans,
most ordinary citizens of our town find deeply offensive.
AJ whom B/ that C/ what D/ which
0. i ’m atraid we will not get our money back. As long as Daniel A sh ______ his
seat in the Senate, he is protected by law.
A/ will keep B/ won’t keep Cl will have kept D/ keeps
7. The boys we met on the tra in _____ soldiers on leave. They were young, with
very short haircuts.
A/ may have been B/ may be C/ had had to be D/ could be
9. Every day British Mail delivers______ letters and postcards in and out of
Britain.
A/ a few millions B/ between two and three millions
Cl over two million of D/ several million
10.1 didn’t think it would clear up so soon and I didn’t take my camera. We could
have taken some fascinating pictures of swans if I ________.
A! did B/ would Cl had D/ took
11. Both witnesses, who were giving widely conflicting accounts of the incident,
________on one important detail: the driver of the van was a young woman in
a baseball cap.
A/ didn’t agree B/ did agree Cl have been agreeing D/ had agreed
12.1 didn’t buy the model with the electronic control system because it w as_______
I was prepared to pay.
AJ twice the price B/ twice of a price
Cl at twice price of what D/ for twice a price
13. Well, frankness is a great thing, but I’d rather you ________to Miss Wung what
I think about her.
AJ not repeat B/won’t repeat C /didn’t repeat D /don’t repeat
14. Never ask the boss about the firm. He h ates_______ of his duties.
AJ to remind him B/ being reminded C/ reminding him D/ if you remind
15. Contrary to expectations, the new law _______ the situation of immigrants, who
no longer felt the obligation to learn the language.
AJ worsed B/ did worse Cl worsened D/ worst
Tesf 2 8
1. After the party they didn’t rem em ber_______ the ashtrays out. The first thing
I did in the morning was to open the windows.
A/ taking B/ to take C/ to have taken D/ having taken
2. The promotion that my father ________ about for such a long time was
overshadowed by Lucy’s accident which forced her to spend several months in
hospital.
A/ has been dreaming B/ has dreamed C/ was dreaming D/ had dreamed
3. The weather was perfect and so w e________ the little shelter at the top in just two
hours while normally the climbing would have taken at least half an hour longer.
A/ could reach B/ were able to reach C/ could have reached D/ might have reached
4. The palace is so heavy and massive that no redecoration can make it look like
a little gracious villa. Even if w e________ it pink, which, of course, is out of the
question.
A/ were to paint B/ had painted Cl would paint D/ paint
5. He was away for two months but if he studies hard, I’m sure, he will soon
the group.
A/ catch on B/ catch up with C/ catch on with D/ catch out in
7. This time I would like to be home no later than 8 pm, so please Miss Hue, make
your valuable suggestions about changes in the text before and not after we
on the final version.
A/ agreed B/ will have agreed C/ have agreed D/ will agree
8. We ignored the weather forecast and allowed the kids to sleep outdoors. Now I
wish w e _______ .
A/ did not B/ would not have C/ had not D/ should not
10. With trembling hands I _____ both ends of the rope together, hoping it would
be strong enough to hold two people.
A/ knot B/ have knot C/ have been knotting D/ knotted
11. When the cheating was discovered the boys were expelled without much debate.
But now I think they_______ allowed to stay at our school.
AJ should have been B/ ought to be C/ should better be D/ should rather be
12. Let’s accept the timetable as it is. In my opinion, it is something______ right now.
AJ that we don’t have to change B/ which we have not to change
C/ what we have no need to change D/ what need not be changed
13. Customs duty_______ wallpaper is almost 50% so I don’t think it is a good idea
to buy it abroad.
AJ on B/ for C/ at D/ of
14. You may try to talk to them if you want to, although it’s hopeless. No matter what
arguments yo u_______ they will never change their minds.
AJ will have used B/ will use C/ would use D/ use
15. I’m afraid you gain nothing by insisting______ of every small incident; they’ll
just start deceiving you.
AJ to be informed B/ on informing you C/ on being informed D/ to inform you
Tesl 24
2. Don’t you think that complaining about the colour of ice cream may sound
to others?
A/ rather childishly B/ a bit childish C/ too childlike D/ childhood like
3. As a rule you shouldn’t argue with your hosts unless they_______ something
openly offensive.
AJ have said B/ will say C/ had said D/ would say
4. As usual the coffee that she_______ for us was too strong. I had to ask for hot water.
AJ brewed B/ brew C/ brown D/ brewered
5. Although the teacher who was in the hall at that time tries _______nothing,
I don’t think we should believe her.
AJ to pretend seeing B/ pretending to see
C/ to pretend to have seen D/ to pretend having seen
6 .1 nc iact that xvir A sh ________aoout such crucial matters doesn’t make him
a very reliable source for the future.
A/ misinformed B/ has misinformed C/ was misinforming D/ has been misinformed
7 . 1 remember how gratifying it was to hand the Prince the money which my sisters
and I _______ since we first heard of the Fund.
A/ have collected B/ have been collecting Cl were collecting D/ had collected
8 . 1 am now less sure about Miss Gwenn’s standing on divorce. I just found
where she opposes it.
A/ yet another article of hers B/ yet another her article
C/ another yet of her articles D/ yet another article of her
9. Keep your mouth shut! Remember that what you say may be taken______ and
used against you.
A/ into B/ over C/ through D/ down
10. In my case Solcopan turned out to b e _______ another appointment with the
doctor was unnecessary.
A/ so effective drug that B/ such effective drug that
C/ so effective that D/ such effective as drug so that
11. It is true that without loudspeakers the police just couldn’t control the crowd.
Well, maybe they_______ access to the market place.
A/ could block B/ ought to block C/ should have blocked D/ would be able to block
12. We couldn’t play badminton because of the wind. I wish w e _______ so windy
on the beach.
A/ would have been warned there was B/ were warned it is
C/ had been warned it was D/ had been warned there was
13. Next year’s auctions should be advertised until 90 per cent of the objects
sold. This year we stopped publishing ads too early.
A/ were B/ will have been C/ will be D/ have been
14.1 was slow to react because I saw no reason why I should trust the man. I can
imagine myself reacting differently if I _______ him.
AJ had trusted B/ did trust C/ did trusted D/ have trusted
15. The early, usually mild form of the disease does not interfere______ vision.
AJ on the patient’s B/ with the patient’s
C/ against the patient’s D/ the patient’s
Tesi 2 5
1. Well, it is true that in the row over cholesterol most experts are against butter.
But it is also a fact that there a r e ________who support it.
AJ quite few B/ rather few C/ hardly any D/ a few
3. If, as the radio says, there ________ ice on the pools in the morning, the
temperature could have been -2° or lower. At zero no ice is formed on the
surface of water.
A/ had been B/ was C/ were D/ would be
5. The alarm was raised too late because when the emergency crew arrived no less
than 10,000 gallons of o il________into the stream.
AJ has gushed B/ gushed C/ did gush D/ had gushed
7. After so many years of absence I still consider myself a New Yorker and I’ll be
the happiest man ever the day w e ________there.
AJ will have returned B/ will return C/ return D/ returned
8. If, before becoming a journalist, I _______ four years in the Andes, I would find
his story unlikely.
A/ didn’t spend B/ hadn’t spent Cl wouldn’t spend D/ couldn’t spend
9. There was no panic among the villagers who knew they_______ to the mainland
before sunset.
AJ should have airlifted B/ were to airlift
C/ were to be airlifted D/ would be airlifting
10. it was not easy to make Amy swallow the medicine, although I _______ it with
two spoons of honey.
A/ sweeted B/ have sweeten C/ sweetened D/ have sweeted
11. The robbers packed the diamonds into a suitcase a n d ________in a van that
waited for them in the street.
A/ made off B/ rolled over Cl carried away D/ put through
12. It ail depends on individual factors. For some people_______ two grams can be
dangerous.
A/ as little like B/ so little like C/ so few only D/ as little as
13.1 found it difficult to follow what w as_____ because of the noise from the
engine room.
A/ spoken B/ talked C/ being told D/ being said
14. Tom Grey, who doesn’t know Swedish,________this fax. We cannot put the
blame on him.
A! can’t have sent B/ wouldn’t be able to send
Cl hadn’t been able to send D/ couldn’t send
15. In that production Hamlet’s role was played by a very attractive young actress,
many spectators regarded as an unnecessary oddity.
A/ that B/ whom C/ which D/ what
I. Intellectuals think that if w e______ daily on tolerance and racism, we will end
up killing one another.
AJ won’t lecture B/ are not lectured C/ don’t lecture D/ won’t have lectured
3. When Mr Hunt took_______ from his father, the firm was near bankruptcy. He
managed to prevent it.
Al out B/ on Cl up D/ over
4. Every time Dad and Jim do the pools, we wish they________all the results. So
far the best they have had was ten.
A/ guessed B/ had guessed C/ guess D/ would guess
5 .1 lost my first job at the ARCO because of the rule they had that employees
_ _ _ _ _ with the firm for the shortest time had to be fired first. I don’t know if
that rule still applies.
AJ which were B/ that had been Cl who were D/ who have been
6. As some of the senior officers had very little English at school, additional
interpreters_______ needed. The exact number should be known on their arrival.
AJ may now be B/ might have been Cl had better been D/ have better been
7. All the children who come here from America are used _______ like adults.
AJ to be treated B/ to treat them Cl to being treated D/ to treating
8. Although the wind has now eased, we’ve warned all the residents_______ all
the windows shut.
AJ it’s been better to keep B/ they’d better keep
Cl they’d better kept D/ they’d better have kept
10. The collision occurred about two m iles_______ the Spanish coast and the
rescue operation was mounted by helicopters of the Spanish coastguard.
A/ from B/ of C/ out of D/ off
11. Most critics agree that rather little _______ done by the artist after his illness
has any great value.
AJ of what was B/ of that was Cl of that what was D/ which has been
12. Well, I understand that they couldn’t drive on because of the snowstorm. But if
they knew they were going to be late, th e y _______ me up to save us some
needless waiting.
AJ could ring B/ would have to ring C/ were able to ring D/ might have rung
14. It’s too late. We won’t fix it for the race no matter how fast w e ________. You
should’ve come earlier.
AJ will work B/ were working Cl work D/ would work
15. The high winds blowing all Monday n ig h t_______ very thick trees, breaking
some of them.
AJ bended B/ bent C/ have been bending D/ have bended
sesf ‘A i
1 .1 find it hard to believe authors whose books are not based o n _______ of living
in the tropics.
A/ a first-hand experience B/ the first-hand experiences
C/ the experience from first hand D/ first-hand experience
2. What I fear most of all is that w e______ in what refers to the building of a new
market in West Crane. The local people seem to be very wary about it.
A/ might misinterpret B/ might have misinterpreted
C/ might be misinterpreted D/ won’t be misinterpreting
3 .1 know too little Dutch to have understood what they were talking about. What
I _______ though was that their boss would be there the next morning.
A/ didn’t understand B/ did understand
C/ have understood D/ could have understood
5. With no respect for my office the ldds_______ on me out of the window of their
dad’s office, at one point missing my hat by an inch.
A/ spat B/ spitted C/ have spitted D/ have been spitting
7. Don’t expect that the changes b ro u g h t_______ by the new law will make
everyone happy.
AJ around B/ over C/ about D/ up
10. Before the trip I had bought myself a city plan. I ______it because in the end the
conference kept me so busy that I didn’t leave the Congress Centre even for an hour.
AJ shouldn’t do B/ needn’t have done C/ didn’t need do D/ didn’t have to do
11. They cannot make up tneir minds whether or not _ _ _ _ _ camping in the
Rockies.
A/ allow their teenage daughters go B/ to allow their teenage daughters go
Cl to allow their teenage daughters to go D/ to allow their teenage daughters for going
14. Instead of wasting so much time trying to locate the fault, I would have_______
it for me.
A/ ordered a mechanic do B/ had a mechanic to do
C/ made a mechanic to do D/ had a mechanic do
15.1 cannot understand why nobody is worldng on the Welsh language version of the
album. With thousands of Welsh-speaking visitors expected to take part, it
a best-seller.
A/ will be B/ would have been C/ would be D/ were
Tesf 2 8
2. Most experts say we should be glad if one third o f ________will be suitable for
further use.
A/ all flooded buildings B/ the flooded buildings all
Cl all buildings flooded D/ all the buildings flooded
3 .1 know how much you dislike him, but when you meet him you should behave as
if yo u ________to your best friend.
AJ had been talking B/ would talk C/ were talking D/ talk
4. He sold all his property and went away to America never______ again.
A? hearing of him B/ being heard about
Cl to hear of him D/ to be heard of
5. There should be no problems with the neighbours as long as nobody______
A/ gets drunk B/ will get drunk C/ won’t get drunk D/ got drunk
6 .1 didn’t go with them since I _______ for a test on the following day.
A/ must have prepared B/ had to prepare
Cl have been preparing D/ was being prepared
8. You should be very glad that Bob didn’t recognize you that night. Can you
imagine his fury if h e ________?
A/ did B/ had C/ did not D/ would have
11. It’s a pity you didn’t take the exam. Professor Wynne was in such excellent spirits
that h e _______ you.
A/ wouldn’t fail B/ oughtn’t to fail C/ hadn’t failed D/ wouldn’t have failed
12. No single statistics will ever exactly measure inflation because there are too many
products ________ change too often in response to all sorts of market
fluctuations.
A/ the prices of B/ whose prices C/ which prices D/ that the prices
13. Don’t blame the boys. They couldn’t stay at the station after 10. Don’t tell me
they_______ the Embassy.
AJ could contact B/ ought to contact
Cl should have contacted D/ would be able to contact
15. The first moments of the race, for which w e _______ since the beginning of the
school year, were always a bit tense.
A/ have been preparing B/ have prepared Cl were preparing D/ had been preparing
Test 2 9
1. Phil and his wife are decent people who would h a te _______ about in this way.
AJ talking B/ being talked CJ to talk D/ talk
2. All the afternoon the kids were out on the beach and so Eva and I _______
some serious talk about what was going wrong in our marriage. With the children
around, such discussion would have been impossible.
A/ might have B/ were able to have Cl could have had D/ had to have
3. As Joe’s roommate I find him a fairly nice fellow, even if at times it is not easy
t o _______ his noisy behaviour.
A/ put down for B/ put off with C/ put up with D/ put in for
4. The fall of the Berlin Wall surprised even people like Prof. Huss, w ho_______
the fall of communism for a decade or so.
AJ has announced B/ has been announcing C/ was announcing D/ had announced
5. Being totally opposed to the project, Lady Sarah_______ that it would increase
job opportunities of the local people. But she considered the environmental
objections of far greater importance.
AJ has had to agree B/ must have agreed C/ did agree D/ couldn’t agree
6. The post-war decade was excellent for most ranchers. Pm afraid today none of
them may have_______ , say, in 1950.
A/ as many cattle as B/ so much cattle like C/ as many cattle like D/ as much cattle as
8. We all agree somebody ought to take care of Jane after sh e _______ released
from hospital. Her full recovery could take longer than six months.
AJ would have been B/ was C/ is D/ will be
9. As far as I can judge, she was completely unaw are_______ the seriousness of
the situation.
A/ with B/ about C/ concerning D / of
10. You have to realize that if Joe Hicks______ you on the beach on Sunday, your
colleagues may have seen you as well.
A/ had seen B/ saw C/ sees D/ could see
jl1 .1 Camiui thin*. ui any logical reason wny she snould_______ her to the studio.
A/ order all her students accompany B/ ask all her students to accompany
C/ have all her students to accompany D/ get all her students accompanying
12. As a result of the deal Jim Buckley has become________ he could easily double
the area of his ranch.
AJ so wealthy that B/ such wealthy man that
C/ so wealthy man that D/ very wealthy man and
13. ______ the newspapers have revealed so far can justify the action taken by the
Army.
AJ Nothing of that B/ Nothing as C/ Nothing that D/ Nothing what
15. Several months after the bombing most of the houses________in ruins.
A/ lied B/ laid C/ were laying D/ lay
Tesl SO
2. We can win only if we remain united, and so we must support them the moment
they_______ on strike.
AJ will have gone B/ will go Cl go D/ went
4. Walking, cycling, and swimming are among the most useful________for people
who want to keep fit.
AJ form of exercises B/ forms of exercises Cl forms of exercise D/ form of exercise
5. The fact o f_______ in the grim years of World War II has left deep traces on
her character.
A/ having brought up B/ having to bring up Cl bringing up D/ having been brought up
6. The Institute,_______ will be celebrated in September, has become one of the
leading cultural institutions of our time.
AJ which 20th anniversary B/ that 20th anniversary
C/ 20th anniversary of D/ whose 20th anniversary
7. When I arrived on the spot I found out that I _______ the heavy gas bottle on
my back because the camp-site now had electric cookers.
AJ didn’t need to carry B/ needn’t have carried
C/ might not have carried D/ didn’t need carry
8. James, who is one of our bravest men, never loses his temper; and if h e _______
so tense during the Friday night operation the situation must have been
extremely dangerous indeed.
AJ was B/ were C/ had been D/ has been
10. The Mayor and the councillors, dressed in their official robes,_______ the hero
on his arrival at the airport.
AJ welcomed B/ welcame C/ have welcomed D/ have welcome
11. All the patients suffering________ bronchitis were given the same course of
injections.
A/ with B/ on C/ of D/ from
12. Most students did not come to my Friday lecture and Marge was not among
who did.
A/ the few B/ few C/ a few D/ some few
13. It was really funny to see how they avoided________in the official media after
his decision to emigrate.
AJ to mention his name B/ mentioning his name
Cl his name to be mentioned D/ his name being mentioned
14. The authorities have declared________no more arrests, but in your place I’d
rather not return to the country for the time being.
AJ there would be B/ it will be Cl there are to be D/ there will have been
15. Look at all those people! We would now be queuing with them if I ________
father to book the seats in advance.
AJ hadn’t asked B/ wouldn’t have asked C/ didn’t ask D/ wouldn’t ask
Test 31
4. If, as Mark says, the landlord________so surprised seeing the group, he must
have forgotten the arrangement.
A/ has been B/ had been C/ would have been D/ was
5. Since the situation was so bad, she should_______ care of much earlier.
AJ have taken B/ have been taken C/ be talcing D/ take
10. On leaving the school Gilbert w as______ half of his schoolmates were in love
with him.
A? so handsome young man that B/ such handsome young man that
Cl veiy handsome young man and D/ so handsome that
11.1 couldn’t understand what made them a ll______ at the reception.
AJ sound so formal B/ to sound so formal
Cl sound so formally D/ sounding very formally
12. The boy________stones at the dogs, trying desperately to frighten them away.
A/ thrown B/ has been throwing Cl threw D/ has thrown
13. I’m afraid the prices might still go down in the months to come. That’s why the
sooner w e ________the car the better.
AJ sold B/ shall sell Cl sell D/ would sell
14. My knowledge of the local dialect is very poor and I didn’t understand what the
man was telling me. It would have been much better if I _______
AJ didn’t B/ did C/ had D/ would
15. They________to the concert together because Jane had agreed to baby-sit for
them.
AJ could go B/ were able to go C/ could have gone D/ can go
Test 3 2
1. The first boy or girl w ho_______ all the questions is to receive the singer’s new
album.
A/ will answer B/ would answer Cl answer D/ answered
4. The rain w a te r_______ rapidly along the main street of the village cutting us
off from our coach.
A/ flew B/ has been flowing C/ flown D/ flowed
7. I’m not going to interfere. It’s really not my job to tell you now who should be
invited and who should not. But remember there shouldn’t be any changes after
the invitations_______ .
A/ were sent B/ have been sent C/ will have been sent D/ will be sent
1 0.1 was the only person who was upset at the news of Bell’s nomination. I ______
with him long enough to know he would be a failure.
AJ have been working B/ had worked C/ was worldng D/ would work
11. If, as I’m ready to believe now, the man’s heart attack ________real, I can’t
understand why they didn’t call an ambulance. It would have saved them so much
trouble.
A/ were B/ had been C/ was D/ would have been
13. Both doctors and patients tend to choose_______ do not require special diet.
A/ such medicines which B/ such a medicines which
Cl medicines that D/ medicines
14. When you talk to the RTF people, do not show them we know all about the deal.
Look surprised, as if y o u _______ about it for the first time.
AJ were hearing B/ would hear C/ would have heard D/ hear
15. It’s not pleasant to think that our grandfather, contrary to his own memoirs, did
participate in the affair. I wish h e _______
AJ never did B/ wouldn’t have Cl failed to D/ had not
lesf 3 y
2. Why shouldn’t I believe him when he says he prefers_______ at home over the
weekend?
AJ come with us than stay B/ coming with us to staying
C/ to come with us rather than stay D/ coming with us from staying
3. With just one exception, the report says, each of the trees that were cut down
very expensive treatment for periods of up to ten years.
AJ had to be under B/ was under C/ has undergone D/ had undergone
4. After some debate the Moors have agreed to exclude abstract a r t________their
daughter’s wedding list.
AJ out of B/ off Cl from D/ beyond
5. I’m afraid most editors normally favour________, one way or another, support
their own points of view.
A/ such letters which B/ letters that Cl such a letters which D/ letters
6. “W here________Doctor Lee for the weekend? I’m afraid we will have to invite
his wife, as well”. “Well, the place doesn’t really matter. Of course, I wouldn’t
like to spend a fortune”.
A/ we are to take B/ will we take Cl shall we take D/ would we take
7. We don’t know how long the rink was without electricity during the night. If the
power b re a k ________longer than two hours, the ice at the edges may have
begun to melt down. It is better to check it now.
AJ lasted B/ had lasted Cl would last D/ has lasted
8. The timing of his suggestion was extremely bad, as at that time the college board
was considering_______ the full cost of the course.
A/ getting even the poorer students pay B/ to get even the poorer students to pay
C/ getting even the poorer students to pay D/ to get even the poorer students paying
10. If you don’t switch the lights off for the day, you risk running the batteiy
before the end of the trip.
A/ out B/ down C/ off D/ through
11. Animal rights is one of the hot issues on which______ will always show a high
level of disagreement.
A/ people’s opinion B/ peoples’ opinion
C/ people’s opinions D/ the opinion of people
12.1 don’t think Tony’s version can be taken seriously. H e ______ all his money
on postcards because no one, not even him, can have five hundred pen friends.
So, where is the money?
A/ couldn’t spend B/ can’t have spent Cl wouldn’t be able to spend D/ can’t spend
13. Before hanging new wallpaper in my bedroom, I _______ the shelves over my
bed, which took me over two hours.
A/ have unscrewed B/ unscrew C/ had unscrewn D/ unscrewed
14. Alsatians and boxers,________by professional trainers, can be both guard dogs
and pets.
A/ if trained B/ if will be trained C/ if are trained D/ if have been trained
15. The first thing I saw in the morning was Henry’s van parked in front of the
museum. I didn’t like it at all, as Henry_______ away for another week or so.
AJ was to be B/ would be C/ would have been D/ should be
2. Their worst mistake was to have promised every worker_________ their wages.
AJ to double B/ to have doubled C/ doubling D/ the doubling
3. Our lack of interest in the project had nothing to do with money but came from
the fact that since graduation w e _________ fairly regularly. Thus, for most of
us an anniversary party had no special attraction.
AJ were meeting B/ have been meeting C/ had met D/ have been met
5. The robbery at the ITN Bank was organized by a group of private detectives,
, let’s hope, will remain absolutely exceptional.
AJ which B/ what Cl who D/ that
6. Let’s start by agreeing to one thing: the police should keep away from the place
as long as the fans_________trouble.
A/ won’t make B/ won’t be maldng Cl wouldn’t make D/ don’t make
7. When it turned out that A lice_________ to hospital before July, I phoned the
agency to cancel the bookings. I didn’t want to risk losing the money, in case she did.
AJ might have to go B/ needed have gone Cl could have gone D/ needed to have gone
8. Finding the missing man without any recent photograph of him may be
impossible. And even if w e________it, the search could take months, if not years.
AJ would have B/ did have Cl might have D/ had had
9. I must admit that the problem of noise rarely, if ever, com es________at the
Council meetings.
A/ up B/ off Cl round D/ through
10. If, as some newspapers say, some candidates_______ a chance to correct their
papers after the test, the exam will have to be repeated.
A/ had been given B/ are given Cl were given D/ would be given
11. After arriving in Tunisia, I was amazed to see how quickly my children got used
with the local people about the prices of fruit or dried figs.
AJ to bargain B/ bargaining Cl to be bargaining D/ to bargaining
12. While it is not an easy book, I’m sure we can find_________ people who could
say something interesting on it.
A hardly any B/ quite few C/ a few D/ quite the few
13. Why don’t we ask Doris to welcome all the guests? She looked______ when we
were meeting the Dutch.
A simple charmingly B/ simply charming C/ simple charming D/ simply charmingly
14. It is stupid to claim, as some journalists do, that the accident was due to an
extraordinary coincidence, and at the same time that w e _______it.
A could prevent B/ might have prevented Cl ought to prevent D/ were to prevent
15. As far as I know her, Miss Veil is still waiting________ for the role she played
in the opening of the club. I don’t think she wants any money.
A for saying thank you B/ to be thanked Cl to thank her D/ for thanking
fesf «50
1. There were a few dictionaries at the reception desk. But since I knew ________
away, I didn’t even look at them.
A/ they had been taken B/ they shouldn’t have been taken
Cl there weren’t taken D/ they were not to be taken
3. On top of everything the nurses taking Granddad for X-raying were smoldng in
the lift,_______ , inevitably, the old man considered a direct threat to his life.
A/ that B/ which C/ what D/ whom
4 . 1 agree that while the soup was OK, the meat was too dry - w e______ it about
20 minutes too long.
A/ have been roasting B/ roast Cl had roast D/ had roasted
5. I don’t think Alistair is our most suitable candidate. But he is the only one who,
hopefully,_______ when the appointments are made in March.
A/ won’t be vetoed B/ doesn’t veto Cl will not be vetoing D/ is not going to veto
6. The Prince’s aircraft had to undergo a security check and so w e_______ to him
for almost an hour. Father was very impressed as normally he could have counted
on nothing more than a handshake.
A/ might talk B/ were able to talk Cl could have talked D/ may have talked
7. The students seem rather determined that the rent strike should go on until the
university_______ its policy on students hostels.
A/ will modify B/ had modified Cl has modified D/ will have modified
9. I must say with regret that I was right criticizing the mixing of footpaths and cycle
lanes in the Botley area. The accidents which have since happened there clearly
show that the changes_______ introduced.
At have better not been B/ should never be
C/ should rather not be D/ should never have been
10. We were lucky because as we were leaving, the computer at the gate went wrong
and instead of showing how many hours________at the car park only read ONE
HOUR for each car. We saved at least 10 pounds..
A/ have we been B/ were we C/ we had been D/ we have been
11. Rather luckily for the child, the experience_______to the hospital in Londor
partly reduced the physical trauma of the accident.
A/ of airlifting him B/ that airlifted him C/ of being airlifted D/ of airlifting
12. At the end of the campaign all the contributions were listed, with Amanda’:
donation being the smallest of all; I wish s h e ________ more generous on tha
particular occasion.
A/ had been B/ would have been C/ was D/ were
13. What makes Jocelyn so attractive for children is her extraordinary gift_______
imitating animals’ voices.
AI of B/ for C/ at D/ in
14. If, as the chairman has said, the other three candidates________men witl
references from very serious banks, the girl who eventually got the job must have
been very bright, indeed.
AJ are B/ were C/ had been D/ will be
15. Rather conventionally, the dancers representing Indians will be covered in _______
AJ red body paint B/ body red paint C/ the red body paint D/ a red body paint
Test 8 6
2. Everything should be all right now but, of course, call us again i f _______ to'
noisy in the hall.
AJ it will get B/ there is C/ it is D/ there would be
3. We all understand that the main purpose of the show should b e _______ goo'
about their contribution.
AJ to make all those taking part feeling B/ making that all those taking part will fee
Cl making all those taking part to feel D/ to make all those taking part feel
4. I suppose that the risk_______ for an indefinite period of time made many c
us more disciplined.
AJ of cutting off B/ to cut us off C/ of being cut off D/ to be cut off
5. One of the sad moments of the cruise was saying goodbye to Mel, w ho_______
with us since we set sail but whose health problems forced him to leave us at Lagos.
A/ had sailed B/ has been sailing C/ was sailing D/ has sailed
6. The producers of this wine_______ imported grapes to it, which would explain its
dryness. Home varieties containing more sugar were extremely expensive last year.
A/ could add B/ may have added Cl have added D/ ought to have added
7. A short silence should help listeners to concentrate. If you start speaking the
moment your n am e_______ out, that effect might be lost.
A/ is called B/ was called C/ will be called D/ would be called
8. Almost without exception politicians of the period believed that regulation was
always bad for the economy. What they_______ though was the production and
sale of alcohol.
A/ didn’t regulate B/ have regulated C/ must have regulated D/ did regulate
9. Had it not been for that stupid_______ , we would have had plenty of time at
the airport.
A/ idea of his B/ idea of him C/ George’s idea D/ idea of George
10. The soup was all right but the pizza was just as I had feared: canned olives
instead of fresh ones. I’d rath er_______ a plate of spaghetti with sauce.
A/ ordered B/ have ordered C/ had ordered D/ order
11. You will see it is not a very difficult job - a l l ________is to keep the guests
interested.
A/ what matters really B/ what really matters
C/ that really matters D/ which will really matter
12.1 was going to give up full insurance of my car but my agent finally persuaded me
not to. Just think about my present situation if s h e ________.
A/ did B/ had not C/ would not D/ did not
13. As long as she continues_______ her part of the debt, we cannot talk to her
about any future projects.
A/ refusing payment of B/ to refuse paying C/ refusing paying D/ to refuse to pay
14. From my children’s point of view, our new home was clearly a change_______
better.
A/ to the B/ for the C/ on D/ on the
15. Each time we drove into the sun, my daughter________down the window on her
side of the car.
A/ wound B/ winded C/ has been winding D/ has winded
Test 3 7
1. It’s absurd! In the first section they praise us for preventing a “major epidemic”
and in the next one they write that w e _______ so many people.
AJ didn’t need to vaccinate B/ needn’t have vaccinated
C/ didn’t need vaccinate D/ needn’t to have vaccinated
2. Anna always cared much about her looks and I wasn’t surprised that she was
really delighted________for her daughter’s sister.
AJ by taking her B/ to take her C/ to be taken D/ to have taken her
3. And what shall we do if the meeting ends AFTER ten? I’d rather you ______
alone through the park at night.
AJ don’t walk B/ won’t walk C/ not walk D/ didn’t walk
4. I’m glad I managed to talk Sandra out of buying a dog. If I _______ , we would
now be looking for a pet-friendly hotel.
A/ hadn’t B/did C/ didn’t D/ wouldn’t
5. Nobody visits the office on Sunday, which means that by the time the first workers
_______ the burglary, the burglars may have left the country with the documents.
AJ would have discovered B/ have discovered Cl had discovered D/ did discover
6. In the hospital, the case was diagnosed as pneumonia. Before she had been
treated_______ hay fever.
AJ for B/ on C/ against D/ from
7. While consistently refusing to go into details of his affair with Rita, the poet
several questions about her opinion of his poetry.
A! didn’t answer B/ did answer C/ must have answered D/ has answered
9. Tim doesn’t seem to be particularly fond of his school but, of course, when he
declares that the very day h e _______ he’ll make a bonfire to bum all his books,
this is some sort of exaggeration.
AJ will have graduated B/ will graduate Cl graduates D/ is going to graduate
10. Captain Edward Smith, for all his years at sea, did not understand the ship
_______ he was rewarded in recognition of his past services to the line.
AJ with whose command B/ with which command
Cl the command of which D/ which command
11. Either we make an effort and invest huge sums in the project or w e _______ in
the not so-distant future.
A/ will be outperformed B/ are outperforming
Cl will be outperforming D/ will have to outperform
12. Even if scouting has lost most of its appeal for kids, in our school there are
_ _ _ _ _ boys interested in it.
AJ very few B/ quite few C/ quite a few D/ rather fewer
13. If the music you heard_______ a Mozart’s sonata, we must have been listening
to different radio stations.
A/ were B/ was C/ had been D/ would be
14. Most teens are now crazy about ecology so I don’t think we can afford_______
with factory chimneys.
A/ allowing our logo to be linked B/ allowing our logo being linked
Cl to allow our logo for being linked D/ to allow our logo to be linked
15. Older employees remember that some time after his nomination James Wills
to be involved in the sale of smuggled brandy.
A/ was told B/ was said C/ had been speaking D/ did talk
1. If the birds Peter saw were larger than geese, h e ________wild swans. Black
storks don’t fly this way.
AJ could see B/ had to see C/ might have seen D/ had rather seen
2. Roy’s attraction stemmed from the fact that his Dad _______ to own most of
the land north of the site.
AJ had said B/ was said C/ had been told D/ was being told
3. No accidents have been recorded. Well, we’ve faxed all our custom ers_______
us for a quick check.
A/ they’d better contact B/ it’s better to have contacted
C/ they’d better contacted D/ they’d better have contacted
4. By criticising the firm at the meeting, L eo _______ his own grave. Did you see
how furious the boss was?
AJ digged B/ dug C/ has been digging D/ had digged
5. Well, we should warn them that if they didn’t see Ernst Turn’s exhibition last
year, they________some of his paintings rather shocking.
A/ might have found B/ might find C/ may have to find D/ would find
6. It’s not realistic to hope the local people won’t object_______ for a facility they
will never use themselves.
A/ to having to pay B/ against having to pay C/ to have to pay D/ to be paying
8. I’m afraid starting the race today is ________the question. Look at this snow.
A/ beyond B/ none Cl out of D/ away
9. When the change is introduced, the law will require that every schoolchild, of
whatever social class,_______ a national exam on leaving the secondary school.
The score will then be used by universities.
A/ was taking B/ took Cl had taken D/ take
10. For the time being we can only offer courses i n _______ mathematics or logic.
Any experimental sciences would require a lab.
AJ such subjects as B/ the subjects such as C/ such subjects like D/ such a subject like
11. Don’t spend too much tim e_______ made in the previous test. It’s a waste of
time.
A/ discussing the errors B/ on discussing with the pupils about errors
C/ discussing with the pupils what errors were D/ to discuss about the errors
12. We certainly didn’t expect that so many people would tu rn _______ to see the
match.
A/ in B/ over Cl round D/ out
13. Well, as long as Mr T inn_______ to say things we might find embarrassing, his
presence is not a problem.
AJ won’t lead B/ won’t be lead C/ doesn’t lead D/ isn’t led
14. At the gallery where I worked before coming here every painting________on
exhibition longer than two months had its price automatically reduced. The next
reduction was after half a year.
A/ which has been B/ that had been C/ which was D/ that would be
15. We should take Dingo with us just in case one of the boys_______ nasty. Not
that I’d like them to.
A1 would turn B/ will turn C/ turns D/ shall turn
Test 89
3. The gangsters avoided arrest for several weeks because they_______ the state.
AJ thought about leaving B/ were thought to be leaving
C/ were thinking to leave D/ were thought to have left
4 . 1 was very upset to learn that my first opponent would be Sam Meller, who
part in tournaments for no less than ten years.
A J was taking B/ has been talcing C/ took D/ had been taking
6. Since she was too weak to walk, w e _______ her back to the gallery where her
husband was waiting for her in a rented car.
A/ must have driven B/ have driven C/ had to drive D/ ought to drive
8. What a pity this is only a 19th century copy. Can you imagine the curator’s
enthusiasm if w e ________him with the original?
A/ presented B/ would present C/ present D/ have presented
9. We waited over five hours for Sam Willis in the h o p e________the project.
AJ to get his sisters and him finance B/ to get his sisters and him to finance
C/ of getting his sisters and him finance D/ of getting his sisters and him to finance ;
10. Unfortunately Mrs Spikes was away. I only spoke to som e______ who told me
she had gone to Bradbury to visit her daughter.
AJ neighbour of her B/ neighbour of hers
C/ of the neighbours of hers D/ from her neighbours
11. Next Friday, when Cindy________her last exam at the college, I’ll be taking her
out for dinner at the Continental.
A J will pass B/ will have passed C/ has passed D/ passed
13. He may still try to do something to improve his image but I know how it will end:
h e ______ to stop coming.
A J will tell B/ is said C/ will be said D/ will be told
14.1 regret I didn’t take part because this year’s competitors were surprisingly weak.
I _______ the first winner from our university.
A J might have become B/ could become C/ would easily become D/ was able to become
15. Wait a minute, Susan! We cannot allow the pupils to re a d ________they would
pick themselves. They would end up with S-F and cheap love stories.
A J only that what B/ just what C l just which D/ only that
Test 40
1. H e ______ the umbrella in his right hand trying to keep his balance.
AJ hold B/ has been holding Cl held D/ has held
4. Even if we had been given much more money for the course, we would, for
obvious reasons,_______ the housework by themselves.
A J have had our students doing B/ have to have our students doing
Cl have had our students do D/ have had our students to do
5. Barbara’s letter from Sidney_______ the last one, so I was very surprised to find
another blue envelope with Australian stamps in my mail.
AJ had been B/ would have been C/ ought to be D/ was to be
u. There may be serious prooiems ii we don’t iina the box containing the poison.
All we know at present is that it disappeared while_______ to a laboratory in
Bristol.
A/ was taken B/ taking C l taldng it D/ being taken
8. The company might make much more money if i t _______ in a more aggressive
fashion.
A/ had run B/ ran C/ were run D/ would run
10.1 can’t quite understand why the construction of the plant took eight years. I’m j
sure they_______ it in half that time.
A J were able to complete B/ could have completed
C/ could complete D/ ought to complete
11. He was not at all interested in what was going on around him, but insisted ;
back to his country on the first flight.
A/ to be sent B/ on sending him C/ to send him D/ on being sent
13. Two policemen were attacked and hurt by 'a group of Glasgow supporters j
to the railway station.
AJ on a way B/ on their way C/ by the way D/ by way
14. As far as I remember, most of last September was sunny and hot. But this might
have been an exception and so my advice is that y o u ________ some warm
clothes with you.
A J should take B/ might have taken C/ oughtn’t to take D/ should have taken
1. His lecture on country music was something_______ teachers could only dream
about.
A J other B/ of what other C/ what other D/ whose other
5. The whole operation was a failure. Due to a technical fault in the detonator the
bomb didn’t ________at all.
A/ come off B/ go off C/ burst off D/ break off
6. The police acted too slowly. By the time the first car arrived the gangsters
away with the money.
AJ had driven B/ did drive C/ have driven D/ were driving
7. All through the trial, s h e ________some signs of sympathy from her friends.
Most of the time in vain.
A J has been seeking B/ seeked C/ has sought D/ sought
8. Well, h e ________his train in the end because twenty minutes later I saw him
once again.
A J had to miss B/ had had to miss
C l must have missed D/ could miss
9. It was fairly simple. I sorted out the situation simply b y _______ a report.
A J having each of them write B/ asking each of them write
C/ having each of them to write D/ making each of them to write
12. In that situation there was nothing I could do for her; even if I _______ less busy.
A J would be B/ were C/ would have been D/ had been
13. I’m afraid this time we’ll have to w ait_______ six or seven months.
A/ as long like B/ so long time like C/ as long as D/ such long as
14.1 can promise you that unless I ______ to, I will not open my mouth.
A J speak B/ will be spoken C/ will have spoken D/ am spoken
1. It’s quite possible that James won’t remember_______ my medicine on his way
back from work. Then I’ll have to drive to the pharmacy myself in the evening.
A J to buy B/ buy C/ buying D/ of buying
3. If the postal strike doesn’t end by next week, w e ________to the bank for
a short-term loan.
A/ may have to turn B/ can have to turn C/ may have turned D/ will have turned
4. The driver_______ violently and managed to stop the car just inches from the !
body lying on the road.
A J broke B/ broken C/ brake D/ braked
5. Since w e _______ received by the governor, we were all dressed formally and it j
was a great disappointment when the audience was cancelled.
A/ had been B/ were to be C l have been D/ would have been
6. They are not buying any coal because they expect_______ in their home by the
end of September.
A/ to have gas heating installed B/ having gas heating to be installed
C/ to have installed gas heating D/ having gas heating installed
7. The company’s situation is hopeless and I can’t see what the new president might
do to improve it; even if h e ________a genius, which he is not.
A/ would be B/ is to be C/ will be D/ were
8 . ______ device was used in a tractor engine in Texas some forty years ago.
AJ First such a B/ The first such C l First such D/ The first such a
9. I’m a busy man and I have plenty of work to do. And I strongly object_______
to spend long hours in the waiting-room.
A J to be forced B/ against forcing me C/ to being forced D/ to force me
10. Even in the first few months the language was not a problem as h e _______ it
since his student days.
A/ has been studying B/ was studying C/ had studied D/ studied
11. We never saw him again because soon afterwards he died in Singapore_______
blood-poisoning.
AJ off B/ for C/ with D/ of
12. You know I have nothing against your relatives, dear, but I’d rather you_______
them for Saturday. I’m going to be very busy over the weekend.
A/ don’t invite B/ didn’t invite C/ won’t invite D/ not invite
13. The inspectors decided to stop work in the pit because the danger t o _______
was too big.
A/ miner’s life B/ miners’s lives C/ miners’ life D/ miners’ lives
14. Recent opinion polls show growing public support for a radical cure that once
anathema: censorship.
AJ would have been B/ may have been C l would seem D/ has seemed
15. Knowing Philip for so many years, I don’t think he is feeling any real need
for what happened last Saturday.
AJ to excuse B/ to be excused C/ for excusing D/ that we excuse
sf ^
1. They are preparing a new law which will m ake_______ the State.
A/ it illegal to criticize B/ illegal criticizing
C/ it illegal criticizing D/ illegal to criticize
3. Even before all our m en_______ off, the whole situation seemed absurd to me.
A/ have called B/ had called C l called D/ were called
6 .1 agree that children ought to be treated like human beings but I’d rather you
for Amy to make up her mind about our holiday plans.
AJ not wait B/ won’t wait C l don’t wait D/ didn’t wait
7. The worst moment came when Barry had a sudden id e a ________in every
room.
A/ for installing cable TV B/ to have installed cable TV
C l to have cable TV installed D/ of cable TV being installed
9. Although Lady Sarah strongly defended her late husband’s reputation, she
the financial irregularities described by your paper.
A/ didn’t mention B/ did mention C/ has mentioned D/ wouldn’t mention
10. Luckily, the passengers were sure this was a drill. Can you imagine their panic if
they_______ the danger was real?
A/ were told B/ had been told Cl would be told D/ told
-LX. ¿t ni s v inteiuaiing, but a >urge pajn o f________on oubje^L ,ionse.,.,^.
A J that I have found B/ that what I could find
C/ that which I could find D/ what I have found
13. There is very little hope for the homeless unless a sponsor________
A J will find itself B/ will be found C/ is found D/ would be found
15.1 hope the committee will respect its own regulations which are quite clear on
this point: no applications should be accepted after the list signed by the
chairman_______ published.
A/ will be B/ was C/ has been D/ will have been
Tes! 4 4
1. If you ________ up before the journey, we wouldn’t have lost half an hour
looking for a petrol station in an unknown city.
A/ had remembered to fill B/ had remembered filling
C/ remembered to fill D/ remembered filling
3. For a person with such a sense of hum our,_______ at should not be a problem.
A/ to laugh B/ laughing C l being laughing D/ to be laughed
5. Don’t you think that, since the two brothers do not speak to each other, we
________ big problems getting their wives to sit together at the party?
AJ might have B/ may have had C/ may be able to have D/ could have got
6 . 1 don’t need a car; we live______ easy reach of the shops.
A J upon B/ at C/ within D/ towards
7. After our country joins the EU, competition in this field will get even stronger.
Unless a m iracle_______ , his firm must fail.
A/ happens B/ will happen C/ would happen D/ will have happened
9. My application came too late. By the time it reached the Agency, all the funds
distributed.
A J were being B/ had been C/ have been D/ would have been
10. I can imagine it’s fascinating to be a beauty queen, dear, but I’d rather you
a degree in finance after studying it for almost five years.
A/ not give up B/ won’t give up C/ didn’t give up D/ don’t give up
12. Let’s be quite frank about it: nothing________about the Board was particularly
interesting.
A J what we heard B/ which we heard C/ what did we hear D/ that we heard
13. At my wife’s mention of the hidden treasure, the boy’s ey e s________ with
excitement.
A/ shone B/ shined C/ have shun D/ have shined
14. For my tooth it tasted a little b it_______ . Alice had poured too much vinegar j
into the sauce.
A J sourly B/ too sourly C l too sour D/ not sour enough
15. Since, for some time, our service limited to the area of Fulton, we ■
withdrew the rest of the ads.
A J must have been B/ had to be C/ has been D/ would have been
Test 4 5
1. As far as I can say the Chairman was perfectly satisfied with Bob’s explanation
of the incident, although to me it didn’t sound________.
A/ too convincingly B/ enough convincingly C/ convincingfully at all D/ very convincing
2. On that evening the landlady let us into her kitchen and so w e _______ the
normal gas cooker with four rings. Making so many pancakes on my two-ring
electric stove would have taken too long.
A/ could use B/ could have used C/ were able to use D/ may have used
3. We have to complete the film this month. No matter how cold i t _______ , all
the summer scenes will have to be shot tomorrow.
AJ would be B/ will be C/ were D/ is
4. The school wrote to all the parents asking them if they would help to paint the library
during the next half term. Well, the sad truth is that no parent has come_______ .
AJ forward B/ ahead C/ through D/ down
5. You shouldn’t take the content of this booklet too seriously. If over 60 per cent
of university students_______ opera fans, last year’s festival wouldn’t have been
such a financial disaster.
A/ are B/ were C/ would be D/ had been
6. We felt great relief that the heavy traffic of lorries, which since the first days of
the construction work on the bypass_______ us mad, came to an end.
AJ was driving B/ has been driving C/ had been driving D/ has nearly driven
7. Reporting such events makes the public more concerned about personal safety.
As a result,________teenage girls will want to attend self-defence courses.
AJ tens of thousands of B/ many thousands C/ several thousand of D/ tens of thousands
9. Instead of condemning John, you ought to try to imagine yourself having to make
the decisions he was forced to m ake_______ in his position.
AJ would you be B/ had you been C l if you would be D/ if you were
10. Last year about 30 per cent of disability benefits went to people with no health
problems; you shouldn’t be surprised then if they send you to some medical tests
before your pension_______ extended.
AJ will have been B/ will be Cl is D/ was
±1. Evvn with bfcu oiiortagt, »udi things siioulo mn nappcn. /asking oru Mr Pares to
w ait_______ is a shame.
A/ some other six weeks yet B/ yet another six weeks
C/ yet other six weeks D/ other six weeks yet
12. Jeremy is a terrible snob; when he takes part in the debates of our Fine Arts
Society, it is typical of h im ________the works of artists he hasn’t even heard
about.
A/ pretending to see B/ to pretend having seen
C/ to pretend to have seen D/ pretending having seen
13. We’d better be careful with Lisa. After your phone call, she_______ awake half
the night crying.
A/ has lied B/ lay C/ was laying D/ laid
14. I’m very glad I am going to play on Saturday. But as I’m still rather weak after
my knee injury, I’m not at all su re________the whole 90 minutes.
A ! if I’ll manage B/ how I would manage C/ if I have managed D/ 1 manage
15. The stay in Geneva was quite useful, although the course in Swiss law that
I chose turned out to be a disappointment. I’d rather________ statistics, which
my girlfriend said was very good.
A/ took B/ had taken C l take D/ have taken
Test 4©
1. It’s too early to know whether there a r e _______ jobs for this year’s graduates
or whether there are too few.
A/ too much B/ sufficiently C/ a lot D/ enough
2. We were both very excited about the visit, as w e_______ each other for ages.
A/ never saw B/ hadn’t seen C/ didn’t see D/ haven’t seen
3. For most patients, the new regulations_______ the waiting period, as individual
doctors could no longer make decisions on their own.
A/ longed B/ have lengthen C/ lengthed D/ lengthened
4. You will have no more than five minutes for placing the animal back in the cage.
Once the drug_______ , you should again keep away from it.
A l will have ceased to work B/ ceases to work
C l will cease working D/ would cease to work
5. Whenever I take Granny to the railway station, 1 wish sh e _______ ner hornuic
pink umbrella on the train; but she is very careful about her personal things.
A/ will leave B/ ought to have left C l would leave D/ left
8. On the last day we went to see the show, which, contrary_______ the sceptics’
opinions, was fairly amusing.
A/ to B/ of C l from D/ against
9. Only she p e o p le ________the exact date of the visit and Bob was not among
them. And so his presence at the airport was a surprise for all of us.
A/ would have been given B/ would be given C/ were to be given D/ were being given
10. Well, since Mr Rawlison doesn’t seem to be vety cooperative in what regards the
timing of the tour, w e ________our participation in it. Of course, it would be
better not to withdraw.
A/ had had to rethink B/ might have rethought
C l may have to rethink D/ maybe rethink
11. Jenny is an early riser and she shouldn’t object________the trip before 7 am.
A/ to have to start B/ to starting C l against starting D/ to start
12. If you believe_______ in the newspapers, you will not be wiser than people who
read nothing at all.
A/ all that is published B/ all what is published
C/ all that published D/ all that which is published
13. All the guests seemed to have enjoyed the party, although A n n _______ some
more attractive records.
A/ could choose B/ was able to choose C l should choose D/ could have chosen
15. What will you do if they don’t agree_______ ? There is no way we can force them.
A/ to have their luggage searched B/ on having their luggage searched
C/ to having searched their luggage D/ to have searched their luggage
Test 47
1. Leo didn’t rem em ber_______ the heating on when going away for the weekend
and as a result some flowers in the hall were destroyed by the frost.
A/ to turn B/ turning C/ to have turned D/ having turned
2. As it turned out, the real hero of the contest was Dave Baker, a schoolboy from
Trent, w ho________on the skateboard for a couple of months.
A/ only practised B/ has only been practising
C/ was only practising D/ had only been practising
5. After paying the bill I had some money left and so I ________a T-shirt with
Magic Johnson, which my son said was the best present he had ever received.
A/ might buy B/ was able to buy C/ could have bought D/ might have to buy
6. The situation was a little embarrassing when Alice served roast beef for dinner.
I wish I _______her that Greg was a vegetarian.
A! would tell B/ told C l better told D/ had told
7. Why don’t we meet in the evening? I can have a beer with you when I am
duty but not now.
A ] off B/ out of C/ after D/ outside
8. The reports show that our sales have risen more than 20 per cent since we
the first posters with the golden nut.
A] had hung B/ hung C l hanged D/ have hung
9. I’m afraid we’ll have to start from scratch; nothing_______ thus far can be of
any real use to us.
A/ what they have prepared B/ has been prepared
C l they have prepared D/ of which has been prepared
10. The place was redecorated with great care and looked as if it ______
vandalised.
AJ has never been B/ had never been C/ never were D/ were never
11. The day before the demonstration police blocked most access roads to the town
b y _______ special barriers.
A/ setting down B/ setting up C/ putting about D/ putting forward
12. She does the typing of our school bulletin, which at times may b e _______ .
A/ a very hard work B/ a hardwork C/ very hard work D/ very hard a work
13. If you go on insisting_______a copy of every report, you’ll end up buried under
a pile of paper.
A/ to be given B/ on giving you C l on being given D/ to give you
14. Any changes are possible in the phase of the drafting of the document. But,
please, Adam, don’t try to change the text after i t _______upon.
A/ was agreed B/ will have been agreed C l will be agreed D/ has been agreed
15. After a number of incidents with the police we decided to close down the club
altogether. But now I think that maybe w e _______ it open.
A J should have kept B/ ought to keep C/ should better keep D/ should rather keep
Test 4 8
1. You should try to follow the lecture without asking questions unless you
something important.
A J have missed B/ will miss C l had missed D/ would miss
2. Without turning my head in the direction of the gate I ________a small object
just under the fence.
A J spot B/ have spot C/ have spotted D/ spotted
3. Since the Green C o n test________before the end of the school year, I was
against extending the deadline.
A J must have been judged B/ had to be judged
C l has been judged D/ would have been judged
4. You don’t have to burst with energy but you shouldn’t look________, either.
A J too helplessly B/ such helpless C l totally helpless D/ helplessly enough
5. When I saw that the main prize which I _______ of since the announcement of
the lottery would go to Milly, I started crying.
AJ had dreamt B/ have dreamt C l have been dreaming D/ was dreaming
v. Spfccuvmg aboui ™r Mouu, i just m e i_______ who said ne was me oest lawyer
in town.
A/ a client of him B/ a client of his C l the client of his D/ another his client
7. I think we ought to be glad that Bob didn’t turn to us for advice. I can’t imagine
what it might have been if h e ________.
A/ did B/ came C/ would D/ had
8. At the beginning of the book Paula’s story is to ld ________at one point the J
reader is completely lost.
A/ in such clumsy way that B/ in so clumsy way that
C l so clumsily that D/ in very clumsy way and
9. You will feel better after the fifth pill. But you should go on taking them until
y o u _______ all twenty. Last year you stopped the treatment too early.
A/ took B/ have taken C l will have taken D/ will take
10. What is the p o in t________yet another language one year before leaving the
school?
A/ of getting some of them take B/ to get some of them take
C/ to get some of them to be taking D/ of getting some of them to take
11. I didn’t risk a shower because of the temperature in the bathroom. I wish
I _______ so cold in the castle.
A/ would have been told there was B/ was told there is
C/ had been told it was D/ had been told there was
13. Ann is right. She couldn’t ask for another set of questions half way through the
examination. Well, maybe s h e ________the examiners for some additional :
explanation.
A/ could ask B/ ought to ask C/ should have asked D/ would be able to ask
14. People whose main concern i s ________ may eventually develop some serious
health problems.
A/ not overfeeding B/ not to be overfeeding
C/ not to overfeed D/ not to be overfed
1 5 .1 am rather reluctant to use methods which have not been tried ______ before.
A/ out B/ up C l on D/ for
test 4 9
1. To remain on the safe side, we should not take things for granted and should be
able to cope with all kinds of contingency; in Salts, for instance, the villagers
for accommodating all the visitors.
A/ may have been unprepared B/ need not to be prepared
C l may be unprepared D/ must not be prepared
2. Although a majority of authors stand firmly against euthanasia, you will find
in favour of it.
A/ quite few B/ hardly any C/ hardly none D/ quite a few
3. On the last day of the tour we made a stop at the headquarters of the 5th
Regiment and had a meeting with its v eteran s,________for most of us was
a rather moving occasion.
AJ who B/ that C l which D/ what
5. About two miles from the village, the road ________steeply, considerably
slowing our progress in the direction of the mountain pass.
A/ has started raising B/ raised C/ has risen D/ rose
6 .1 fully understand the point you are making about experimenting with soft drugs.
Well, if my parents_______ me to the school where teachers had similar views,
1 might perhaps find it convincing.
AJ wouldn’t send B/ didn’t send C l hadn’t sent D/ wouldn’t have sent
9. The best wood for building this type of canoe is oak. But since no oak is
available, we’ll have t o _______ it.
AJ do without B/ make without C l take without D/ carry without
10. Knowing Irene as I do, I was certain she would protest about_______ for the defeat.
A/ holding her responsibility B/ being held responsible
C/ having held responsibility D/ holding responsible
11. We should believe what Jim is telling us. If there ________no post in the
morning, the postman could have begun his round later or the postal van could
have broken down again
A/ had been B/ was C l were D/ would have been
12. It was not easy to get a general picture out o f_______ that started arriving soon
after the incident.
AJ so much conflicting information B/ such a lot of informations
C l so many conflicting informations D/ all those pieces with information
13. The project, which many people believed to be a major breakthrough, ended j
failure.
AJ with B/ in C/ by D/ upon
14. He is just pulling your leg! H e _______ here on foot as the railway station is i
located some 50 1cm from here.
AJ couldn’t come B/ wouldn’t be able to come
C/ hadn’t been able to come D/ can’t have come
1. Remember that products n o t_______ to sell in New York will not find buyers
in Kutno or Donetsk.
AJ enough attractive B/ attractive enough
C/ attractively sufficient D/ attractive sufficiently
2. Since Bernie and Alf couldn’t take part in the last training games, w e _______
some problems with team coordination. Well, we’ll find that out tomorrow.
A/ might have expected B/ might now expect
C l had better expected D/ have better expected
3. If you tell the examiners you’re allergic_______ poetry, they won’t be amused.
AJ for B/ on C/ against D/ to
4. Like every football fan in Glasgow, I wish that Celtic_______ the first goal in
Wednesday’s match. By boosting the players’ morale it should decide the final result.
A/ scores B/ would score C/ had scored D/ scored
5. The secrecy of the police operation against the gang was complete. It seems only
in jail did its bosses discover their phone calls_______ listened to for months.
A/ were being B/ have been C/ were D/ had been
6. Don’t include_______ squash or softball. It would make the organization of the
tournament more difficult.
A/ such games as B/ the games such as C l such games like D/ such a game like
7. Feeling tired is no excuse for driving to church in a dirty car. Why didn’t you take
it to the car wash? Or, if you didn’t want to queue, you_______ some money to
your son for washing it.
A/ could give B/ were to give C l might have given D/ were able to give
8. If they don’t _______ my sight at once, I’ll go mad or shoot them.
A/ get away from B/ get out of C/ go out from D/ go off
9. Although no official invitation has come yet, I’ve told the girls________some
long skirts and white blouses.
AI they’ve better packed B/ they’d better packed
C l they’d better pack D/ they’d better have packed
10. I’m afraid Archie will get drunk at the party no matter what his w ife_______ to
prevent it.
A/ would do B/ were doing C l will do D/ does
11. Isn’t it a bit unwise of Jerry________without a proper evaluation?
A/ suggesting to sell the portrait B/ suggest the portrait being sold
C l to suggest selling the portrait D/ suggesting the portrait to be sold
12. The parents’ representatives wanted to know why the schools________of the
changes in the grading system.
A? haven’t informed B/ hadn’t informed C/ weren’t informing D/ hadn’t been informed
13. We_______ the bill and it might have been worse - each of us had to pay about $ 60.
A/ split B/ have split C l splitted D/ had splitted
14. Even if we devote_______ , we will have to spend about ten hours to complete
the task.
A/ each applicant just ten minutes B/ ten minutes or so for every applicant
C l only ten minutes to every applicant D /just ten minutes on each applicant
15. After 150 years of research in psychology, m ost_______ known about human
nature can be found in a few books written centuries ago.
A l of what is B/ that we do C l of that is D/ of that what is
soot O b
2. Prawdę powiedziawszy, nie chce [= feel] mi się rozmawiać teraz z tymi ludźmi.
3. Nie wolno ci myśleć tylko o sobie. Nikt nie będzie cię lubił. Z drugiej strony, nie
musisz wyrzekać się wszystkich przyjemności.
4. Przyjedziemy posłuchać twoich uczniów pod warunkiem, że nie każą nam zostać
do wieczora w firmie.
5. Ani Helen, ani ci spośród jej przyjaciół, którzy znają Franka, nie powinni tam te
raz iść.
6. Czy teraz, po przeczytaniu tego artykułu, nadal myślisz, że oni będą mogli nam
pomagać?
7. Czy znasz modelkę Molly Kay? Ona jest tą dziewczyną, z powodu której Max
Perth stracił posadę na naszym uniwersytecie.
8. Trzeba chyba pomóc Ewie. Odkąd pokłóciła się z siostrą, gotuje dla nas wszyst
kich.
10. Sue musi stale nosić ciemne okulary. Przez to nigdy nie jestem pewien, czy pa
trzy na mnie, czy nie.
11. Było dla mnie niespodzianką, że film zrobił wrażenie [= impress] zarówno na
dziennikarzach, jak i naukowcach.
12. Czy masz wyobrażenie [= idea], ile potrzebujemy czasu, żeby dokończyć parter?
13. Myślałem, że śnię, kiedy zobaczyłem, jak one [= them] zatrzymują swój samo
chód przed restauracją.
14. Czy mam jechać dziś, czy poczekać na ciebie? Pojedź dziś. Jutro nie będziesz
mógł porozmawiać z szefem.
15. Jeśli zaprosiliście pana Terty, który jest osobą najmniej zainteresowaną nowymi
meblami, powinniście też zaprosić projektanta. Zdaje się, że mam jego adres.
Tesł 5 2
1. Może będziesz musiał zmienić swoje plany. Będzie to zależało od wyników kon
ferencji.
Y ou...
2. Przypuszczam, że zmylił [= mislead] ją kolor ich samochodu. Jest prawie tald jak
nasz.
3. Jeśli będziesz rozmawiał z wujkiem Joe, zapytaj, kiedy i gdzie mogę go zoba
czyć.
4. W tym roku przyjeżdża zbyt niewielu czołowych zawodników, aby zapewnić tur
niejowi atrakcyjność.
... tournament attractive.
6. Najwyższy czas, żeby ktoś jej powiedział, czego nie powinna robić.
7. Już czwarta. Chłopcy powinni teraz pracować w ogrodzie. Nie mam pojęcia, cze
mu tego nie robią.
9. Nie wiem, gdzie jest teraz moja siostrzenica. Od kilku dni nie mogę się z nią
skontaktować.
10. Wejdź, bo zamykam drzwi na lducz. Nie chcę, żeby mi przeszkadzano [= disturb],
kiedy pracuję.
11. Jeśli chodzi o mnie osobiście, kandydat, którego wybraliście w sobotę, jest naj
gorszy z wszystkich możliwych.
12. On już nie przychodzi na nasze spotkania. Boi się, że nie pozwolą mu wyemi
grować.
13. Nie podoba mi się to lekarstwo. Od jak dawna musi pan je brać?
14. Wówczas Bob ciągle jeszcze był osobą, bez której nie mogło się zdarzyć nic waż
nego w naszej firmie.
15. Najpierw upewnij się, że ona przychodzi w tym tygodniu, a potem daj mi znać.
1. Słuchaliśmy go z wielką przyjemnością. On wie wszystko o historii bankowości
w Zjednoczonym Królestwie
2. Ile pieniędzy musiałeś mu pożyczyć? A czy wiesz, kiedy będzie mógł ci oddać?
4. Pan Adams nie lubi, żeby go tytułować [= address] pułkownildem. Woli, żeby go
nazywać doktorem.
6. Musiała mieć masę czasu. Wyszła z domu za pięć dziesiąta i wcale nie zdawała
się śpieszyć.
7. Czy pamiętasz Nancy Ryder? Dziewczynę, dła której napisaliśmy tę śmieszną pio
senkę?
9. Jej nowa książka jest znacznie gorsza od poprzedniej. Ale nie nazwałbym jej naj
gorszą książką roku.
10. Nawet jeśli jest za mało szklanek, mamy jeszcze trochę pieniędzy i możemy do
kupić.
12. Nie zapomnij o jednym: jeśli cokolwiek źle pójdzie, ani twój brat, ani twoi kuzy
ni nie będą mogli ci pomóc.
13. Nie wiem, co o tym myśleć. Mary mówi, że czekała dłużej niż pół godziny, co nie
może być prawdą.
1. On znacznie bardziej interesował się piłką nożną niż uczeniem się języka. Ale nie
był tak leniwy, jak jego siostra.
2. W porządku. Jeśli skończyłeś pracę, możesz iść na przyjęcie. Ale nie upij się
znowu.
3. Nie wiem, kto ma rację: Alicja czy jej siostra. Faktem jest, że nie rozmawiają ze
sobą od dwóch dni.
6. Czy nie chciałbyś wiedzieć, ile ona ma lat i gdzie się urodziła?
7. Dokąd poszły dzieci? O tej porze powinny odrabiać lekcje. Bardzo źle [= too
bad], że tego nie robią. Porozmawiam z nimi, jak wrócą.
9. To bardzo trudny problem. Nie wyobrażam sobie, jak mogłaby go ona rozwiązać.
Nawet gdyby była inteligentniejsza.
10. W miasteczku, w pobliżu którego mieliśmy ten wypadek, była poczta, ale już by
ła zamknięta.
11. Coś tu jest nie w porządku. Zarabiam coraz więcej, a mogę coraz mniej kupić.
12. Spójrz, chłopcy, między którymi ona siedzi, mają identyczne krawaty.
13. Może będziemy musieli zmniejszyć liczbę gości. Nawet jeśli będzie to wbrew opi
nii niektórych członków klubu.
14. Twoim największym błędem było to, że urządziłeś [= arrange] to spotkanie bez
upewnienia się co do moich planów.
15. Zakwaterowanie nie było zbyt dobre, zgadzam się. No, gdybyśmy nie musieli wy
nająć [= hire] tylu tłumaczy, moglibyśmy wybrać coś lepszego.
The accomodation ...
1. Życz mi powodzenia. Jak tylko dostanę wyniki, dam ci znać.
2. Z początku słuchali cierpliwie mojej historii, ale potem znudzili się i zaczęli grać
w karty.
4. Mogę się mylić, ale kobieta, która zadzwoniła pierwsza, mogła być z Meksyku lub
Kuby.
5. Co skłoniło cię do zmiany planów? Czy wiesz, ile to będzie nas kosztować?
7. Zawsze były problemy z tą kuchenką. Obawiam się, że kiedyś ona może wybuch
nąć [= blow up],
8. Czy ona ci powiedziała, czemu nie chce zobaczyć się z moim bratem? On czekał
na nią w akademiku [= hall of residence],
11. Nie musimy zapraszać tylu ludzi, jeśli nie mamy na to ochoty [= feel],
prawda?
12. Z trudem rozpoznawałem ich twarze z tej odległości [= distance] i oczywiście nie
słyszałem, o czym mówią.
I could hardly...
14. Zaoszczędzisz trochę pieniędzy, tylko jeśli nie będziesz musiał płacić za salę.
15. „Spójrz tylko na ich twarze: muszą rozmawiać o kobietach lub jedzeniu.”
„Niekoniecznie. Obaj zbierają starą porcelanę.”
lest 56
1. Znam bardzo niewielu ludzi, którzy mogliby sobie pozwolić na tak kosztowne me
ble. Nie ma wśród nich żadnego z moich braci.
2. Nie będę się dziwił, jeśli mężczyzna, którego szukacie od dwóch tygodni, wkrót
ce pojawi się na konferencji prasowej w Miami.
4. Gdyby ona spodziewała się odesłania do domu, nie byłaby taka wystraszona
[= scared],
5. Najwyższy czas, żeby ktoś porozmawiał z nim poważnie. Żaden nauczyciel nie
zrobi tego lepiej od bliskiego przyjaciela.
6. Jak można by ustalić [= find out], ile będzie referatów pierwszego dnia
rano?
7. Nie zapłacę, dopóki ona mi dokładnie nie powie, za co chce tyle pieniędzy.
8. Było późno, ale jestem pewien, że Maiy zdążyła [= catch] jednak na pociąg. Ona
zawsze zdąża.
9. Nie musi pan rzucać palenia, ale nie wolno panu palić 40 papierosów dzien
nie.
10. Dowiedziałem się o jego decyzji tydzień temu, a ciągle jeszcze o niej myślę.
11. Wiedziałem, że wszystko będzie dobrze, ale nie mogłem opanować [= help] zde
nerwowania.
12. Szkoda, że nie kupiłeś tego zegarka. Mogłeś go dać ojcu na urodziny.
13. Może będziesz musiał przestać się z nią widywać przez jakiś czas. Ale nie martw
się.
You ...
14. Prawdę mówiąc, nie lubię klasycznego tańca, ale nie mógłbym jutro iść do ope
ry, nawet gdybym lubił.
15. Bądź cierpliwszy. Jeśli się za bardzo rozzłościsz, nie będziesz mógł wygłosić prze
mówienia.
Test 57
2. Czy już się namyśliłeś? Nie każ nam czekać zbyt długo.
5. Bądź ostrożny. Nikt nie powinien wiedzieć, czy pojawisz się w sobotę czy w nie- ;
dzielę.
6. Jestem pewien, że mecz bardzo by ci się podobał. Ale Albert grał trochę gorzej
niż zwykle.
9. Oni nie muszą wiedzieć, dokąd idziecie. Nie powinniście w ogóle odpowiadać na
ich pytania.
10. Galeria, dla której przygotowuję tę wystawę, będzie musiała ubiegać się [= apply]
o dotację z Rady Miasta.
... a subsidy from the City Council.
11. Wiem, że to smutne. Ale przyznajmy [= admit], że ani pan, ani ja nie możemy
wiele zrobić dla tych biedaków.
12. Jeśli na jutrzejszym teście uda ci się [= manage] zrobić tak mało błędów, jak dziś,
z pewnością [= certainly] będziesz miał jeden z czołowych wyników.
... top scores.
13. Nie pytaj go, dokąd idzie. Zdaje się bardzo śpieszyć.
14. Było dużo telefonów od rodziców naszych uczniów po tym, jak radio podało, że
bandytę [= criminal] widziano w pobliżu South End.
15. Nawet jeśli zachowywał się trochę lepiej niż zwykle, był znacznie gorszy od pozo
stałych chłopaków.
Tesł 58
2. Nie uwierzysz w to, ale jego list doprowadzi! obie siostry do płaczu.
4. Gdyby zaproszono rodziców każdego dziecka, na sali nie byłoby teraz ani jedne
go wolnego miejsca.
5. Trudno powiedzieć, czy kolor będzie się jej podobał, czy nie. Miejmy nadzieję, że
tak.
6. Sklep, naprzeciwko którego masz zaparkować, jest zwykle zamknięty o tej po
rze.
7. Obawiam się, że jest już za późno. Tę decyzję trzeba było podjąć znacznie
wcześniej.
13. Nie zwalaj teraz winy na żonę; wiesz, że nie musiałeś tego podpisywać [= sign].
Don’t blame ...
14. Kandydat, który przemawiał jako pierwszy, wydaje się najmniej kompetentny ze
wszystkich. Ale był tym, który był najbardziej pewny siebie.
15. Kiedy kurtyna [= curtain] idzie w górę, widzimy pustą klasę szkolną. Pętem
wchodzą [= then come] Rita i jej chłopiec. Ona zaczyna śpiewać balladę po an
gielsku, podczas gdy chłopak gra na gitarze.
nest o»??
1. Niech pan przyjdzie w piątek mniej więcej o tej porze albo w przyszłym tygodniu.
Jutro o tej porze będę się szykował do pokazu.
... ready for the show.
3. Popatrz, znów pada śnieg! Od co najmniej sześćdziesięciu lat nie było tyle śnie
gu w kwietniu.
6. Nie znam na tyle pana Foxa, żeby powiedzieć, czyjego zdziwienie wybraniem go
w pierwszej turze [= round] było prawdziwe [= genuine].
7. Niestety, coraz więcej ludzi rodzi się w najmniej uprzemysłowionych krajach świata.
8. Ostrzegłem Freda, że portier go nie wpuści, jeśli nie przeprosi Tess za to, że byt
taki niegrzeczny.
I have...
9. Mógł ich zmylić [= mislead] tytuł filmu. Sam myślałem, że to film o historii sportu.
10. Bałem się, że nie będę w stanie rozpoznać Marka. Ale nie musiałem nawet pró
bować, bo on rozpoznał mnie.
11. Czy powiedziano wam, jak długo tu zostaniecie i z kim będziecie pracować?
Have...
12. Musi lubić [= enjoy] z tobą rozmawiać, bo od zeszłego poniedziałku był już pięć razy.
13. Nie musiał pytać, gdzie jest niebieska koperta, bo dobrze wiedział, gdzie ją Filip
włożył poprzedniego dnia.
14. Nie mam pojęcia, jak moglibyśmy skłonić [= make] wszystkich tych chłopaków,
żeby przestali telefonować do Marty przed egzaminami.
15. A teraz, po tym wszystkim, czy nadal myślisz, że będziemy musieli zapraszać go
na nasze zebrania?
ie«T GO
1. Ich nowe mieszkanie jest o wiele mniej wygodne od starego. Ale czynsz, który
tam musieli płacić, był prawie tak wysoki, jak pensja Ann.
2. Może nie być dość miejsc siedzących, szczególnie jeśli przyjdą wszyscy nasi lon
dyńscy krewni.
8. Ona musi kłamać. Nie mogła mnie widzieć w Brixton, bo mnie tam nie było.
9. Według mnie problemem było to, że było zbyt wielu doradców [= adviser], a zbyt
mało pomocników.
10. Nie zaczynajmy bez Marka. On jest osobą najbardziej zainteresowaną ukończe
niem pracy na czas.
11. Nie myślałem, że Sheila, o której złym charakterze tyle słyszałem, będzie się tak
dobrze zachowywać.
12. Uspokój się. Spróbuj sobie wyobrazić [= imagine], co one teraz mogą robić.
13. Nigdy się nie zgodzę, żeby mi płacono mniej niż Maxowi. Pracuję dłużej od
niego.
14. O ile wiem, ona nie będzie miała nic przeciwko temu [= mind], żeby zostać tro
chę dłużej.
15. Powiedział Barbarze, że wyjeżdża [= leave] nazajutrz, co nie było prawdą, jako
że widziałem go wczoraj w banku.
Test 61
2. Jeśli to nie byl sam Roger, musiał to być któryś z jego braci.
3. Nie chcę się jeszcze żenić. Ale chciałbym mieć dziewczynę, która byłaby ładna
i miła i z którą mógłbym wyjść do kina albo na spacer.
5. Nie jesteś zadowolony? Chciałbyś teraz stać w ogonku [= queue] na tym desz
czu?
6. Nie wiem, czemu nie przyszli. Mogła ich zniechęcić [== discourage] prognoza po
gody, która jednak okazała się błędna.
7. Gdyby Nancy, która trochę zna język, nie poszła ze mną, nawet nie zrozumiał
bym, czego ode mnie chcą.
10. Tłum był tak gęsty [= dense], że nie bylibyśmy w stanie się odnaleźć. Nie musisz
niczego żałować.
12. Dotąd rozmawiałem z sześciu kolegami, ale żaden z nich nie wie, jak to zro
bić.
13. Jeśli się nie pośpieszysz, nie będziemy mieli papierosów. Dziś jest poniedziałek
i sklep zamyka się dwie godziny wcześniej.
14. To może się wydać dziwne, ale odkąd wystąpiłem w telewizji, niektórzy ludzie sta
li się dla mnie bardzo nieuprzejmi.
15. Mieliśmy nadzieję, że będzie mógł zostać na parę dni. Ale nawet nie mógł zostać
na noc, bo następnego dnia musiał lecieć do Berlina.
Tesł S2
1. On jest prawdziwym znawcą piłki nożnej, choć nigdy sam w nią nie grai. Ale nie
jest szczególnie zainteresowany innymi grami, takimi jak piłka ręczna czy golf.
6. Słuchając go, nie rozumiałem, jak może być tak naiwny. Powszechnie wiadomo,
że oni nigdy nie mówią prawdy.
7. Pozwól sobie powiedzieć jeszcze jedno: oni nas nigdy nie zrozumieją.
8. Czy uwierzysz, że odkąd nasz telewizor się zepsuł, o wiele lepiej sypiam?
9. Mogę sobie wyobrazić, że życie kapitana dużego tankowca musi być dość mono
tonne.
10. W następnym pokoju zobaczyliśmy około dziesięciu młodych ludzi, którzy zda
wali się ciężko pracować przy biurkach. Teraz wcale nie jestem pewien, czy oni
rzeczywiście pracowali.
11. Ogólnie wszystko było mniej więcej w porządku. Nie podobała mi się tylko jed
na drobnostka - Daniel powinien mieć na sobie ciemne ubranie.
12. Lepiej uważaj. Jeśli tym razem się zgubisz, nikt tego nie zauważy [= notice],
13. Był jednym z tych wielkich przywódców, o których życiu prywatnym bardzo ma
ło wiemy.
14. W obecnym stanie rzeczy nie możemy przegrać tej sprawy [= case]. Nawet gdy
by one miały wynająć [= hire] najlepszego prawnika w kraju.
As things are....
15. Doniczki z gliny, które widzieliśmy u Chiltona, były trochę większe od tych, któ
re można kupić na targu. Były mniej więcej takie jak nasze.
The terracota pots ...
neiSł t s o
2. A ni ty, ani Ewa nie wiecie, jak napisać takie ogłoszenie. Niech F red zrobi to za
was.
3. Nigdy nie wiem, jak ona zareaguje, choć mieszkamy razem od tylu lat.
4. U w aża się [= believe] teraz, że porw anie [= kidnapping] mogło być zaplanow a
ne naw et rok wcześniej.
5. Czy policja będzie mogła ustalić [= find out], jak szybko oni jechali?
6. N ie mam aż tylu pieniędzy, a nie je ste m szczególnie zainteresow any tym obra
zem . Nawet gdyby byl tańszy.
9. Gdyby było więcej czasu, zm usiłbym go do zrobienia tego ponow nie. A le je st już
zbyt późno.
10. Jest pan zupełnie bezpieczny. Aby znaleźć jakieś dowody [= evidence], oni mu
sieliby przesłuchać [= interrogate] wszystkich w mieście. N aw et nie musi p an od
pow iadać na ich pytania.
11. W edług mnie studentka, z którą przed chwilą rozmawialiśmy, m usiała się urodzić
w polskiej rodzinie.
12. Z nam go wystarczająco długo, żeby być pewnym, że jest uczciwym człowiekiem.
14. Jeśli przyjdą wszyscy, którzy otrzym ali zaproszenia od naszych uczniów , będzie
za m ało miejsc siedzących.
15. Musieliśmy wyjść, zanim zaczęła się praw dziw a d ebata i dlatego nie w iem , kto
wygrał. Myślę, że poglądy doktora R eno mogły przekonać [= convince] Adama
i jego kolegów.
lest 6 4
1. Nie czekajmy na Adama. Jeśli dotąd nie telefonował, to znaczy, że musiał zostać
z matką.
2. Słyszysz ten hałas? To państwo Adler. Muszą dyskutować o polityce. Próbują się
nawzajem przekonać.
4. Dlaczego jeszcze z nimi nie rozmawiałeś? Mówiłeś, że chcesz się z nimi zaprzy
jaźnić.
5. Znając go, byłem pewien, że ani moje słowa, ani Izy jego matki nie nakłonią go
do zmiany zdania.
6. Musieli go śledzić [= follow] od jakiegoś czasu. Bez tego [= otherwise] nie byli
by w stanie znaleźć tego domu na przedmieściu.
7. Teraz nie żartuję. Jeśli tym razem się upijesz, nie przychodź więcej.
8. W drugiej połowie XVIII wieku kanały były tak ważne, jak autostrady dzisiaj.
10. Najwyższy czas, żebyśmy przestali marnować [= waste] czas i abyśmy zrobili coś
poważnego. Zacznijmy wydawać pismo.
11. Jedyną kobietą, dla której Max mógłby wynieść się z Bath, jest jego matka.
12. Straciliśmy dwie trzecie papieru, ale byłoby znacznie gorzej, gdyby znaleźli nasz
zapas tuszu.
... supply of ink.
13. Teraz widzimy, że nie jest tak nieszkodliwy [= harmless], jak się uważało. Ale
jest z pewnością najmniej niebezpieczny z nich wszystkich.
14. Obawiam się, że nie będzie łatwo ocenić, ilu jest w tej chwili cudzoziemców
w Mediolanie. A dlaczego pytasz?
15. Powiedziałem, że nie mogę się zgodzić, żeby mnie tam wysłano samego.
Tesł 8 5
2. Wydaje mi się, że uniwersytet, który ona ukończyła [= graduate], nie może mieć
bardzo wysokiego poziomu akademickiego.
5. Nie, nie robi mi różnicy [= mind], żeby zaczekać trochę dłużej. Jeśli wszystko bę
dzie gotowe do soboty, nie będę składał zażalenia.
... complain.
6. To jest początek końca. Teraz to nie może potrwać dłużej niż 20 lat. Ale oczywi
ście nie musi trwać tak długo.
7. Jeśli Bob i jego dziewczyna nie przychodzą, także tam nie idźmy.
8. Trzeba było wziąć taksówkę. Zapłaciłbyś ponad 200 dolarów, ale nie uszkodził
byś [= damage] samochodu.
9. Odkąd nasz syn zakochał się w Joy, dwa razy w miesiącu chodzi do fryzjera.
10. W sobotę grałeś bardzo dobrze. Ale nie mógłbyś pokonać Adamsa; nawet gdyby
on pokazał trochę słabszą formę.
11. Po czterech godzinach czekania powiedziano nam, że burmistrz [= mayor] zgo
dził się rozpatrzyć [= consider] nasze podania i że przyjmie [= see] nas nazajutrz
o 9:40.
12. Dziesięć minut przed zamknięciem, do sklepu wszedł wysoki mężczyzna w sza
rym garniturze. Podszedł do lady [= counter] i powiedział, że chce rozmawiać
z właścicielem.
13. „Czemu się golisz w kuchni?”
„Zawsze to robię, ldedy chcę posłuchać wiadomości. Tu jest lepszy odbiór [= re-
ception],
14. O ile wiem, to właśnie Joe nauczył cię grać w pokera. Niech on teraz płaci twoje
długi.
15. Ta część kraju, nad którą będziemy przelatywać, szybko się rozwija od dziesięciu lat.
Tesl 6 6
2. Nawet najmniej kosztowny z domów, które widzieliśmy, to więcej niż możemy za
płacić.
3. Jeśli będzie za dużo skarg [= complaints], będziemy musieli coś z tym zrobić.
6. Książka, o której mówię, musi być krótsza. Nastolatki nie czytają długich po
wieści.
7. Czemu chcesz, aby twojemu najlepszemu koledze dano taką niebezpieczną pracę?
8. O ile wiem, państwo Losey nie kupili tego domu dla siebie. Chcą go wynająć fir
mie naftowej.
9. Czy zdajesz sobie sprawę z tego, ile oni będą potrzebować ciężarówek, aby przy
wieźć cały ten sprzęt?
10. Przed lotem do Osaki porozmawiaj z panem Hardy. On prowadzi tam interesy
[= do business] od co najmniej dziesięciu lat.
11. Z przyczyn oczywistych minister, dla którego przygotowano ten tajny raport, nie
mógł omawiać go w programie telewizyjnym.
For obviuos reasons...
12. Naukowcy nigdy nie wierzyli, aby mogło być życie na księżycu.
13. Prawie każdy mężczyzna w naszej wiosce ma o nim coś złego do powiedzenia.
A ilekroć go widzę, jest pijany.
14. Bez szybszych łodzi nie będziemy w stanie przeszkodzić operacjom przemytni
ków [= smugglers]; nawet gdyby naszym ludziom miało pomagać wojsko.
... by the Army.
15. Uważam, że powinieneś kupić tyle obrazów, ile będziesz w stanie zabrać ze sobą.
One są tutaj tak tanie.
nesł 6 /
1. Zanim zdążyłem go zapytać, gdzie jest moja kartka świąteczna, podał [= hand]
mi ją.
2. Gdybym nie zmusił mojej córki do wysłania podania [= application], nie zosta
łaby modelką.
3. System jest bardzo skuteczny. Od ponad 20 lat nie było ani jednego przypadku
wścieklizny [= rabies].
4. Włamanie, o którym pan mówi, było wyjątkiem. Włamywacze normalnie nie dzia
łają [= operate] w południe.
The burglary...
5. Nie wierzę w przypadkowe [= chance] spotkania. Oni dawno już musieli uzgod
nić, żeby razem pojechać do Brighton.
6. Podajmy gościom dziś wieczorem wino węgierskie. W ten sposób będziemy mo
gli zachować [= keep] dla siebie wino francuskie.
7. Inaczej niż [=unlike] niedźwiedzie polarne czy koale, czarne niedźwiedzie chiń
skie są zwierzętami, o których słyszeli stosunkowo [= relatively] nieliczni.
8. Nie mów mi, że nie wiesz, ile lat mieli twoi rodzice, kiedy się pobierali.
9. The Globe nie jest jedynym miejscem, gdzie można kupić talde lampy. Dlaczego
nie spróbujesz innej firmy?
10. Kiedy zdałem sobie sprawę, że mnie nie słuchają, dałem za wygraną i skończy
łem przemówienie.
11. Pomimo złej pogody, ani chłopcy, ani ich rodzice nie próbowali ze mną rozma
wiać na temat zmiany daty wycieczki.
12. Nie całkiem rozumiem, czemu tak wielu urlopowiczów [= holiday makers] wy
biera teraz Maltę. No, niektórych zachęcił może reportaż w Timesie.
... the story in The Times.
13. Wujek Joe mówi, że nie może go spotkać nic gorszego niż wstawanie przed 6-tą.
Zawsze mi opowiada, że najgorszy okres w jego życiu był wtedy, gdy musiał od
bierać pocztę ekspresową na dworcu o 5-ej.
14. Marzę o lekarzu, który nic nie powie o cukrze, ziemniakach i tłustych zupach. Nie
mówiąc już [= not to mention] o alkoholu i tytoniu.
15. Mógłbym uwierzyć w to, co mówisz, gdybym nie pracował na podobnym sprzęcie
od prawie 10 lat.
Test SB
1. Naprawdę chciałabym, aby Lou mnie zastąpiła, bo od dwu miesięcy nie miałam
wolnego weekendu.
2. Próbujemy wynegocjować [= negotiate] jeszcze jeden kontrakt z firmą ALMA.
Oni wytwarzają sprzęt elektroniczny dla szpitali i przychodni.
3. Obawiam się, że będziemy musieli zmienić program, bo w październiku ściemnia
się przed ósmą.
4. To bardzo dobry podręcznik dla dzieci, których rodzice znają na tyle [= enough]
angielski, żeby pomóc im w pracy domowej.
5. Było za wielu muzyków [= musicians] na 30-minutowy program. Gdyby
zaproszono tylko dwóch lub trzech, program byłby znacznie atrakcyjniejszy.
6. Wezwałem mechanika, po tym jak niektóre z dziewcząt skarżyły się [= complain],
że w łazience nie ma ciepłej wody.
7. Osobiście uważam, że ten film jest zarówno bardzo głupi jak i skrajnie
niebezpieczny. Nie pokazywałbym go w telewizji publicznej.
Personally I find this ...
8. Nie mów jej, ile dostała punktów. Chcę sam z nią porozmawiać.
9. Czy nie uważasz, że byłoby głupio, gdybym ryzykował utratę swojej pracy po to
tylko, by chronić [= protect] twoją?
10. Myślę, że nie powinno się pozwalać [= allow] dzieciom, by oglądały filmy z taką
dawką przemocy.
... with so much violence.
11. Niekoniecznie zgadzam się z tym, że jakikolwiek nauczyciel będzie lepszy niż
w ogóle żaden. Przede wszystkim potrzebujemy wysokiego poziomu [= high
standards] nauczania.
12. Około pół godziny później minęliśmy zielonego forda, który wyglądał jak
furgonetka pokazana wczoraj wieczorem w telewizji.
13. Przed podjęciem pracy każdemu nowemu pracownikowi [= employee] należy
pokazać, których z czerwonych przycisków nie wolno nigdy naciskać.
14. Po zabawie rodzice zgodzili się, że urządzenie [= holding] jej w restauracji było
błędem. W klubie osiedlowym [= community centre] dzieciaki miałyby nawet
więcej radości [= fun] za mniejsze pieniądze.
15. Na twoim miejscu pojechałbym do Madrytu pociągiem. Będzie to trochę droższe
niż jazda autokarem, ale dostaniesz się tam znacznie szybciej.
1. Nie uważasz, że powinno być więcej takich tanich restauracji jak ta?
3. Powinieneś być szczególnie uprzejmy dla ludzi, z których opiniami się nie zga
dzasz [= disagree].
7. Zdaje się, że większość członków naszego klubu zaakceptowała nowe przepisy. Pro
blem w tym, jak potraktować [= deal witfa] tych niewielu, którzy tego nie zrobili.
Most members o f ...
10. Jeśli zobaczysz wodę na podłodze, naciśnij czerwony guzik, aby włączyć główną
pompę. Pamiętaj, że pompa nie powinna pracować dłużej niż pół godziny.
11. Przychodzą mi na myśl tylko dwaj ludzie, którzy mogliby to przetłumaczyć: jed
nym z nich jest oczywiście profesor De Ville, a drugim emerytowany dyrektor ban
ku w Bath.
I can th in k ...
12. Jest naszym najpoważniejszym wspólnikiem od tak dawna, że mogę cię zapew
nić, że to bardzo przyzwoity człowiek.
14. W obecnej sytuacji ani rząd, ani ci przywódcy związkowi, którzy chcą kontynu
ować strajk, nie mogą liczyć na poparcie społeczeństwa.
... the support of the public.
15. Bez świetnego pomysłu Patryka szlibyśmy teraz w deszczu i nieśli ciężki namiot.
Tesi 70
1. Skąd mam wiedzieć, gdzie jest przycisk [= button] alarmowy? Nigdy tu dotąd nie
byłem.
2. Jako że całkowity ciężar butelki nie wynosił więcej niż ćwierć funta, nie miałem
problemu z niesieniem jej w plastykowej torbie.
7. Nie jest możliwe zapobiec [= prevent] takim wypadkom. Nawet gdyby na każ
dym rogu ulicy był policjant...
8. Prawdę mówiąc, domek był rodziców, a nie jej. Nie mogła sprzedać go wbrew ich
woli.
9. Im jesteś biedniejszy, tym więcej musisz płacić - czy to nazywasz sprawiedliwością?
10. Miejmy nadzieję, że drugie wydanie biografii biskupa, które właśnie się przygo
towuje, będzie wolne od tamtych idiotycznych błędów.
11. Całkiem dobrze gram na skrzypcach. Ale nigdy by mi się nie śniło, żeby nagry
wać koncerty dla radia.
12. Moim zdaniem natura ludzka jest taka sama od stuleci. W tej dziedzinie nie do
konuje się prawie [= hardly] żaden postęp [= progress].
13. Gdybym miał pojęcie, ilu klientów możemy mieć pierwszego dnia, czułbym się
o wiele lepiej. Ale tego dowiemy się dopiero we środę.
14. Pewien jestem, że pani Rogers ma twój numer telefonu. A więc jeśli nie zadzwo
niła w poniedziałek, musiała zmienić zdanie co do kontraktu.
15. Jeśli znajdziemy sposób na to, żeby nakłonić [= get] ponad dwieście dziewcząt
do wzięcia udziału w ankiecie [= survey], zbierzemy masę informacji, którą moż
na wykorzystać w badaniach rynku.
... in market studies.
lÓSł /B
1. Pośpieszmy się. Będzie prawie niemożliwe odnaleźć ten sklep po tym, jak się
ściemni.
2. Jako, że zarówno pan King jak i jego siostra mają podobne problemy ze swoimi nastolet
nimi córkami, byłbym przeciwny temu, żeby brać poważnie wszystko, co nam mówią.
3. Podróż zajmie więcej czasu, bowiem większość miasteczek, przez które będzie
my przejeżdżać, ma bardzo wąskie uliczki bez obwodnic [= bypass].
4. Nie musimy wiedzieć od razu, co ona zrobi, aby obniżyć koszt. Niech ona to prze
myśli [= tihimk ©ver].
5. Wielu ludzi mówi bardzo dobrze o nowym systemie. Ale dla mnie on wcale do
brze nie wygląda.
6. To, za co płacicie, to doświadczenie. Musicie zdać sobie sprawę z tego, że ktoś,
kto od wielu lat naprawia pompy o zaawansownej technologii [= high-tech
pumps], nie będzie pracował za 500 dolarów miesięcznie.
Expérience is ...
7. Zapowiedź, iż kierowcy ciężarówek mogą zablokować autostradę, skłoniła nie
których kierowców do wybrania dłuższej drogi wzdłuż wybrzeża.
8. Czy kustosz był w stanie powiedzieć państwu, ldedy będzie możliwe znowu zoba
czyć te rzeźby?
Has the curator ...
9. Prawie nie [= hardly] widzę poprawy w sposobie, w jald zorganizowany jest nasz
klub. Najwyższy czas, byśmy wybrali nowego przewodniczącego.
10. Załatwiłem, że oficerowie, między którymi ona będzie siedzieć, nie będą nic na
wzajem o sobie wiedzieć.
I hâve arranged ...
11. Gdyby moja żona była tak zadowolona [= pleased] z siebie, jak twoja, pewien je
stem, że moje dzieci byłyby o wiele mniej ambitne.
12. Co do języka walijskiego, jest powszechna zgoda co do tego, że dawno już moż
na go było wprowadzić do naszych szkół.
As regards the Welsh language ...
13. Jak dotąd, wypróbowaliśmy cztery różne silniki, z których żaden nie spełnia
[ = rneet] nawet najbardziej podstawowych norm bezpieczeństwa.
... elementary safety standards.
14. Zauważyłem aż 26 błędów drukarskich w pierwszych dwu rozdziałach książki.
A niektóre mogłem przeoczyć [= overlook].
15. To nie jest najlepszy moment na zapraszanie pana Dears na wykład. Akurat te
raz krytykują [= criticise] go za jego rolę w zniszczeniu rezerwatu Woodland.
... destruction of the Woodland Reserve.
lesł 1'J .
1. Myślę, że mój czas jest równie cenny [= valuable] jak twój. A więc nie kłóćmy się
[=argue] o tak trywialne rzeczy jak kolor farby.
3. Coś ważnego musi się odbywać [= take place] na ratuszu, bo właśnie pojechało
tym masę limuzyn [= limousine],
4. Aby wiedzieć coś więcej na ten temat, musielibyśmy znaleźć więcej par,
które w domu nie używają polskiego, a których dzieci chodziły do polskich
szkół.
6. Ona ma dopiero 12 lat i jest bardzo dumna [= proud of] z tego, że dają jej tak
odpowiedzialne zadania [= task], jak pokazywanie zamku naszym gościom.
7. Nie rozmawiałem z Ireną od piątku i nie wiem, czy film uznała [= find] za nud
ny czy nie. Ale jako entuzjastce [= enthusiast] wspinaczki, mogły jej się podobać
[= enjoy] zdjęcia Alp.
... pictures of the Alps.
8. Nie bądź urażony [ = offended], jeśli będzie z tobą rozmawiał, jakbyś miał 10 lat
lub mniej. Jest kawalerem i nie umie rozmawiać z młodzieżą.
9. Nie wiedząc, jakiego nazwiska używał przed 1980, ani gdzie się urodził, napraw
dę nie mogę go uważać [= consider] za poważnego partnera. Byłoby nierozsąd
ne [= unwise], gdybym tak robił.
10. Rodzice posyłali mnie na lekcje muzyki, więc jako nastolatek umiałem całkiem
dobrze grać na fortepianie. Ale nigdy nie myślałem o muzyce jako o sposobie
[= way] zarabiania pieniędzy.
11. Wszystko, co mogę ci powiedzieć, to że jak na osobę, która od tak dawna miesz
ka w Paryżu, ma raczej kiepski francuski akcent. Zatem on nie może mieć na
prawdę dobrego ucha do obce] wymowy.
12. Dam ci przykiad, co mam na myśli mówiąc o lojalności [= loyaltyj. Przed podję
ciem każdej ważnej decyzji, i żona i ja zawsze myślimy: co ten drugi zrobiłby w da
nej sytuacji?
13. Aby zdobyć jedno z czołowych miejsc w jutrzejszym konkursie [= contest], mu
siałbyś wybrać bardziej atrakcyjny temat dla swojej przemowy i zrobić tak mało
błędów, jak dziś. Nawet mniej, jeśli to możliwe.
14. Nie ma nic gorszego niż siedzieć w swoim pokoju i czekać, aż zadzwoni telefon.
Dla mnie nawet najgorsza wiadomość jest lepsza niż żadna.
15. Nie możemy pozwolić Alicji ani bliźniakom, żeby jadły tyle, ile chcą. Przed wyj
ściem za mąż sama byłam dość gruba i wiem, że jeśli nie uważać, można utyć
w kilka miesięcy.
lesł 74
1. Jest o wiele za wcześnie, aby komentować przyczyny wypadku autokaru. Jak do
tąd, prawie [ = hardly] nic z tego, co napisała prasa nie zostało potwierdzone
[= confirm] przez pasażerów czy policję.
2. Spodziewaliśmy się, że zapowiedź, iż ten maraton może być ostatnim, skłoni wie
lu ludzi do wysyłania listów z protestami. No, protest okazał się [= turn out]
znacznie silniejszy niż mieli nadzieję organizatorzy.
We expected that the announcement that this marathon ...
4. Zanim wyrażę [= express] swoją własną opinię o tym, dlaczego niektórzy młodzi
ludzie robią awantury [= cause trouble] na stadionach, chciałbym zapytać pan
nę Davies, kiedy ostatni raz poszła na mecz piłki nożnej.
7. Jeśli w przyszłym roku będziemy chcieli przyjąć [= take] więcej studentów, mo
że będziemy musieli zmienić datę egzaminów wstępnych. Ale w tym roku jeszcze
bym tego nie robił. Egzaminy zeszłoroczne mogły być nietypowe [= different]
z przyczyn, których jeszcze nie znamy.
9. Aktówki, które widziałem w sklepiku w Witney wydawały się lepszej jakości niż
te, które oglądaliśmy w hotelu. Były trochę mniejsze od twojej.
The briefcases ...
10. Byłbym raczej sceptyczny. Jeśli kontrola [= check] nie wykazała żadnych
problemów co do higieny [= hygiene problems] autobusów, jej termin musiał
przedostać się [= leak] do nrmy auroousowej. juk o regularny ldiem wiem, jur
wyglądają te autobusy.
11. Nie bądź śmieszny! Mężczyzna, który od pól roku jest zbyt zajęty, żeby
zabrać syna na mecz piłkarski, nie powinien pouczać [= tell] innych, jak być
ojcem.
12. Po wypadku w zeszłym miesiącu miało nie być żadnych wyścigów kolarskich
w Bills, zanim nie skończą się remonty [= road repairs] w centrum. Ale wtedy
szefowie klubu znaleźli trasę [= route] alternatywną.
13. Najwyższy czas, żeby ktoś powiedział pani Atlcins, że to jej obowiązek [= duty]
posprzątać chodnik po wyprowadzeniu psów. Sam bym jej powiedział, ale wczoraj
jej nie spotkałem.
14. Pierwsze zdjęcia ciemnej strony księżyca musiały być zrobione przed lądowaniem
Apolla. Ale nie wiem kiedy dokładnie.
15. Nie chciałbym być ojcem dziewięciolatka, z powodu którego wstrzymano wczoraj
ruch uliczny w centrum prawie na godzinę.
Test 7 5
4. Choć nie wierzyłem, aby w lodówce mogło być trochę wina, poszedłem prosto do
kuchni sprawdzić
5. Nie rozczaruj się [= disappoint], jeśli nasze róże nie będą tak piękne jak twoje.
My mamy o wiele mniej czasu na pracę w ogrodzie.
7. Pytania dotyczące Śląska, których obawialiśmy się [= fear] najbardziej, nie mo
gły być prostsze. Rzeczywiście, niepotrzebnie poświęciliśmy [= devote] dwa wie
czory na uczenie się tego.
8. Zamierzam się spytać, dlaczego nie powiedziano nam, że tych nagrań nie da się
słuchać bez specjalnych słuchawek.
9. Nie miałem pojęcia, czy rybacy mają rację czy nie, ale gdy ich słuchałem, nie mo
głem [= help] nie czuć pewnego szacunku [= respect] dla nich.
10. Niech pan powie swojej córce, że koty są drapieżnikami [= predators] i że nigdy
nie będzie miała kota wegetariańskiego. Nawet gdyby próbowała go karmić wa
rzywami i mlekiem.
11. Nasi lokalni dziennikarze są naprawdę beznadziejni. Nie mogę zrozumieć, dla
czego od czterech tygodni nikt nic nie pisze o śledztwie dotyczącym skażenia je
ziora.
... the investigation into the pollution of the lake.
12. Wolałbym, żeby meteorolodzy mogli nam powiedzieć na pewno, jaka będzie po
goda w przyszłą niedzielę. Byłoby łatwiej zdecydować, czy jechać na żagle, czy na
ryby.
I wish the weathermen ...
13. Autobus, którym córka wracała znad morza spóźnił się o pół godziny, ponieważ
jakiś pasażer zobaczył szczura pod fotelem kierowcy. Zabrało to trochę czasu,
zanim szczura przepędzono.
... was chased away.
14. Biskup nie mógł przyjechać. Być może jego obecność mogłaby skłonić członków
rady parafialnej [= parish council] do zmiany zdania w kwestii nowych organów.
Ale wątpię.
15. To proste. Gdy tylko dolar tanieje, około dwie piąte naszych komponentów, te za
które płaci się w dolarach, również tanieją.
lesł 7fe
1. Podczas strajku byłoby trochę głupio pytać, o której odjedzie pociąg i jak daleko
dojedzie. Wobec tego po prostu siedzieliśmy i czekaliśmy.
4. Przed koncertem mieliśmy nadzieję, że Ida nie będzie miała nic przeciwko temu,
aby wystąpić [= perforai] obok jakichś zespołów ludowych z Gruzji, bo nie był
by to pierwszy raz. Jednak tym razem odmówiła.
5. Nie wiem, czemu Joe się spóźnia. No, może pakować walizkę, bo po południu le
ci do Manchesteru.
6. Gdy tylko nowe rowery zostaną sprowadzone z Włoch, będziemy mogli ćwiczyć
bardziej intensywnie, ponieważ każdy członek drużyny będzie tracił mniej czasu
na naprawianie roweru.
8. Nowi biznesmeni nie dają dość pieniędzy na biednych. Nawet gdyby dawali trzy
razy tyle, nie byłoby to dużo.
9. Chociaż słyszałem już tę historię, nie byłem pewien, czy to Adam namalował te
akwarelki [= watercoiours], czyjego siostra. Oczywiście nie spytałem, bo pani
Lane byłaby zaszokowana, gdybym wykazał tak totalną ignorancję.
10. Po konferencji z dyrektorami szkół nadal nie rozumiem, dlaczego tak trudno wy
liczyć [= cakulate] dwa miesiące wcześniej, ilu nauczycieli angielskiego będzie
potrzebowała każda szkoła. Dlaczego lepiej to robić we wrześniu?
11. Podczas gdy Monice szkoła raczej się podobała, jej matka była sceptyczna. Za
równo zakonnice jak i uczennice przypomniały jej lata spędzone w katolickiej
szkole w Szwajcarii.
12. Nasze ceny się nie zmieniły od zeszłego roku, więc jeśli podano panu wyzszą cenę
niż katalogowa, nasz pracownik musiał pana źle zrozumieć [= misunderstand].
13. To nie było mądre z twojej strony. Kiedy zobaczyłeś, że bierze cię za twojego bra
ta, trzeba było jej powiedzieć, kim jesteś.
15. Odkąd moja żona powiedziała w lokalnej telewizji, że szkoła położy nacisk
[= stress] na kuchnię wegetariańską, otrzymujemy masę poczty od producentów
zdrowej żywności.
... mail from the producers of health food.
Tesł 77
11. Na początku lekcji pan Adams wyjął z teczki książkę. Nie mogliśmy zobaczyć ty
tułu, bowiem książka owinięta [= wrap] była w brązowy papier.
12. Według mnie to nie jest film do oglądania przez dzieci szkolne. Jest w nim za du
żo przemocy.
13. Choć Adam był najmniej uzdolniony z czterech braci, był jedynym, który ukoń
czył uniwersytet. Pozostali byli na to zbyt leniwi.
14. Niczego nie żałuję [= regret]. Te dokumenty pokazują zupełnie jasno, że nawet
gdybyśmy zrezygnowali z większości naszych żądań [= demand], koniec byłby ta
ki sam.
15. Musieli wiedzieć o wizycie Generała, bo wszyscy ciężko pracowali i nikt nie pil
kawy.
Test 7 8
1. Nie wiedząc, ldm są ich przywódcy, ani co chcą osiągnąć [= achieve], będzie bar
dzo trudno ich zwalczać.
5. Przed przeczytaniem tego artykułu nie zdawałem sobie sprawy, jak częste są ta
kie wypadki.
6. Po około dziesięciu minutach wstałem i zapytałem kapitana, czy wie, o czym mó
wi. Ale starałem się być uprzejmy.
7. Dzieci nie będą miały nic przeciw temu, żeby je zostawić w domu, jeśli nie będą
musiały podlewać ogródka.
8. Musimy kupić jabłka bo przyszły koleżanki Kasi i ona dała każdej po jednym,
a sobie zatrzymała największe.
9. Jestem pewien, że ktoś z naszych pracowników musiał im pomóc. Bez taldej po
mocy nie wiedzieliby, jak wyłączyć system alarmowy.
11. Nadal jeszcze omawiają punkt pierwszy. Od wczoraj nie mogą dojść [= reach] do
jakiegoś rozsądnego kompromisu.
12. Jako mały chłopiec marzył o zbudowaniu mostu przez Mississipi. Później, jako
studenta architektury znacznie bardziej interesowały go bary niż mosty.
13. Obawiam się, że nie będziemy mogli zapłacić dodatkowych [= extra] pieniędzy
tym z państwa, którzy będą musieli wyjechać wcześniej.
14. Dopóki nas nie spyta, nie wymieniajmy [ = mention] jej nazwiska. Może on za
pomni.
15. Nawet nie próbowałem z nim rozmawiać, bo był tak pijany, że nie zrozumiałby,
o co go pytam.
sear 7 9
6. Jeśli chcesz kupić żelazko za mniej niż 50 dolarów, weź to z czerwoną rączką. Wy
gląda na lepsze [= quality] niż te inne.
7. Charles orientuje się w Londynie tak, jak by tu mieszkał od wielu lat. A przyje
chał tu dopiero w maju.
Charles finds his way about...
8. Szkoda, że Daniel nie pojawił się na przyjęciu. Byłby zadowolony [= pleased] wi
dząc, jak wielu ludzi interesuje się jego książką.
9. Jeśli jest już dziesięć po czwartej, nasz mistrz [= champion] powinien grać w tenisa
ze swoim trenerem [= coach]. Jeśli tak nie jest, znajdzie go pan w sali gimnastycznej.
10. Wydaliśmy tyle pieniędzy na promie, że nikogo z nas nie było stać na taksówkę
z przystani [= terminal],
11. On powinien zdać sobie sprawę z tego, że nie ma szans pokonać Amerykanów;
nawet gdyby jego gracze byli znacznie wyżsi.
12. Jest za wcześnie, aby powiedzieć, czy będzie dosyć deszczu na dobry zbiór
[= harvest] ogórków. Miejmy nadzieję, że tak.
13. Powiedziałem mu, że nie będziemy mogli zabrać więcej niż 200 kilo. Jeśli pudła
będą cięższe, będzie musiał wynająć furgonetkę.
I’ve told ...
14. Na wschodniej stronie placu był bar albo restauracja. Ale nie pamiętam, czy ser
wowała ziemniaki.
15. Mój ajent z biura podróży zatelefonował wczoraj, żeby zapytać, czy nie mam nic
przeciwko temu, żeby zostać w Casablance o dwa dni dłużej niż planowano.
lest 8U
6. Pani Arens kłamie. Nie mogła tego słyszeć przez radio, bo na miejscu nie było
żadnych reporterów.
... on the scene.
8. Nie zapominaj o jednym: nie wolno ujawnić nazwiska oficera, który zrobi! to
zdjęcie.
... revealed.
10. Rodzice chłopca wystąpili w telewizji o 8-ej. I od tego czasu ciągle dzwoni telefon.
11. Moim zdaniem powinniśmy nadal [= go on] jej pomagać, tak jakby nic nie zaszło.
12. Zdziwiłem się widząc, że ich jadalnia jest prawie tak przestronna [= spacious]
jak nasza.
13. Hans Mahler mówi, że zniszczenie [= destruction] Muru Berlińskiego było jed
ną z najszczęśliwszych chwil w jego życiu.
14. Uważaj! Kiedy ona zobaczy, że nie pilnujesz [= watch], będzie próbowała cię
oszukać [= cheat].
15. Czyje są te walizki? No, jeśli ta z przywieszką [= tag] jest Nory, ta druga musi być
jej brata.
Test BI
1. Najgorsze byio to, że byio za mato dziewcząt. To popsuto [= spoił] caty wieczo
rek.
3. Pozwól sobie powiedzieć jeszcze jedno: zawsze byłem wobec ciebie lojalny.
5. Ona ma sześciu braci, z których żaden nie umie czytać ani pisać.
6. Kiedy zdałem sobie sprawę z tego, że wszyscy ci ludzie próbują przysunąć się bli
żej i dotknąć mojej dłoni, wpadłem w panikę.
... into a panie.
7. Dennis wiedziałby, jak naprawić silnik. Musiało go nie być, kiedy zdarzyła się
awaria.
... the breakdown occurred.
8. Odkąd cena benzyny poszła w górę, firma odmawia płacenia naszych rachunków
za taksówki.
10. Gdyby był Murzynem albo Chińczykiem, zastrzeliliby go, jestem pewien. Mieli
rozkazy, żeby nie zabijać Europejczyków.
11. Czy nie sądzisz, że może być prawie niemożliwe dowiedzieć się, kim był poprzed
ni właściciel domku?
12. Aby coś o tym wiedzieć, musiałby pan porozmawiać co najmniej z dwudziestoma
ludźmi, których dzieci ostatnio wyemigrowały na Zachód.
13. Tak delikatny jedwab można zobaczyć tylko w modnych butikach dla bogaczy.
14. Choć sam siebie nazywał ekspertem, nie potrafił mi powiedzieć, ile jest wolnych
miejsc siedzących, a ile osób się spóźni.
1. Nie uważa pan, że przed wylaniem [= sack] mnie, szef powinien był zapytać, od
jak dawna pracuję dla firmy?
2. A, jeszcze jedno. Po lunchu może być jeden lub dwu interesantów próbujących
się umówić [= appointment] z szefem. Nie musi pan być dla nich uprzejmy.
3. Nawet jeśli zdecydujesz, że należy wprowadzić opłatę [= charge], nie próbuj te
go zrobić przed wrześniem.
4. Mgła gęstnieje z każdą minutą i dlatego nie czekajmy na Marka. Nienawidzę pro
wadzić samochód we mgle.
5. O ile pamiętam, ona miała tylko dwóch chłopaków: jeden był śpiewakiem ope
rowym a drugi pracował w banku. Śpiewak miał zwyczaj przynosić jej kwiaty.
7. Według mnie, 1 lutego jest najmniej prawdopodobną datą ich ślubu. Nawet ko
niec stycznia byłby nieco lepszy.
8. Nie będzie miał nic przeciwko temu, by brać udział w konkursie [= contest], je
śli będzie wiedział, że go wygra.
10. On musiał brać lekcje walijskiego przed tegoroczną wizytą. W zeszłym roku mu
sieliśmy mu tłumaczyć każde walijskie słowo.
11. Prócz tego, że jest właścicielem smażalni [= fish and chip shop] w Yorku, nie ma
prawie [= hardly] nic do zaoferowania.
13. Czy masz pojęcie, po co szef potrzebuje tyle tranu [= fish oil]?
14. Nie myślałem, że koncert rockowy, z powodu którego cały festiwal musiano skró
cić o jeden dzień, ściągnie [= attract] tak niewielu słuchaczy.
15. Musiałem zaczekać, aż Amy otworzy drzwi kluczem, ponieważ niosłem ciężkie
pudlo wypełnione kieliszkami, którego nie mogłem upuścić na podłogę.
aesl bo
1. Niech pan uwierzy doktorowi Blake. Jeśli się spóźni! o 40 minut, mg!a musiała
być rzeczywiście gęsta.
2. Nie chcieliśmy nikogo wylewać [= sack], ale pracowników którzy odmawiali pod
pisania nowych kontraktów, po prostu proszono o rezygnację.
3. Cóż mogę zrobić, aby nie zgubić się w tym wielkim mieście? Żebym tak choć znal
język.
4. Dopóld [= as] nie będziemy wiedzieli na pewno, ile to będzie kosztować, będzie
my musieli oszczędzać każdy grosz.
15. Na szczęście dla nas, większość listów w kolekcji napisano po angielsku. A tych
kilka, które napisano po francusku, nie będą problemem.
lesf 84-
1. Jeśli zaplanujesz zebranie na 8:30, nie zdziw się, jeśli przyjdzie [= turn up] tyl
ko niewielu mężczyzn. Większość z nich będzie oglądać Final Pucharu, który za
czyna się o 8-ej.
2. Pański pies może zdobyć jedną z nagród, tylko jeśli już więcej nie utyje przed po
kazem. Zatem nie powinien pan pozwalać córce czy jej koleżankom dawać mu
słodyczy lub ciastek.
4. Czy byłoby możliwe, żeby dziś powiedzieć, ilu będzie uczniów w każdej z Idas
sportowych oraz ile będą musieli zapłacić rodzice za dodatkowy [= additional]
sprzęt?
5. Siatka [= net] jest jeszcze dość mokra, więc nie zdejmujmy jej na noc. Jeśli w no
cy nie będzie więcej deszczu, do jutra rana będzie sucha.
6. Kardynał Vico był nieco zaintrygowany [= puzzled] tym, że lekarka, która opa
trywała jego oparzenie, nie okazała żadnego zdziwienia. Zachowywała się tak,
jakby kardynałowie z zagranicy przychodzili do jej gabinetu każdego dnia.
7. To wszystko jest znacznie prostsze niż myślisz: mniej słonecznych dni będzie
oznaczać mniej turystów przyjeżdżających w lecie do Newport. A to będzie ozna
czać mniej pieniędzy dla wszystkich.
8. Nowe natryski, które się teraz instaluje [=install], uczynią naszą pływalnię
znacznie przyjemniejszym miejscem dla kąpiących się.
9. Tegoroczne upały [= heatwave] mogą mieć dobre skutki dla jakości win owoco
wych wyrabianych w regionie. Możemy się spodziewać, że procent [= percen
tage] cukru w owocach będzie wyższy niż zwykle.
11. Ostatnia kampania miała nakłonić [= get] czytelników lokalnych gazet, aby wy
syłali listy do Ministra Oświaty dla zaprotestowania przeciw obcinaniu wydat
ków [= spending cuts] i planom zamykania szkól.
The latest campaign ...
12. Proszę się nie martwić, panno Grey. Nie ma potrzeby denerwować się paczką od
siostrzenicy. Mogła zostać przetrzymana [= delayed] na kolei albo przesiana na
zlą pocztę. Ale proszę mi wierzyć, nie może zginąć.
13. Powiedziałem Markowi, żeby był na przystani [= boathouse] wcześnie rano. Je
śli, jak mówi prognoza, jutro będzie słonecznie i ciepło, po 10-ej mogą być pro
blemy z wynajęciem łódki.
1. Patrząc realnie, nie powinniśmy spodziewać się więcej niż pięciuset go
ści. A mamy dość miejsc parkingowych [= parking space] dla dwa razy
tylu.
Realistically...
10. Odkąd klub zaczął stosować kamery TV na stadionie, prawie nie ma incydentów
wymagających użycia psów policyjnych.
11. Prędzej czy później Linda i Gaston będą musieli zadecydować, w którym kraju
będą chcieli mieszkać. Więc nie próbujmy udawać, że nie ma problemu.
12. W tym momencie powinieneś byl jej przerwać i zapytać, za kogo cię uważa
[= take]. Jestem pewien, że to by wystarczyło.
15. Jedyne, czego powinniśmy się obawiać, to zablokowanie górsldej drogi, przez któ
rą utrzymujemy kontakt ze światem zewnętrznym.
... in touch with the outside world.
Tesf 8 8
1. Nie mogę zrozumieć, czemu wszyscy tak się ekscytują [= excite] Tomem Lee. Nie
zrobii niczego, czego ty nie mógłbyś zrobić w tamtej sytuacji.
2. Obawiam się, że nowy system podatkowy sprawi, że bogaci się wzbogacą, a biedni
pozostaną [= remain] biednymi. Czy tego chcecie?
4. Pogoda była niemal idealna i wycieczka mogłaby mi się podobać, gdybym nie
musiał nieść plecaka [= rucksack] ważącego ponad 20 kilo.
5. Samochód minął hotel i ratusz. Dopiero wtedy zdałem sobie sprawę, że wiozą
nas do miejskiego aresztu [= jail]. Ale było za późno by protestować.
7. Drugi faks nie mówi, ile razy piosenkarka pojawi się na estradzie [= on stage],
ani na jakich instrumentach będzie grał jej zespół.
9. Fundacja dała nam dwie trzecie pieniędzy, o które prosiliśmy. I tak byłoby
bezcelowe [= pointless] ankietować [ = interview] każdego sklepikarza w Bath.
Wysłaliśmy ankiety [= questionnaires] tylko do tych, którzy mieli sklepy od
dwudziestu lat lub dłużej.
10. Gdy tylko otworzy się parking pod stacją autobusową, burmistrz będzie mógł
wyrzucić [= ban] auta ze Starego Miasta. Restauracje wykorzystają wtedy
chodniki do zwiększenia liczby stolików.
13. Reakcja Moniki wskazuje, że może ona szukać lepszej pracy. Wcale nie wydawała
się interesować wyborem mebli do pokoju sekretarki w nowym budynku.
14. Musiałam dwa razy prać te dżinsy, ponieważ ślady [= marks] na kolanach nie
zniknęły po pierwszym praniu. Musiały być po czarnych jagodach.
... from blneberries.
1. Nie rozumiem, czemu nie możemy wywiesić tylu plakatów, ile byśmy naprawdę
chcieli.
2. Jeszcze tego nie przeczytałem. Od powrotu z Islandii jestem zbyt zajęty, aby
cokolwiek czytać.
4. On jest jednym z tych ludzi, którzy nie uwierzą w nic, czego sami nie widzieli.
5. Prawie w każdym zdaniu jego listu były błędy. Nie mogę zrozumieć, czemu ojciec
ma o nim taką dobrą opinię.
6. Pomimo ciężkich czasów wzdłuż wybrzeża buduje się coraz więcej letnich domów.
8. Mówiono, że koła jego karety [= coacfa] były zrobione z czystego złota. Ale ja
bym w to wątpił.
The wheels of ...
9. Jesteś ubrany tak jakbyś szedł na wesele. Czy któryś z twoich kolegów się żeni?
11. Ogłoszona właśnie reforma to o wiele za mało, żeby cokolwiek poprawić. Dlatego
obawiam się, że sytuacja znacznie się pogorszy.
12. Mój wujek mówi, że za długo tu mieszka, żeby wszystko brać poważnie. I on już
widział takie rzeczy.
13. Spieszyłem się, bo nie wiedziałem, że zmieniono datę pokazu. A chciałem tam
być przynajmniej na pół godziny przed rozpoczęciem.
15. Musi być jakiś błąd w jego rozumowaniu [= reasoning]; gdyby on miał rację,
bylibyśmy najbogatszym narodem w Europie.
Tesf 9 0
2. Nie mów mi, że nie wiesz, ile lat ma twoja dziewczyna, ani gdzie chodziła do
szkoły.
4. On nie musi być chory. Może się spóźnić albo mógł wziąć dzień wolnego [= day
off],
7. Udało się nam zebrać aż pół tony tłuczonego szkła. Znacznie więcej niż
spodziewaliśmy się.
8. To ciekawe, ale jedyną osobą, jaką się interesowali, była twoja dawna [= former]
sympatia.
10. Od ponad trzydziestu lat obiecują nam lepszą przyszłość. Robią to świetnie.
12. Nie mogła biec tak szybko jak inni, bo miała na sobie ciasną spódnicę.
13. Pensje policji musiały znacznie wzrosnąć [= increase] w ciągu ostatnich paru lat.
Ale oni nam nie powiedzą, jak duży byl ten wzrost.
14. Oczywiście on kłamie, ale nie możemy teraz tego udowodnić. Trzeba było nagrać
[= record], to co mówił ostatnim razem.
15. Chociaż Nick je o wiele więcej od swojej siostry, jest tak szczupły [= slim] jak
ona. A ona jest najszczuplejsza spośród swoich koleżanek szkolnych.
TeQf 91
1. Bądź cierpliwy. Za dziesięć lat większość tych domów będzie nasza tak czy owak.
3. Byłem naprawdę wściekły, gdy usłyszałem, że ona [= her] się skarży najedzenie
na obozie.
5. Jak możesz mówić, że nie robię postępu we francuskim? Nigdy nie przychodzisz
na nasze lekcje.
6. Sądząc z akcentu, może być Amerykaninem lub Kanadyjczykiem. Ale nie musi.
Mógł uczęszczać do amerykańskiej szkoły.
9. Mężczyzna mówił takim dziwnym dialektem, że nie rozumiałem ani słowa. Moja
żona także nie mogła go zrozumieć.
10. Nie śpieszyłem się, bo byłem pewien, że nie wybiorą [= elect] nowego prezydenta
przed moim powrotem. Okazało się, że się mylę.
11. Nadal nie mogę sobie wyobrazić, jak on był w stanie tak szybko prowadzić w tej
gęstej mgle.
12. Mam wrażenie, że od mojego ostatniego pobytu zrobiono bardzo niewiele dla
poprawy warunków życia mieszkańców.
My impression is ...
13. Było tak dużo podań [= application], że w pewnym momencie wydawało się, że
będziemy mieli za mało egzaminatorów do poprawiania prac.
14 Tegoroczna susza [= drought] była znacznie gorsza niż spodziewaliśmy się, ale
obawiam się, że najgorsze jeszcze przed nami.
15. Wtedy inspektor pokazał mi zdjęcie grupy ciemnowłosych mężczyzn. Oni stali na
dach betonowego [= concrete] budynku.
Then ...
Test 9 2
9. Aby wygrać ten konkurs, ona musiałaby być trochę mniej ambitna, a o wiele in
teligentniejsza.
10. Nie zrezygnowałem z pomysłu, żeby nakłonić [= get] paru lokalnych biznesmenów
do zorganizowania dużego koncertu charytatywnego [= charity] wieczorem 4 lipca.
13. Czy poinformowano cię, ile dni będziesz musiał czekać na rozpatrzenie
[= consider] twojego podania?
Have you ...
14. To jeden z tych filmów, które będą się podobać zarówno nastolatkom, jak i ich
rodzicom.
15. Tych nauczycieli, którzy biorą poważnie swoje obowiązki [= duties], mógł urazić
[—hurt] sposób, w jald dyrektor mówił o kontaktach między szkołą a rodzicami.
lesT 9 3
1. Przyjmijmy [= adm it], że oba referaty nie byiy zbyt dobre: mój byi odrobinę za
diugi, podczas gdy jej zajmował się [= deal] zbyt wielu tematami.
2. Hub, do którego należy prawie każdy mieszkaniec naszej wioski, raczej trudno
[= hardly] nazwać ekskluzywnym.
3. Poczekałbym kilka dni. Jeśli list mojej córki przyszedł po siedmiu dniach, inne li
sty też mogły się opóźnić [= delay].
5. Jeśli przedstawimy się jako przyjaciele jej rodziców, na pewno będzie chciała
z nami rozmawiać.
8. Kiedy uświadomiłem sobie, że mogę nie być w stanie odebrać swoich pieniędzy,
rozzłościłem się i zacząłem na niego krzyczeć.
9. Gdybyśmy wiedzieli, jak ciężka jest największa ze skrzyń, nie mielibyśmy proble
mów z ustaleniem [= determ ine] wagi pozostałych.
10. On nigdy całkiem nie przyzwyczaił się do naszego sposobu przygotowywania dań
mięsnych. A nasza metoda podawania ryb zawsze go rozśmieszała.
11. Nie mogę zrozumieć, co skłoniło Lucy do zapraszania zarówno Jima jak i jego bra
ta. Żaden z nich nie mówi po francusku i nie będą mogli wziąć udziału w debacie.
13. Trzeba było zacząć uczyć się do egzaminu tydzień wcześniej. Zdałbyś bez proble
mu i teraz mógłbyś jechać na wakacje.
14. Ani pan ani ja nie będziemy mieszkać w tym mieszkaniu. A więc niech Sue zade
cyduje sama za siebie.
15. Po godzinie szukania Betty w końcu przypomniała sobie, do której książld włożyła
kopertę. Bez tego [= otherwise] nie odzyskalibyśmy [= recover] naszych pieniędzy.
Test 9 4
1. Chłopcy muszą pracować nad czymś specjalnym, bo wczoraj wieczorem nie przy
szli nawet oglądać Pucharu.
2. Nigdy nie pozwalam sobie zjeść tyle chleba, ile miałbym ochotę. Wiem z doświad
czenia [= experience], że łatwiej jest utyć, niż zgubić niechciane kilogramy.
3. Próbuję wyobrazić siebie samego na miejscu pasażerki, której bagaż wsadzono
do niewłaściwego samolotu. Nie wiem, co bym zrobił.
4. Tutaj jest mniej miejsca [= space] niż w naszym biurze na Rose Street, więc nie prze
szkadzajmy [= disturb] sobie nawzajem odbywając za wiele rozmów telefonicznych.
5. Powiedzenie doktorowi Knox, że przyjedziesz do Bristol ze studentami, aby zo
baczyć jego kolekcję było trochę niegrzeczne, bowiem jego dom to nie publiczna
galeria. Ttzeba było poczekać na jego zaproszenie.
6. To najnowsza metoda, którą szef właśnie przywiózł ze Stanów. Teraz jest testo
wana w jednym z działów, żeby zobaczyć, czy można ją wprowadzić w całej firmie.
7. Jeśli w przyszłym tygodniu będziemy mieli tak mało gości, jak dziś, będzie to
oznaczało, że sezon się skończył.
8. Widownia była mniejsza niż mieli na to nadzieję niektórzy entuzjaści
[= enthusiasts]. Przypuszczam, że wielu ludzi wybrało oglądanie tej imprezy
[= event] w TV myśląc, że będzie niemożliwe wrócić tego samego dnia do miasta.
The audience ...
9. Nie bądź zdziwiony, jeśli będzie z tobą rozmawiał, jak gdybyś był ldmś obcym. On
jest bardzo nieśmiały [= shy] i nie wie, jak rozmawiać z młodymi ludźmi.
10. Rozmawialiśmy osobno z każdym z braci i obaj udzielili podobnych odpowiedzi:
każdy był gotów wziąć udział w nagraniu pod warunkiem, że nie powiedzieliby
śmy o tym drugiemu.
11. W gorące letnie dni zawsze się dziwię [= wonder], czemu architekt, który zaprojekto
wał nasz dom nie zrobił mniejszych okien, które chroniłyby [=protect] nas od słońca.
12. Dziś wiemy, że Król Bassa nie mógł wybrać gorszego miejsca na swoją nową stolicę.
Na miejsce tmdno jest dotrzeć [= reach] i ma najgorszy klimat w tej części wybrzeża.
13. Bardzo mnie obchodzi [= care], jak spędzają wolny czas moi synowie albo kim
są ich przyjaciele. Nie chcę, żeby napotkali [= run into] problemy podobne do
tych, jakie ja sam kiedyś miałem.
14. W tej pracy rutyna może być bardzo szkodliwa [= harmful]. Nie interesuje nas
nikt, kto od lat projektuje [= design] odzież. Wolelibyśmy raczej wynająć absol
wenta kolegium artystycznego lub nawet amatora z dobrymi pomysłami.
15. Nie byliśmy dobrze przygotowani i Sea Kings mogli łatwo wygrać mecz, gdyby
przysłali swój najlepszy zespół. Na szczęście dla nas, nie zrobili tego. Ale nie za
wsze będziemy mieli szczęście.
nest w
1. Tak diugo jak nie przestaniesz pokazywać moich listów swoim siostrom, nie będę
pisał o niczym osobistym. Nie jestem przyzwyczajony, żeby omawiać publicznie
moje uczucia.
2. No, jeśli wyniki egzaminu były praktycznie takie same w obu grupach, może
szkoła nie powinna tak się przejmować [= be concerned] kupnem nowych
podręczników. Może pieniądze można by wydać na inne rzeczy?
3. Jeśli chodzi o wołowinę, to tak wiele pytań pozostaje bez odpowiedzi, że coraz
więcej konsumentów [= consumers] wybiera inne rodzaje mięsa, jak wieprzowinę
czy jagnię. Tylko bardzo niewielu wydaje się nie troszczyć o bezpieczeństwo.
As regards beef...
4. Zegary, które oglądaliśmy w Suite Centre były w jaśniejszych kolorach niż te,
które oglądaliśmy wczoraj. Ale jedne i drugie wydawały się za duże do naszej
kuchni.
5. No, Lucy, jeśli od swojego powrotu twój Bob nie ma czasu, żeby się z tobą
spotkać, zaczęłabym szukać innego chłopaka.
10. To byl dobry pomysł, żeby opóźnić [= delay] wyjazd o dwa dni. Ruch na
autostradzie byl względnie mały [= relatively light] - może jedna trzecia tego, co
byłoby w piątek.
11. Jeśli będzie więcej skarg, może będziemy musieli ograniczyć [= limit]
loty treningowe w soboty i niedziele. Jednak poczekałbym jeszcze tydzień,
zanim cokolwiek zrobimy. Zeszły weekend mógł być wyjątkowy z powodu
pogody.
12. Chcieliśmy jak najszybciej dojechać do domu, bo nigdy przedtem nie mieliśmy
królika i nie pamiętaliśmy, co powiedział właściciel sklepu zoo [= pet shop]
o tym, jak długo on może wytrzymać bez wody.
14. Po tym, jak wycofał się [= withdraw] Ośrodek Sportu, miało już nie być dalszych
pokazów zapaśniczych [= wrestling shows] w tym sezonie. Jednak organizatorzy
sprzedają bilety na jeszcze jeden pokaz w Apollo Theatre.
15. Zanim powiem cokolwiek, dlaczego nastolatki stają się członkami gangów
ulicznych, chciałbym, żeby mój adwersarz [= opponemt] powiedział nam, ldedy
ostatni raz odwiedził klub młodzieżowy czy ośrodek osiedlowy.
... or a community centre.
Test 97
1. Po moim liście do Times’a bez przerwy dostaję faksy od maniaków, którzy chcą,
abym zapisywał się [= join] do różnego rodzaju sekt. Teraz żałuję [= wish], że
zamieściłem w nim swój numer.
8. Nowi pracownicy potrafią być bezmyślni. IGlka lat temu praktykantka [= trainee]
zamówiła pięć tysięcy kopert do kartek świątecznych, nie wiedząc, jak duże są te
kartki ani ile zostanie wysianych za granicę.
9. Jaki ma sens dawać taką trudną pracę studentom pierwszego roku? Jakie stopnie
dostaną mniej zdolni studenci za swoje prace semestralne [= term paper], jeśli
Ann dostała tylko B za swoją?
What’s the p o in t...
11. Ciekawe, jak zareaguje szef, kiedy dowie się, że od co najmniej trzech miesięcy
nikt nic nie robi w kwestii poprawy bezpieczeństwa pożarowego w magazynie.
... about improving fire safety in the warehouse.
12. Dopóki nam nie powiedzą, kogo zamierzają zaprosić i gdzie odbędzie się zebra
nie, nie zrobię niczego, aby im pomóc.
13. Nie żałuj, że nie mogłeś przyjść na zebranie. Byłem tam i jestem pewien, że żad
ne argumenty nie skłoniłyby komitetu organizacyjnego do zmiany daty festiwalu.
14. Nauczycielka nie myślała, aby w paczce mogła być bomba, a jeśli zdecydowała
wezwać policję, zrobiła to, aby uniknąć [ - avoid] nawet najmniejszego ryzyka dla
życia swoich uczniów.
15. Nie sądzę, żeby chłopca, z powodu którego strażak o mało co [= nearly] nie
spadł z dachu szkoły, należało pokazywać w telewizji lokalnej.
lest 9 «
1. Gdy tylko zainstalują [= set up] nowy sprzęt, nasze koszty pójdą w dól, ponieważ
mniej pracowników będzie w stanie wyprodukować prawie dwa razy tyle proszku
[= powder] co dziś.
3. Pan Hill mnie zaskoczył. Nie spodziewałem się, że on [= him] się zgodzi, żeby go
sfotografowano na koniu [= on horseback] w mundurze pułkownika. Musiano
mu powiedzieć, że będzie to dobre dla firmy.
7. Nie sądzę, żeby Sheila miała mieć coś przeciwko temu, żeby pracować dłużej
przez tydzień lub dwa. Ale przepisy wprowadzone po pożarze nie pozwalają ni
komu, nawet szefowej, przebywać w budynku po szóstej.
8. Jeśli wasze ceny byty o 40% wyższe, kupujący naprawdę nie mieli powodu,
żeby waszą ofertę traktować poważnie. Przed rozpoczęciem kampanii rekla
mowej [= advertising campaign] trzeba było popatrzeć na ceny w innych fir
mach.
9. No, babcia nie jest najlepszą osobą, jaką znam, do przewidywania pogody. Od
Idedy założyła futro, temperatura, może z wyjątkiem jednego dnia, utrzymuje się
powyżej zera.
10. Jesteś w znacznie lepszym położeniu niż tamtych 20 techników [= techmiciansj,
którzy poszli w ślad za nami [= follow], a których kontrakty miano podpisać
w Londynie. Obawiam się, że będą musieli zapłacić za swoje bilety powrotne.
11. Czy to Tony Dwight pierwszy śpiewał włoskie arie z chórkiem [= chorus] dziew
cząt, czy to ktoś inny? Z przykrością stwierdzam, że od tego czasu ma wielu na
śladowców [= followers].
12. Nienawidzę kupować coś w pośpiechu. Gdybyśmy wczoraj nie musieli kupić
wszystkich upominków tylko w godzinę, moglibyśmy znaleźć znacznie ładniejsze
kolczyki za połowę ceny.
14. Prawdę mówiąc, nie mam pojęcia, jakie są moje szanse dostania tej pracy. Mój
tato mówi, że gdyby wiedział, od kogo to zależy, mógłby spróbować użyć swoje
kontakty. Ale niestety nie wie.
15. Zainteresowanie było o wiele mniejsze niż w zeszłym roku i trzy z czterech spek
takli trzeba było odwołać [= cali off]. Organizatorzy musieli zapomnieć, że ze
szłoroczne wakacje zimowe zostały przełożone z powodu Igrzysk.
1. Kariera Marty zaczęła się, kiedy jakiś producent z TV zainteresował się przed
stawieniem dyplomowym [= dipSoma performance], w którym grała rolę
pielęgniarki zakochującej się w pacjencie.
3. Nikt nie jest bardziej niezależny niż Rita. Odkąd zaczęła dostawać pensję, nie po
zwala nikomu, nawet swojemu chłopakowi, płacić za piwo.
4. Po tym, jak kazano panu przyjść następnego ranka, trzeba było zabrać córkę do
prywatnego dentysty. Jestem pewien, że ząb dziewczynki można było uratować.
5. W sąsiedztwie jest pięć rodzin i jeśli zaprosimy tylko dwie, pozostałe trzy poczu
ją się urażone. No, data naprawdę nie ma znaczenia [= matter] - którakolwiek
z sobót po 1 sierpnia będzie dobra.
6. Nie rozumiem, czemu tak się śpieszą. Przy odrobinie cierpliwości mogliby łatwo
dostać znacznie lepszą cenę niż 100,000 dolarów.
7. No, jeśli zeszłoroczne pytania nie były trudne, ciekawe [= I wonder] co byś na
zwał trudnym egzaminem. Może, gdyby zdał tylko jeden kandydat?
9. Zorganizujmy jeszcze jedną aukcję, dobrze? Ta, którą mieliśmy w zeszłym mie
siącu, była mniej udana, niż liczyliśmy.
10. Może nie powinienem tego mówić, ale sprawy zaszły tak daleko, że nic nie ura
tuje małżeństwa Laury. Im szybciej ona i Stan dostaną rozwód, tym lepiej dla
dzieci.
11. Ponad pół wieku temu lekarze w niektórych klinikach eksperymentowali z gra
niem muzyki pacjentom z problemami ze snem. Oczywiście w eksperymentach
używali muzyki klasycznej.
12. Jako młodzi chłopcy nie zdawaliśmy sobie sprawy z tego, że pan Butler, na któ
rego ziemi [= land] zwykle rozbijaliśmy [= set] obozy, jest jednym z założycieli
skautingu.
13. Większość mieszkańców Bornholmu powie ci, że życie byłoby znacznie przyjem
niejsze, gdyby na Bałtyku było mniej lodzi rybackich, a więcej ryb. Oczywiście,
ich własne lodzie są w porządku.
14. Dramat, który Tina napisała dla swojego szkolnego zespołu, musiano wyśmiać
w Edynburgu, bo nigdy więcej nie słyszałem, żeby o nim wspominała.
15. Nawet gdybym nie wiedział, jaldego rodzaju osobowość [= personality] ma pan
Rossi, nie ryzykowałbym prowadzenia interesów z człowiekiem, oskarżanym
przez niektórych o powiązania z mafią.
1. O ile znam Rose, nie będzie mieć nic przeciwko temu, żeby zapłacono jej w do
larach. O wiele ważniejsze będzie dla niej to, aby uniknąć dwukrotnego zapłace
nia podatku.
3. Pracowanie ściśle według przepisów nie musi zawsze być czymś dobrym: kie
rowca autobusu, który w zeszłą niedzielę nie zabierałby pasażerów ponad
normę [= over the seating capacity], zostawiłby wielu ludzi stojących na desz
czu.
Working to rule ...
7. Według prognozy pogody warunki jazdy nie polepszą się w ciągu dnia, a mogą
nawet się pogorszyć. Dlatego nie pozwalajmy widzom przechodzić za [= past]
barierki.
8. Chłopcy byli za mali, żeby mieć jakieś poglądy [= views] na architekturę. Zamiast
pytać, jakimi budynkami się interesują, trzeba było ich zabrać do Muzeum
Lotnictwa.
10. Swoim agresywnym zachowaniem Carillo tak rozzłościł swych szefów z mafii, że
wysadzili [= blow up] helikopter, w którym miał on się znajdować.
By his aggressive behaviour ...
11. Zanim wytłumaczę, jak mogą państwo zmusić [= get] administrację ao opłacenia
autobusu szkolnego dla waszych dzieci, musiałbym wiedzieć, jak daleko jest stąd
do szkoły w Helms.
12. Na wujku włamanie [= burglary] zrobiło wielkie wrażenie. Opisywał je policji tak,
jakby jego altana [= garden shed] była sejfem w banku. Policja sądzi, że włamy
wacze musieli się interesować elektrycznymi kosiarkami.
The un cle...
13. Na szczęście dla nas, żaden z domów, naprzeciwko których będzie zlokalizowany
[= locate] nasz ośrodek, nie jest na liście budynków średniowiecznych [= listed
medieval building]. Zatem nie powinno być problemów z radą miejską.
14. Nigdy nie spodziewałbym się tak chamskiego zachowania [= rude behaviour] od
osoby, która od tylu lat poucza [= tell] czytelników The Sun, jak mają się zacho
wywać. Muszę powiedzieć, że zwykle zgadzam się z jej radami.
15. Nie składaj winy na chłopców za spóźnienie; nie mogli wiedzieć, że krowa zatrzy
ma pociągi na prawie pół godziny.
W odsyłaczach do komentarza gramatycznego nazwy działów używane są w for
mie skróconej, np. verb zamiast verb pattern. Numery odnoszą się do numeru regu
ły w obrębie danego działu.
le s ł 1 le s l 2
Tesf 4 Test ©
1. B - verb/11 l. A - prepositions/02
2. C - past perfect/01 2. D - verb/01
3. C - modal + pi/01; modal/03 3. D - verb/12
4. A -future/04 4. D - modal + pi/01; modal/03
5. A - relative/04 5. C - relative/04
6. B - present perfect/02 6. D - modal/01, 03
7. C - verb/08 7. B - conditional/02, 03, 04
8. D - modal/04; future 03 8. C - conditional/03, 04
9. C - emphasis 9. A - past simple/01; present perfect 02
10. D - conditional/02, 03 10. C - relative/06
11. D - past simple/01 11. B - indirect 02
12. B - determiners/02 12. A - past simple/01
13. B - verb/01, 04; passive/02 13. C - verb/01
14. A - nouns /01; article 01 14. A - future/04, 06; present perfect/03
15. A - conditional/02, 03, 04 15. B - verb/04
Test 7 test 9___________________
L B - conditional/03, 05 1. B - passive/01; verb 06
2. C - verb/01, 08 2. B - determiners/02
3. D - wish 3. A - future/04
4. D - verb/01, 09 4. D - present perfect/03
5. B - modal + pi/01, 02 5. D - past perfect/01
6. C - past perfect/01 6. C - passive/01, conditional/02, 03
7. B - determiners/05 7. A -verb/01
8. D - past simple/01; present perfect/03 8. C - conditional/02, 03
9. C - modal/01, 03 9. B - relative/06
10. A - passive/01; past simple/02 10. B - future/04; present perfect/03
11. A - verb/01; passive/02 11. D - verb/08
12. B - relative/04 12. A - be/01, 02, 03
13. D - modal + pi/01 13. B - modal + pi/01
14. A - future/04 14. D - nouns/01; determiners/05
15. C - prepositions/01 15. A - past simple/01; present perfect/03
1. A - modal/01, 03 1. C - be/01, 02
2. B - nouns/02, 03 2. C - conditional/03, 04
3. D - indirect/02; verb/09 3. B - passive/05
4. D - modal + pi/01 4. A - noun/01
5. C - future/04 5. B - emphasis; present perfect/03
6. B - past simple/01; present perfect/03 6. C - relative/06
7. B - verb/11 7. A -verb/01, 08
8. A - conditional/02, 03, 04 8. D - modal/01, 04, 06
9. C - be/02, 03; passive/05 9. C - conditional/02, 03, 04
10. A - modal + pi/01, 05 10. D - past simple/01; present perfect/03
11. A - relative/04 11. A - passive/02
12. D - wish 12. B - past perfect/01
13. B - conditional/02, 03 13. D - phrasal
14. B - past simple/01; present perfect/03 14. B - passive/01, 03; verb/13
15. C - passive/01 15. A - future/04
1. B - be/01 1. C -m odal/01
2. D - noun/01; relative/01 2. D - prepositions/01
3. B - modal + pi/01 3. B - passive/01
4. B -w ish 4. A - determiners/04
5. A - conditional/03, 04 5. B - verb/09
6. C - determiners/04 6. C - phrasal
7. D -verb/01,08 7. C - future/04
8. C - modal/04 8. B - relative/04
9. B - verb/01 9. C - passive/04; verb/13
10. D - past perfect/01 10. D - determiners/03
11. A -future/04 11. B - past perfect/01
12. C - passive/01 12. A - past simple/01
13. A - past simple/01; present perfect/03 13. D - conditional/02, 03
14. C - preposition/02 14. A - modal + pi/01, 03; modal/03
15. D - past perfect/01 15. D - wish
1. C-verb/05 1. C - verb/03
2. D - passive/05 2. A - modal/06; modal + pi/05
3. A - future/04; sequence/03 3. D - relative/04
4. B - modal/06; modal + pi/05 4. C - articles/04
5. C - conditional/02, 03; be/01 5. B - conditional/02, 03
6. A - phrasal 6. B - verb/01, 08
7. B - modal + pi/01 7. D - future/04
8. A - determiners/02 8. D - prepositions/01
9. D - verb/01; passive/02 9. B -verb/01
10. A - prepositions/02 10. A - relative/08
11. B - wish 11. D - modal + pi/01, 05
12. D - verb/13 12. A - determiners/03
13. B - conditional/02, 03, 04 13. C - be/01; passive/01
14. C - past simple/02; present perfect/03 14. C -verb/11
15. C - determiner/06 15. B - emphasis
Test 19 Test 21___________________
1. C -verb/12 1. A - verb/03
2. A -verb/01, 08 2. B - past simple/01; present perfect/03
3. A - verb/13; passive/05 3. A - article/04
4. C - future/04 4. C - modal + pi/01
5. B - conditional/02, 03 5. C - relative/04
6. C - verb/01; passive/02 6. B - verb/09
7. D - passive/01; conditional/02 7. A - verb/01, 02
8. B - prepositions/02 8. B - prepositions/01
9. D - past simple/01; present perfect/03 9. D - modal/06; modal + pi/05
10. B - noun/01; determiner/05 10. D - pronoun/02
11. C - determiners/06 11. A - conditional/06
12. A - modal/06; modal + pi/05 12. D - future/04
13. A - modal/02, 03 13. A - passive/06
14. D - wish 14. B - emphasis
15. B - modal + pi/01 15. D - conditional/02, 03
1. A - phrasal 1. D - verb/03, 09
2. D - passive/07 2. C -fu tu re/0 4
3. C - conditional/02, 03 3. B - modal/01
4. D - passive/06 4. C - nouns/01
5. A -future/04 5. D - verb/06; passive/02
6. B - conjunctions/02; modal/02 6. D - relative/05
7. C - prepositions/01 7. B - modal + pi/01, 05
8. B - conditional/02, 03 8. A - conditional/02, 04
9. B - verb/01, 13; passive/02 9. C - verb/03; passive/03
10. A - determiners/06 10. A - past simple/01; present perfect/03
11. D - modal + pi/01 11. D - prepositions/01
12. B - relative/05 12. A - pronouns/02
13. C -m o d a l + pi/01; modal/03 13. B -verb/01
14. C - past simple/01; present perfect/03 14. C - be/01, 03; sequence/03
15. D - past perfect/01 15. A - conditional/02, 03
Test 31 Test 3 3
1. A - verb/03 1. A - verb/12
2. B - past perfect/01 2. B - verb/04
3. C-verb/01; passive/02 3. D - past perfect/03
4. D - conditional/02, 04 4. C - prepositions/01
5. B - passive/01 5. B - relative/02, 06
6. A - determiners/03 6. C - modal/05
7. B - wish 7. A - conditional/02, 04
8. D - prepositions/02 8. C -verb/01, 09
9. D - verb/09; modal + pi/01 9. D - passive/01
10. D - determiners/05 10. B - phrasal
11. A -v e rb /0 9 ,11 11. C - nouns/02
12. C - past simple/01; present perfect/03 12. B - modal + pi/01, 02
13. C - future/04 13. D - past simple/01; past perfect/02
14. C - conditional/02, 03 14. A - conjunctions/08
15. B - modal/01, 03 15. A - be/01; sequence/01
Test 32 lest 3 4
1. A - future/01 1. C - determiners/13
2. D -verb/03 2. A - verb/03
3. C - determiners/01 3. C - past perfect/01
4. D - past simple/01; present perfect/03 4. D - verb/08
5. A -nouns/01 5. A - relative/07
6. B - modal + pi/01; modal/03 6. D - future/04
7. B - future/04 7. A - modal/01, 02
8. D - verb/03, 06; passive 01, 03 8. B - emphasis; conditional/02, 03
9. A - determiners/03; adjectives/02 9. A - phrasal
10. B - past perfect/01 10. C - conditional/02, 04
11. C - conditional/02, 04 11. D - verb/01
12. C -verb/12 12. C - determiner/04
13. C - relative/02, 06 13. B - verb/11
14. A - conditional/02, 03 14. B - modal + pi/01; modal/03
15. D - wish 15. B - passive/01, 03
Test 3 5 Test 37_________________
1. A - prepositions/01 1. A - relative/04
2. B - past simple/01; present perfect/03 2. C - verb/04; passive/01
3. D - passive/05; verb/06 3. B - prepositions/01
4. D - past perfect/01 4. B - modal/01, 02
5. C - future/01 5. B - phrasal
6. C - modal/01, 02; modal + pi/03 6. A - past perfect/01
7. B - phrasal 7. D - past simple/01; present perfect/03
8. A - conditional/02, 03 8. C - modal + pi/01, 03
9. D - verb/01, 08 9. A - verb/09
10. B - pronouns/01 10. D - determiners/04
11. C - future/04, 06 11. C -future/04
12. C - verb/03 12. D - conditional/02, 03
13. D - passive/01; verb/13 13. C - adjectives/01
14. A - modal + pi/01; modal/03 14. D - conditional/07; passive/01
15. B - relative/04 15. A - wish
Test 4 0 Tesi 4 2
1. A -verb/14 l. D - verb/11
2. A - modal/01, 04 2. C - modal/01, 03
3. D - passive/01 3. D - future/04
4. B - verb/01, 09 4. A - phrasal
5. C - past simple/01 5. B - conditional/02, 03
6. D - would rather/02 6. C - past perfect/01
7. C - verb/03, 09 7. A - determiners/06
8. D - article/04 8. A - passive/01; conjunctions/08
9. B - emphasis; present perfect/03 9. B - conditional/06
10. B - conditional/02, 03 10. C - future/04
11. D - relative/04 11. B - determiners/07
12. B - verb/12 12. C - verb/03, 06
13. C - conditional/07 13. B - past simple/01, 03
14. A - past simple/01 14. A - indirect/02
15. C - future/04 15. D - wonld rather/01
Tesf 4 4 Tesf 4 6
Tesf 4 8 Tesf 50
1. A - conditional/07 l. B - adjectives/13
2. D - past simple/01; present perfect/03 2. B - conjunctions/02; modal/01
3. B - conjunctions/02; modal + pi/03 3. D - prepositions/01
4. C - verb/11 4. B - wish
5. A - past perfect/01 5. D - past perfect/01
6. B - pronouns/01 6. A - prepositions/03
7. D - conditional/02, 03 7. C - modal + pi/01; modal/03
8. C - determiners/05; article/01 8. B - prepositions/01
9. B - future/04 9. C - idioms/07
10. D -verb/01, 08 10. D - future/04
11. C -w ish;be/03 11. C -verb/01, 03
12. B - prepositions/01 12. D - passive/01
13. C - modal + pi/01; modal/03 13. A - past simple/01; present perfect/03
14. D - passive/01, 03 14. C - verb/12
15. A - phrasal 15. A - relative/04
Klucz do łesfów tłumaczeniowych
Test 51
1. The man at the wheel of the green van couldn’t/can’t/ have been our consul in Kiev. At that
time the consul was flying to Athens. article/04, modal +pi/01, 02, nouns/ 04
2. To tell you the truth I don’t feel like talking to these people now. idiom/01; verb/13
3. You mustn’t think only of yourself, no one/nobody/ will like you. On the other hand, you
needn’t/don’t have to/ give up all your pleasures. modal/01, 06
4. We’ll come to listen to your pupils on condition/provided/ that we’re not told to stay in the
firm till the evening. conditional/02, 07; future/ 05;
5. Neither Helen nor those of her friends who know Frank should go there now.
conjunctions! 01
u. And now, after reaaing/havmg read/ mat you have read/ this article, do you still think
they’ll be able to help us? present tenses/ 02; modal/02; verb/ 06
I. Do you know the model Molly Kay? She’s the girl because of whom Max Perth lost his job
at our university. relative/ 03; article/ 01
8. We should help Eve, I think. Since she quarrelled with her sister she’s been cooking for all
of us. present perfect/ 01, 02
9. I’m sorry to say this, but the man/to whom/ who(m)/you were all listening/to/ so carefully
yesterday is a liar. relative/01,03
10. Sue has to wear dark glasses all the time. That’s why I’m never sure whether/if/ she’s
looldng at me or not. present/01; conjunctions/07
II. It was a surprise for me that/ I was surprised that/ the film had impressed both the
journalists and the scientists. conjunctions/01
12. Do you have an idea how much time we need to finish the ground-floor? indirect101
13.1 thought I was dreaming when I saw them stop their car in front of the restaurant.
sequence/01; verb/05
14. Should I go today or should I wait for you? Go today. Tomorrow you won’t be able to speak
to the boss. modal/01,02
15. If you/have/ invited Mr Terry, who’s the person the least interested in the new furniture,
you should also invite the designer. I think I have his address. adjectives/05; modal/01
lest 5 2
1. You may have to change your plans. It will depend on the results of the conference.
modal/01, 02; future/01
2 .1 suppose she was misled by the colour of their car. It’s almost like ours.
passive/01; pronouns/01
3. If you talk to uncle Joe, ask him when and where I can see him.
conditional/04; indirect/01
4. This year too few top players are coming to make the tournament attractive.
determiners/01; future/02
5. The governor, by whose order she was arrested, is very interested in this affair.
relative/01, 05
6. It’s high time somebody told her what she shouidn’t/do/be doing/.
idioms/02; indirect/01
7. It’s already four o’clock. The boys ought to/should/ be working in the garden now. I’ve no
idea why they are not. present/03; indirect/01
8. The sooner she leaves our town the better for us. future/04
9 . 1 don’t know where my niece is now. I haven’t been able to contact her for /a/the last/ few
days. indirect/01; modal/02
10. Come in because I’m locking the door. I don’t want to be disturbed when I’m working.
present101; passive/03
11. As far as I’m personally concerned, the candidate you chose on Saturday is the worst of all
possible ones. relative/01, 02; adjectives/05
12. He no longer comes to our meetings. H e’s afraid of not being allowed to emigrate.
passive/01, 02
13.1 don’t like this medicine. How long/Since when/ have you had to take it?
modal/02; present peifect/01
14. At that time Bob was still a/the/ person without whom nothing important could happen in
our company. relative/02, 03
15. First make sure she’s coming this week and then let me know.
idioms/03, 04; future/02
Test 53
1. We listened to him with [0] great pleasure. He knows everything about the history of [0]
banldng in the UK. articles/01, 02, 04, 06
2. How much money did you have to lend him? Do you know when he’ll be able to give it
back? modal/02; indirect/02
3. Did you see? He drank the whole bottle right away. Did you have to tell him where it was?
modal/02; sequence/01
6. She must’ve had a lot of time. She went out at five to ten and didn’t seem to be in a hurry.
modal + pi/01, 03; verb/03
7. Do you remember Nancy Ryder? The girl/for whom/wh®/ we wrote that funny song/for/.
relative/02, 03
8. Look what I’ve written. Will it make the old man give up inviting Alice? verb/01, 09
9. Her new book is much worse than the previous one. But I wouldn’t call it the worst book
of the year. adjectives/03, 04, 05
10. Even if there are too few glasses, we still have a little money and we can buy some more.
determiners101, 04
11. Didn’t he tell you since when Eva had been working for him?
sequence/01; present peifect/02
12. Don’t forget one thing: if anything goes wrong, neither your brother nor your cousins will
be able to help you. conditional/02, 04; conjunctions/01; modal/02; future/05
13.1 don’t know what to think about it. Mary says she waited longer than half an hour, which
can’t be true. article/03; relative/07; modal/01
14. “Look at this man in the street. He seems to be waiting for someone.” “He isn’t. H e’s our
new guard.” verb/03; present/03
15. We had to let Adam and his girlfriend go to that concert in Bristol. If we hadn’t, they would
have gone there anyway. modal/02; verb/09; conditional/02, 03
Test 54
1. He was much more interested in football than in studying the language. But he wasn’t as
lazy as his sister. cidjectiveslOl, 04
2. All right. If you /have/finished your work, you may/can/ go to the party. But don’t get drunk
again. conditional/02, 04; modal/01; verb/10
3. I don’t know who’s right: Alice or her sister. The fact is they haven’t/talked/been talking/
to each other for two days. be/05; present peifect/01; pronouns/04
4. He was afraid of being taken for someone else and arrested. passive/02
6. Wouldn’t you like to know how old she is and where she was born? indirect/01
7. Where have the children gone? At this time they should/ought to/ be doing homework. It’s
too bad they’re not. I’ll talk to them when they return/come back/.
present/03; future/04, 05; conjunctions/09
8. I don’t know what made him write such a stupid letter. verb/09; detenniners/05
9. It’s a very difficult problem. I can’t imagine how she could/might/ solve it. Even if she were
more intelligent. indirect/01; conditional/02, 03, 05
10. In the town near which we had that accident there was a post office but it was already
closed. relative/02, 03; article/01
11. There’s something wrong about it. I am earning/earn/more and more (money) and I can
buy less and less. adverbs/06
12. Look, the boys /between whom/ she’s sitting between have/are wearing/ identical ties.
relative101, 02, 03
13. We may/might/could/ have to reduce the number of guests. Even if it is against the opinions
of some club members. modal/01; juture/03; conditional/02, 04
14. Your biggest mistake was/that you arranged/arranging/ the meeting without making sure
about my plans. idioms/03
15. The accomodation wasn’t too good, I agree. Well, if we hadn’t had to hire so many
interpreters, we could/might/ have chosen something better.
conditional. 02, 03; modal 02
seaf S o
1. Wish me luck. As soon as i get the results, I’ll let you know. future/04, 05; idioms/04
2. At first they listened patiently to my story but then they got bored and started playing/to
play/cards. past simple/03; verb/10
3. Unfortunately, I’m busy tomorrow. If you had told me earlier, we might try/might have
tried/to change the date of the meeting. conditional!02, 03
4. I may be wrong but the woman who phoned first may/couid/ have been from Mexico or
Cuba. modal/01, 04; be/05; modal + pi/01
5. What made you change your plans? Do you know how much it/will/ is going to/cost us?
verb/09; indirect/01, 02
6. After the second accident he had to be replaced with someone younger. It should have
been done earlier. modal + pi/01, 03
7. There have always been problems with this cooker. I’m afraid it may blow up one day.
be/02; present peifect/01; future/03
8. Did she tell you why she didn’t want to see my brother? He waited for her in the hall of
x'esidence. indirect/01; past simple/03
9. When Fiona fell in love with the least intelligent of all her colleagues, her mother didn’t
treat/take/it very seriously. prepositions/01; adjectives/05
10.1 hate working with people who are not satisfied with themselves.
verb/04; pronouns/03
11. We don’t have to invite so many people if we don’t fee! like it, do we?
modal/02; idioms/01; jak tlumaczyc/02
12.1 could hardly recognise their faces from the distance and of course I didn’t /couldn’t/ hear
what they were talking about. sequence/01; present/02
14. You will save a little money only if you don’t have to pay for the room.
cletenniners/04; conditional/02, 03; modal/02
15. “Just look at their faces. They must be talking about women or food.”
“Not necessarily. They both collect old China.” present/01, 03; adverbs/14
Test 5 6
1.1 know very few people who could afford such [0] expensive furniture. None of my brothers
is among them. determiners101; nouns101; pronouns106
2 . 1 won’t be surprised if the man you’ve been looking for for two weeks soon appears
at a press conference in Miami.
relative/01, 02, 03; present peifect/01; conditional/02, 04
3. The louder you speak, the noisier they become/get. adjectives/07; verb/10
4. If she expected/had expected/ to be sent home, she wouldn’t be/have been/ so scared.
conditional, 02, 03; passive103
5. It’s high time someone spoke to him seriously. No teacher can/will/ do it better than a close
friend. idioms/02; adjectives/03; modal/01
6. How could we find out how many papers there will be the first morning?
indirect/01, 02
7. I won’t pay until she tells me exactly what she wants so much money for.
conditional/07; indirect/01; deteiminers/01
8. It was late but I’m sure Mary did catch her train. She always does.
emphasis; present101
9. You don’t have to/needn’t/ give up smoking but you mustn’t smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
modal/01, 02, 06
10.1 learnt of his decision a week ago and I’m still thinking about it. present/01, 02
11.1knew everything would/was going to/ be all right but I couldn’t help feeling/being/ nervous.
sequence/01; idioms/05
12. It’s a pity you didn’t buy that watch. You could have given it to your father for his birthday.
modal + pi/01
13. You may have to stop seeing her for some time. But don’t worry. modal/02, 04
14. To tell you the truth I don’t like classical dance but I couldn’t go to the opera tomorrow
even if I did. modal/03; conditional/02, 03
15. Be more patient. If you get too angry, you won’t be able to make/give/deliver/your speech.
verbHO; modal/02; conditional/02, 03
Tesf 57
2. Have you made up your mind yet? Don’t make us wait too long.
phrasal; adverbs/11; imperative/01; verb109
4. It isn’t quite so. The scientist /about/ whose theory you are talking /about/ doesn’t live in
Cambridge. He’s been living/has lived/ in the USA for ten years now.
relative/02, 03, 05; present perfect/01
5. Be careful. No one should know if/whether/ you will appear on Saturday or Sunday.
modal/01; indirect/01, 02
6. I’m sure you would have liked the match. But Albert played a little worse than usual.
modal + pi/01; adverbs/04
7. I was just/going/to say/1 didn’t agree when the general came in. be/01; sequence/01
8. What makes you think he will have to agree to be sent to the North?
verb/09; modal/02; verb/03; passive/03
9. They don’t have to/needn’t/know where you are going. You shouldn’t answer their questions
at all. modal/02, 06; indirect/01
10. The gallery /for which/1 am preparing this exhibition /for/ will have to apply for a subsidy
from the City Council. relative/01, 02, 03; modal/02
11.1 know it’s sad. But let’s admit neither you nor I can do much for these poor people.
conjunctions/01
12. If at tomorrow’s test you manage to make as few errors as today, you will certainly have
one of the top scores. conditional/02, 03; future/05; determiners/01, 03
14. There were many phone calls from our pupils’ parents after the radio said the criminal had
been seen near South End nouns/03; sequence/01; passive/01
15. Even if he behaved slightly better than usually, he was much worse than the other boys.
conditional/02, 04; adjectives/04; determiners/01
Test 5 8
1. Are you sure the man we talked to/with/ on the platform lives in Brighton?
relative/01, 02, 03; present/01
2. You won’t believe it but his letter made both (his) sisters cry. verb/09
3. Fred has been studying Spanish for some time because he expects to be sent to Mexico.
present peifect/01; determiners!08; verb/03; passive/03
4. If every child’s parents had been invited, there wouldn’t be one empty seat in the hall now.
conditional/02, 03, 04
5. It’s hard to say whether/or not/ /if/ she will like the colour /or not/. Let’s hope she will.
conjunctions/07; indirect/02; future/01
6. The shop opposite which you are to park your car is usually closed at this time.
relative/01, 02, 03
I. I’m afraid it’s too late. This decision should have been made/taken/ much earlier.
modal + pi/01
8. Could you tell me/why/what/ you (have) ordered all those catalogues/for/? You knew you
weren’t going to buy anything. indirect/01; sequence/01
9. The longer I /work/ have worked/with her the more I like her. adverbs/07
10. “Have you ever talked to him?” “No, since his return I’ve been trying in vain to interview
him.” present perfect/01, 02
II. As far as I know it was Fred who first threw a stone at the window. be/04
12. That girl must have been born here. A foreigner wouldn’t have understood your joke.
modal + pi/01, 03
13. Don’t blame your wife now. You know you needn’t have signed it. modal + pi/01, 05
14. The candidate who spoke first seems to be the least competent of all. But he was the one
most sure of himself. adjectives/05; pronouns/07
15. When the curtain goes up we see an empty classroom. Then come Rita and her boyfriend.
She starts singing a ballad in English while the boy plays the guitar.
article/01, 04; present/04
nesit Bo
1. Come about this time on Friday or next week. This time tomorrow I’ll be getting ready for
the show. present/01, 03; verb/10
2. We may express opposing views on this or that but let’s not/don’t let’s/ try to cheat each
other. Sooner or later we will have to work together.
modal/01, 02; imperative/02; pronounsl04
3. Look, it’s snowing again. There hasn’t been so much snow in April for at least sixty years.
present/01; present peifect/01
4. It’s high time you stopped being lazy and started studying.. idioms/02; verb/01
5. It’s a good tiling you weren’t at the reception. You would have had to transiate/interpret/
the boss’s speech into Italian. modal + pi/01
6. I don’t know Mr Fox well enough to say whether his surprise at being elected in the first
round was genuine. passive/02
7. Unfortunately, more and more people are /being/born in the least industrialised countries
of the world. adjectives/05, 06; present/01
8. I have warned Fred that the porter won’t let him in if he doesn’t apologise to Tess for being
so rude. conditional/01; future/05
9. They may/might/could/ have been misled by the title of the film. I myself thought it was
a film about the history of [0] sport. modal + pi/01; article/01, 04
10. 1 was afraid I wouldn’t be able to recognize Mark. But I didn’t even have to try. He
recognized me. sequence/01; adverbs/12
11. Have you been told how long you’re going to stay/will be staying/ here and who you’re going
to work/will be working/ with? present perfect/01, 03; sequence/03;
12. He must enjoy talking to you because he’s been here five times since last Monday.
verb/01; present perfect/01, 02
13. He didn’t have to ask where the blue envelope was because he knew veiy well where Phillip
had put it the/previous/ day/before/. indirect/01; sequence/01
14. I’ve no idea how we could/might/ make all those boys stop phoning Martha before the
exams. indirect/01, verb/09
15. And now, after all that, do you still think we’ll have to invite him to our meetings?
present/01, 02
Test 60
1. Their new flat is much less comfortable than the old one. But the rent they had to pay there
was almost as high as Ann’s salary. adjectives/02, 03, 04; pronouns/07
2. There may/might not be enough seats, especially if all our London relatives come.
modal/01, 04; conditional/02, 04
4. It’s possible that without this old map we would be walking (marching) in the opposite
direction. modal/01; present/03
5. In the 19th century a steamer could cross the Atlantic in two weeks.
article/01, 04, 06
7. The magazine/for which/ I’m writing this short story/for/ has published science-fiction
stories for almost a hundred years. relative/01, 03; present perfect/01
8. She must be lying. She can’t/couldn’t/ have seen me in Brixton as I wasn’t there.
modal/01; present/03; modal + pi/01, 04
9. In my opinion the problem was that there were too many advisers but too few helpers.
determiners101
10. Let’s not/Don’t let’s/ start without Mark. H e’s the person (who’s) the most interested in
completing the work on time. imperative/02; adjective/05
11.1 didn’t think that Sheila, of/about/ whose bad character I had heard so much, would
behave so well. relative/03, 05
12. Calm down. Try to imagine what they may/might/could/ be doing now.
indirect/01; present/03
13.1 will never agree to be paid less than Max. I’ve worked/been working/ longer than him.
verb/03; passive/03; present peifect/01
14. As far as I know she won’t mind staying a little longer. verb/01
15. He told Barbara he would be/was/ leaving the next day, which wasn’t true as I saw him in
the bank yesterday. sequence/01; relative/07
Test 81
1. There are only two T-shirts left. Which one will you take?” “The one with the letter ‘S’, of
course.” passive/07; pronouns/07; article/01
2. If it was not Roger himself, it mast have been one of his brothers.
conditional/02, 04; modal + pi/01, 03; pronouns/03
3. I don’t want to get married yet. But I’d like to have a girlfriend who would be nice and
pretty and /with whotm/who/1 could go out to the cinema or for walks/with/.
relative/01, 02, 03; modal/01
4. There were as many as 12 agents. To arrest just one man! They could have been more
courageous. detenniners/02; modal + pi/01
5. Aren’t you satisfied? Would you like to be/standing in the queue/queuing/ in this rain?
present/03
6 . 1 don’t know why they didn’t/haven’t/ come. They may/might/ have been discouraged by
the weather forecast, which turned out to be wrong. modal + pi/01; relative/01
7. If Nancy, who knows the language a little, hadn’t gone with me, I wouldn’t even have
understood what they wanted from me. conditional/02, 03; sequence/01; adverbs/12
8. Has it been announced yet when the second meeting is to take place?
adverbs/'ll; sequence/03; be/01
9. He came out of [0] prison in [0] very poor health. He spent the rest of his life in the
country. articles/01, 04, 07; nouns/01
10. The crowd was so dense that we wouldn’t have been able to find each other. You don’t have
to /needn’t/regret anything. modal + pi/01; modal/01, 06
11. He was very irritated at/by/not/being/having been/ invited to the meeting. passive/02
12. So far I have talked/spoken/ to six colleagues but none of them knows how to do it.
present perfect/01; verb/13; pronouns/06
13. If you don’t hurry up, we won’t have any cigarettes. It’s Monday today and the shop closes
two hours earlier. conditional/02, 04; present/01
14. It may seem strange but since I appeared on TV some people have become very impolite
to me. modal/01; present perfect/01, 02
15. We hoped he would be able to stay for a few days. But he couldn’t even stay overnight
because he had to fly to Berlin the following day. sequence/01; modal/01, 03
Tes! 62
1. H e’s a real expert on football though he has never played it himself. But he isn’t
particularly interested in other games such as handball or golf.
conjunctions/03; pronouns/03; deteiminers/07; prepositions/03
3. We can (only) afford the cheapest of the four tours. It goes without saying it is also the least
attractive /one/of them/. adjectives/05
4. You should sell your car as soon as possible. You’ve had /owned/ it much too long.
present perfect/01; adjectives/04
5. This is one of the films which make me feel young again. relative/01, 02; verb/09
7. Let me tell you one more thing: they will never understand us.
verb/09; imperative/01; future/01
8. Will you believe that since our TV (set) broke down I’ve slept /been sleeping/ much better?
present peifect/01, 02
9. I can imagine that the life of the captain of a big oil tanker must be rather monotonous.
article/01, 04
10. In the next room we saw about ten young men who seemed to be working hard at their
desks. Now I’m not at all sure if they were indeed working. verb/03; present/03
11. Generally speaking everything was more or less OK. I didn’t like one little thing - Daniel
should have been wearing a dark suit. modal + pi/01
12. You’d better be careful. If you get lost this time, nobody will notice it.
idioms/07; verb/10; future/05
13. He was one of those great leaders/of/ whose private lives we know very little/of/.
relative/01, 03, 05; nouns/02
14. As things are now we can’t lose the case. Even if they were to hire the best lawyer in the
country. modal/01, 04; conditional/02, 03; be/01
15. The terracota pots we saw at Chilton’s were slightly/a little/ bigger than those you can buy
at the market. They were more or less like ours. adjectives/04; pronouns/01, 07
Best 6 «
2. Neither you nor Eva know how to write such an advertisement. Let Fred do it for you.
conjunctions101; determiners/05; imperative/03
3. I never know how she’s going to/will/ react, although we’ve/Iived/been living/ together for
so many years. indirect/01; conjunctions/03; present peifect/01
4. It is believed that the kidnapping may have been planned even a year earlier.
passive/05; modal + pi/01
5. Will the police be able to find out how fast they were going? modal/02; indirect/01
6. I haven’t got so much money and I’m not particularly interested in this painting. Even if it
were cheaper. deteiminers!03; conditional/02, 03, 05
7. The public know him as a theatre actor. But from time to time he reads [0] poems on the
radio and once a year he appears on [0] television. article/01, 02, 03, 04
8. I think he should be told/we should tell him/ what we need his car for.
verb/13; indirect/01; conjunctions/09
9. If there were more time, I would make him do it again. But it’s too late.
conditional/02, 03, 05; verb/09
10. You’re absolutely safe. To find some new evidence, they would have to interrogate
everybody in town. You don’t even have to/needn’t/ answer their questions.
modal/01, 02; 06
11. In my opinion the student we just talked to must have been born in a Polish family.
relative/01, 02, 03; modal + pi/01, 03
13. “Who told you you were talking to the wrong man?” “No one. I found it out myself.”
sequence/01; present/02; article/04; pronouns/03
14. If/all those who have/everybody who has/ got invitations from our pupils come, there will
be too few seats. relative/01, 02; conditional/02, 04; future/05; determiners/01
15. We had to leave before the real debate began, so I don’t know who won. But I think that
Dr Reno’s views may have convinced Adam and his friends. indirect/01; modal + pi/01
lest 6 ^
1. Let’s not/Don’t let’s/ wait for Adam. If he hasn’t phoned yet, it means he had to stay with
his mother. imperative/02; conditional 02, 04; adverbs/11
2. Can you hear that noise? It’s the Adlers. They must be talking about politics. They’re trying
to convince each other. modal/01; present/01, 03; pronouns/04
3. “You didn’t wake Mark up, did you?” “No, it was his brother who woke him up.”
jalc ttumaczyc/02; be/04; past simple/01
4. Why haven’t you talked to them yet? You said you wanted to make friends with them.
adverbs/11; sequence/01
5. Knowing him I was sure neither my words nor his mother’s tears would make him change
his mind. conjunctions/01; sequence/01; verb/09
6. They must have followed/been following/ him for some time. Otherwise they wouldn’t have
been able to find that house in the suburbs. modal + pi/01, 03
7. I’m not joking now. If you get drunk this time, don’t come again.
present/01, 02; conditional/02; verb/10
8. In the second half of the 18th century [0] canals were as important as [0] motorways today.
article/01, 02, 04
9. Only very few students at our university can understand French and hardly any speak
Spanish. detenniners/01; adverbs/09; modal/01
10. It’s high time we stopped wasting our time and did something serious. Let’s start publishing
a magazine. idioms/02; verb/01
11. The only woman for whom Max could leave Bath is his mother.
relative/01, 02, 03; modal/01
12. We lost two thirds of the paper but it would have been much worse if they had found our
supply of ink. detenniners/06; adjectives/04; conditional/02, 03
13. Now we see he is not so/as/ harmless as we thought. But he is certainly the least dangerous
of them all. adjectives/01, 05
14. I’m afraid it won’t be easy to estimate/evaluate/ how many foreigners there are in Milan
now. And why do you ask? future/01; indirect/01; nouns/04
1. Have you ever tried to understand my problems? Since our wedding day you’ve been
interested in nothing but making money. present peifect/01, 02
2. It seems to me that the university she graduated from cannot have very high academic
standards. relative/01, 02, 03; modal/01
4. Of course, we trust/believe/you but we would like you to tell us what you (have) spent so
much money on. indirect/01; verb/08
5. No, I don’t mind waiting a little longer. If everything is ready by Saturday, I won’t
complain. verb/01; conditional102, 04; future/05
6. This is the beginning of the end. Now it can’t take longer than 20 years. But of course it
doesn’t have to/needn’t/ take so long. article/04; modal/01, 02, 06
7. If Bob and his girlfriend don’t come/aren’t coming/, let’s not go there, either.
conditional/02, 04; imperative/02; adverbs/10
8. You should have taken a taxi. You would have paid over $200 but you wouldn’t have
damaged your car. modal + pi/01
9. Since our son fell in love with Joy, he’s been going to the barber twice a month.
present peifect/01, 02
10. You played very well on Saturday. But you couldn’t have beaten Adams even if he had
shown a slightly weaker form. conditional/02, 03
11. After four hours of waiting we were told that the mayor had agreed to consider our
applications and would see us at 9:40 the next/foilowing/ morning.
passive/01; verb/03; sequence/01
12. Ten minutes before closing a tall man in a grey suit came into/entered/ the shop. He went
to the counter and said he wanted to speak to the owner. article/01, 04
14. As far as I know it was Joe who taught you how to play poker. Let him pay your debts now.
be/04; imperative/03
15. The part of the country over which we will be flying has been developing rapidly for ten
years. relative/01, 03, present perfect/01
Test 86
1. I’d like you to tell me what we can do to help those poor people. verb/08; indirect/01
2. Even the least expensive of the houses (that) we/have seen/saw/ is more than we can/could/
pay. adjectives/05; relative/01, 02; detenniners/02
3. If there are too many complaints, we’li have to do something about it.
conditional/02, 04; modal/02
4. It’s normal that parents whose children/have/emigrated would like to see them more often.
relative/01, 05
5. Why do you let/al!ow/ our secretary/to/ wear a mini and smoke? It’s against the regulations.
verb/08, 09
6. The book I’m talking/speaking/ about must be shorter. Teenagers don’t read long novels.
present/01, 02; relative 01, 03
7. Why do you want your best friend to be given such [0] dangerous work?
passive/03; nouns/01
8. As far as I know the Loseys haven’t bought this house for themselves. They want to rent it
to an oil company. present peifect/01; article/05; pronouns/03
9. Do you realise how many (.rucks they will need to bring all that equipment? indirect/01
10. Before flying/you fly/ to Osaka, speak to Mr Hardy. He’s been doing business there for at
least ten years. present peifect/01
11. For obvious reasons the minister for whom this secret report was prepared couldn’t discuss
it in a TV programme. relative/01, 02, 03; modal 01, 03
12. [0] Scientists have never believed that there might be [0] life on the moon.
article/02, 04; modal/01, 03
13. Almost every man in our village has something bad to say about him. And whenever I see
him, he’s drunk. determiners101; conjunctions106
14. Without faster boats we won’t be able to prevent the smugglers’ operations; even if our men
were (to be) helped by the Army. future/01; conditional/02, 04; be/01
15.1 think you should buy as many paintings as you can take with you. They’re so cheap here.
determiners/03
sest 6?
1. Before I had time to ask him where my Christmas card was, he handed it to me.
sequence/01
2. If I hadn’t made my daughter send an application, she wouldn’t have become a model.
conditional!02, 03; verb/09
3. Thé system is very effective. There hasn’t been a single case of rabies for over 20 years.
be/02; present perfect/01
4. The burglary you’re talking about was an exception. Burglars don’t normally operate at
noon. present/01, 02; relative/01, 03
5. I don’t believe in chance meetings. They must have agreed to go to Brighton together
a long time ago. modal + pi/01, 03
6. Let’s serve the Hungarian wine to the guests tonight. In this way we’ll be able to keep the
French wine for ourselves. imperative102; modal/02; pronouns/03
7. Unlike polar bears or koalas, Chinese black bears are [0] animals that relatively few people
/have/heard about. relative/01, 02, 03; article/02
8. Don’t tell me you don’t know how old your parents were when they were getting/got/
married. indirect/01; conjunctions/09
9. The Globe isn’t the only place where you can buy such [0] lamps. Why don’t you try another
firm? relativelOl, 08; article/02; determiners/07
10. When I realised they were not listening to me, I gave up and ended my speech.
sequence/01; present/02
11. In spite of /Despite/bad weather, neither the boys nor their parents tried to talk to me
about changing the date of the tour. conjunctions/01, 03
12.1 don’t quite understand why so many holiday makers are now choosing Malta. Well, some
may/might/could/ have been attracted by the story in The Times.
indirect/01; present/01; modal + pi/01
13. Uncle Joe says that nothing worse can happen to him than getting up before 6 o’clock. He
always tells me the worst time in his life was when he had to collect express mail at the
railway station at 5 am. adjectives/04, 05; modal/02
14. I’m dreaming of a doctor who will say nothing about [0] sugar, [0] potatoes, and [0] fat
soups. Not to mention [0] alcohol and [0] tobacco. article/01, 02
15.1 might believe what you are saying if I hadn’t been worldng/hadn’t worked/ on similar
equipment for nearly ten years now. conditional/02, 03; indirect/01
Tesf 6 8
1. I’d really like Lou to replace me because I haven’t had a free weekend for two months.
present perfect/01
2. We’re trying to negotiate another contract with ALMA. They make electronic equipment
for hospitals and clinics. present/01; determiners/07
3. I’m afraid we’ll have to change the programme because it gets dark before eight in
October. future/01; present/01; verbHO
4. This is a very good textbook for children whose parents know enough English to help them
with the homework. relative/01, 04
5. There were too many musicians for a 30-minute programme. If only two or three had been
invited, the programme would have been much more attractive.
determiners/14; conditional/02, 03
6.1 called a mechanic after some of the girls/had/ complained that there was no hot water in
the bathroom. sequence/01
7. Personally I find this film both very stupid and extremely dangerous. I wouldn’t show it on
public TV. conjunctions101; modal/01
8. Don’t tell her how many points she has got/received/scored/. I want to speak to her myself.
indirect/01; pronouns/03
9. Don’t you think it would be/have been/stupid if I /had/ risked my job only to protect yours?
conditional/02, 03; pronouns/01
10.1 think children shouldn’t be allowed to see films with so much violence.
passive/01; verb 08
11.1 don’t necessarily agree that any teacher will be better than no teacher at all. We need
high standards of teaching first of all. determiners109; adjectives/03
12. About half an hour later we passed a green Ford which looked like the van shown on [0]
TV last night. articles/01, 02, 03, 04
13. Before starting/they start/ work every new employee should be shown which of the red
buttons must never be pressed. passive/01; modal/01; determiners/13
14. After the party the parents agreed that holding it at a restaurant was a mistake. In the
community centre the kids would have had even more fun for less money.
modal + pi/01; determiners/02
15. In your place I would go to Madrid by train. It will be a little more expensive than going
by coach but you’ll get there much faster. modal/01; adjectives/04
Test @9
1. Don’t you think there ought to be more cheap restaurants like this one?
be/02; prepositions103; pronouns/07
2. We had to leave earlier without hearing the last lecture. I wish I had stayed as it
might/could/ have been quite interesting. modal/02; wish; modal + pi/01
3. You should be particularly polite towards people/with/ whose opinions you disagree /with/.
relative/01, 03, 05
4. It was beginning to rain so he took my umbreila/so as/in order/ not to get wet.
conjunctions¡04; verbllO
5. Do/Can/ you remember how much the bigger ones were? indirect/01; pronouns/07
6. If you had taken all the medicines that Dr Jones was giving/had given/ you, you would have
ended up in hospital. conditional/02, 03
7. Most members of our club seem to have accepted the new regulations. But the problem is
how to deal with the/those/ few ones who have not. verb/03, 06; pronouns/02, 07
8. We should solve our own problems ourselves. It would be stupid to expect strangers to do
it for us. pronouns/03; verb/03, 08
9. The rumour that there might/could/ be some trouble during last night’s match (had) made
many people stay at home. sequence/02; verb/09
10. If you see [0] water on the floor, press the red button to switch the main pump on.
Remember that the pump shouldn’t work for longer than [0] half an hour.
article/01, 02, 03, 04
11.1 can think of only two people who might/could/ translate it: one of them is, of course,
professor DeVille and the other (one) a retired bank manger in Bath.
relative/01, 02; pronouns/05
12. He’s been our most serious partner for so long/such a long time/ that I can assure you he
is a very decent man. present perfect/01; determiners/05
13. He must have been warned of his opponents’ intentions because he changed the date of
the meeting. passive/01; modal + pi/01, 03; nouns/03
14. In the present situation neither the government nor those trade union leaders who want to
go on with the strike may count on the support of the public.
conjunctions101; modal/01, 04
15. Without/Had it not been for/ Patrick’s bright idea, we would now be walking in the rain and
carrying a heavy tent. conditional/06; present/03
Test 7 0
1. How am I to know where the alarm button is? I’ve never been here before. indirect/01
2. Since the total weight of the bottle was no more than a quarter of a pound, I had no
problems carrying it in a plastic bag. article/01, 03, 04
3. If the conductor refuses to play the anthem, we’ll have to play it from a tape.
conditional/02, 04; verb/03; modal/02
4. My brother is now being treated with a medicine developed in Japan; I wish it had been
developed ten years earlier. passive/04; wish
5. You needn’t have tried to impress the consul with your heartbreaking story; you should
have offered him some money instead. modal + pi/01, 05
6. We’ve been/were/ told that/the/ data concerning children running away from their homes
should be looked at/upon with caution. passive/01; verb/13
8. To tell you the truth the cottage was her parents’ and not hers. She couldn’t/have sold/sel!/
it against their will. nouns/03; pronouns/01; modal + pi/01
9. The poorer you are the more you have to pay - do you call this justice? adjectives/07
10. Let’s hope the second edition of the bishop’s biography, which is just being prepared, will
be free of all those stupid errors. relative/01; passive/04
11.1 play the violin quite well. But I would never dream of recording [0] concerts for the radio.
article/02, 04
12. In my opinion human nature has been the same for centuries. Hardly any progress is
(being) made in this field. present perfect/01; adverbs/09; passive/01
13. If I had an idea how many customers we might/could/ have the first day, I would feel much
better. But we’ll only/find out/know that/ on Wednesday.
conditional/02, 03; modal/01, 03
14. I’m sure Mrs Rogers has got your phone number. So if she didn’t phone on Monday, she
must have changed her mind about the deal. conditional/02, 04; modal + pi/01, 03
15. If we find a way of getting over two hundred girls to take part in the survey, we will gather
a lot of information that can be used in market studies.
verb/08; future105; relative/01, 02
lest 7 1
1. Let’s hurry. It’ll be almost impossible to find the shop after it gets dark.
future104; verb!10
2. Since both Mr King and his sister have similar problems with their teenage daughters,
I would be against taldng seriously all they are telling us.
conjunctions101, 02; modal/01; relative/01
3. The trip will take longer because most of the towns/through which/we’H be driving
/through/ have very narrow streets and no bypasses. relative/01, 03
4. We don’t have to/needn’t/know right now what she will do to reduce the cost. Let her think
it over. modal/01, 06; indirect/01; imperative/03
5. Many people speak veiy well about the new system. But to me it doesn’t look good at all.
verbHI
6. Experience is what you pay for. You must realise that anyone/a person/who has repaired/
been repairing/ high-tech pumps for (so) many years will not work for $500 a month.
present perfect/01; relative/01, 02
7. The announcement that (the) lorry drivers might block the motorway made some drivers
take the longer road along the coast. sequence/02; future/03; verb/09
8. Has the curator been able to tell you when it will be possible to see the sculptures again?
sequence/03; indirect/01
9. I can hardly see any improvement in the way our club is organized. It’s high time we chose
a new chairman. adverbs109; idioms102
10.1 have arranged that the ofilcers/between whom/ she’ll be sitting/between/ will know nothing
about each other. relative/01, 02, 03; sequence/03; pronouns/04
11. If my wife was/were/ as pleased with herself as yours, I’m sure my children would be much
less ambitious. conditional/02, 03, 05; pronouns/01, 03; adjectives/04
12. As regards the Welsh language, there is general agreement that it could/might/ have been
introduced to our schools long/a long time/ ago. passive/01; modal + pi/01
13. So far we have tried four different engines, none of which meets/has met/elementary safety
standards. present peifect/01; pronouns/06
14. I noticed as many as 26 printing errors in the first two chapters of the book. And
I may/might/could/ have overlooked some (of them). detenniners/03, 08; modal + pi/01
15. It’s not the best moment for inviting Mr Dears for a lecture. Right now he is being
criticised for his role in the destruction of The Woodland Reserve. passive/04
Test 72
1. There have been too many accidents since the opening of the new crossing. Something
ought to be done quicldy. present perfect/01, 02; passive/01
2. When we were in Leeds our daughter got used to being the youngest pupil in class. And
for some time since our return she wanted to be treated in the same way.
verb101, 03; passive/03
3. To find out where he was taking the piano, I asked the driver if he could give me a lift to
the station. sequence/01; present/01
4. The thief must have liked my leather handbag on the front seat. I wish I had put it under
my coat. modal + pi/01, 03; wish;
5. Probably no more than two thirds of the parents would agree to pay for such [0] courses.
Maybe I’m wrong. detenniners/06; modal/01; verb/03; atricle/02
6. I agree that my report was a little chaotic. But if I hadn’t had to answer all those letters for
my boss, I would have spent more time on it. conditional/02, 03
7. The second report proved to be much less critical than we feared. And it was not as
detailed as the first one. adjectives/01, 04
8. After realising/Having realised/ that you were in the wrong room, you should have
apologised and gone out/left/. Waiting till the break was not the best idea.
sequence/02; modal + pi/01; article/04
9. We have to remember that [0] computer errors can be very expensive. The recent blocking
of [0] air traffic over Poland was an example of such an error. article/01, 02, 03, 04
10. She dresses more formally now, though to me she still looks rather eccentric in her Indian
blouses. verb111
11. “You didn’t feed the dogs before going out, did you?”
“No, I was sure I would be back in a couple of hours. I only fed the canary.”
sequence/01; jalc tlumaczyc/02; past simple/01
12. We knew we wouldn’t be able to see each other/one another/ more often than once a year,
so we promised we would write letters. We didn’t, of course. sequence/01; pronouns/04
13. We want our children to pass all the exams, and we pay you to teach them; but we don’t
expect you to make them laugh. verb/08, 09
14. If you concentrate on those few things on which your success really depends, most of your
problems will simply disappear. pronouns/02; relative/01, 02, 03
15. Well, if last year’s questions weren’t so easy, I wonder whether/if/ we shouldn’t look for
a private teacher who would help Tom with the most difficult problems.
conditional/02, 04; indirect/01; modal/01
Test 7 3
1. I think that my time is as valuable as yours. So let’s not argue about such trivial things as
the colour of paint. adjectives/01; pronouns101; imperative/02
2. The reaction to this kind of treatment depends on a number of individual factors. If after
another ten days there are no new sympoms of the disease, we can say the drug has
worked. determiners/07; conditional/02, 04; present perfection
3. Something important must be taldng place in the town hall because lots of limousines have
just gone there. present/03; present perfect/01
4. To know something more about it we would have to find more couples who do not use
Polish at home and whose children went to Polish schools.
modal/01; relative/01, 02, 05
5. Before the visit some journalists did in fact write that the authorities were not doing enough
to assure security. But even they didn’t predict that there would be so many people.
sequence/01
6. She’s only twelve and is very proud of being given such resposible tasks as showing the
castle to our guests. passive/02; prepositions/03
I . 1 haven’t talked to Irene since Friday and I don’t know whether or not she found the film
boring. But as an enthusiast of climbing she may have enjoyed the pictures of the Alps.
present peifect/01; conjunctionsl07; modal + pilOl
8. Don’t be offended if he talks to you as if you were ten or younger. He is single and doesn’t
know how to talk to young people. conditional/02, 04, 05
9. Without/Not/knowing what name he used/was using/before 1980 or where he was born,
I really cannot consider him as a serious partner. It would be unwise if I did.
indirect/01; conditional/02, 03
10. My parents sent me to [0] lessons of music, so as a teenager I could play the piano quite well.
But I never thought about [0] music as a way of earning [0] money. articlelOl, 02, 04
II. All I can tell you is that for a person who has lived/been living/ in Paris (for) so long, he has
a rather poor French accent. Therefore, he cannot have a really good ear for foreign
pronunciation. present perfect/01; modal/01
12. I’ll give you an example of what I mean by loyalty. Before making any important decision
my wife and I always think: what might the other do in a given situation?
pronouns/05; modal/01
13. To get one of the top scores in tomorrow’s contest, you would have to choose a more
attractive topic for your speech and make as few errors as today. Even fewer, if possible.
nouns/03; adjectives/03; detenniners/02, 03
14. There is nothing worse than sitting in your room and waiting for the phone to ring. For me
even the worst news is better than no news at all. adjectives/03, 05; nouns/01
15. We cannot let Alice and the twins eat as much as they would like to. Before I got married
I was rather fat myself and I know that if you’re not careful you can get fat in a couple of
months. verb/09; verb/10; modal/04
Tesl 74
1. It is much too early to comment on the causes of the accident of the coach. So far hardly
anything of what the press has written has been confirmed by the passengers or by police.
adverbs/09; relative/04
2. We expected that the announcement that this marathon might be the last would make
many people send letters of protest. Well, the protest turned out to be much stronger than
the organisers had hoped it to be. sequence/02; verb/09; past peifect/01
3. If I let/allow/ myself/to/ trouble you with my problems, it’s because I know you will never
refuse to listen to me. imperative/03; pronouns/03; verb/03
4. Before I express my own opinion as to why some young people cause trouble in the
stadiums, I would like to ask Miss Davis when she last attended/went to a football match.
future/04; indirect/01
5. It is very difficult today to encourage children to read books. A reading competition which,
when I was at school, would have been a major attraction for a majority of pupils, will now
attract only a few. modal + pi/01; future/01; determiners104
6. After last winter there are so few skylarks in the fields that more and more farmers think
something ought to be done about it. determinersl05; adjectives/06; passive/01
7. If we want to take more students next year we may have to change the date of our entrance
exams. But I wouldn’t do it this year yet. Last year’s exam may have been different for some
reasons we don’t yet see. modal/01, 02, 04; modal + pi/01; adverbs/11
8. The Mayor has said that five police cameras which are being installed in the city center will
make it safer for residents and businesses. passive/04; verb/14
9. The briefcases I saw at a little shop in Witney seemed better quality than those/the ones/ we
looked at at the hotel. They were a little smaller than yours. nouns/01; pronouns/01, 07
10.1 would be rather sceptical. If the check showed no hygiene problems with the buses, its
date must have (been) leaked to the bus company. As a regular customer I know what these
buses look like. conditional/02, 04; modal + pi/01; idiorrrs/06
11. Don’t be ridiculous! The man who for half a year now has been too busy to take his son to
a football match shouldn’t tell others how to be a father.
relative/01, 02; present perfect/01; pronouns/05
12. After last month’s accident there were to be no more cycling races in Bicester until road
repairs in the centre are finished. But then the club managers found an alternative route.
be/01, 02; future/04
13. It is high time somebody told Mrs Atkins that it is her duty to clean the pavement after
walking her dogs. I would have told her myself but I didn’t meet her yesterday.
idioms/02; modal + pi/01
14. The first photographs of the dark side of the moon must have been taken before the landing
of the Apollo. But I don’t know when exactly. article/01, 04, 06; modal + pi/01, 03
15.1 wouldn’t like to be the father of the nine-year-old boy because of whom traffic in the
centre was stopped for almost an hour yesterday. determiners!14; relative/01, 02, 03
lest 7 q>
1. The way he was carrying the suitcase I was sure even the least intelligent customs officer
would have to stop him and tell him to open it. adjectives/05; sequence/01
2. It is too early for details. First we must talk to our sponsors and ask how much money we
can expect from them and what we can spend it on. indirectlOl
3. Our children will be delighted if the driver of the bus that will collect them from the airport
is wearing/wears a cowboy hat. future/05; conditional/02, 04; relative/01, 02
4. Although I didn’t believe there might/could/ be some wine in the fridge, I went straight to
the kitchen to check. conjunctions/03; sequence/01; modal/01
5. Don’t be disappointed if our roses aren’t as beautiful as yours. We have much less time
for gardening. conditional/02, 04; adjectives/01; pronouns/01; determiners/02
6. At the beginning of the training we were told a story of a retired librarian who had
throwe/threw away an old document without checking what it was.
verb/13; relative/01, 02; sequence/01
7. The questions concerning Silesia, that we had feared most, couldn’t have been simpler. In fact
we needn’t have devoted two evenings to studying it. past peifect/01; modal + pi/01, 05
8. I am going to ask why we haven’t been told that these recordings cannot be listened to
without special headphones. indirect/01; passive/01
9. I had no idea whether the fishermen were right or not but as I was listening to them
I couldn’t help feeling some respect for them. conjunctions/07; be/05; idioms/05
10. Tell your daughter that cats are predators and that she will never have a vegetarian cat.
Even if she tried to feed it on vegetables and milk. future/01; conditional/02, 03
11. Our local journalists are really hopeless. I can’t understand why for four weeks nobody has
written/been writing/ anything about the investigation into the pollution of the lake.
present perfect/01
12.1 wish the weathermen could tell us with certainty what the weather will be like next
Sunday; it would be easier to decide whether to go sailing or fishing.
wish; indirect/01; idioms/06; modal/01; verb/02
13. The bus on which my daughter was returning from the seaside was half an hour late
because a/sorne passenger saw a rat under the driver’s seat. It took some time before the
rat was chased away. article/01, 03, 04
14. The bishop couldn’t come. Maybe his presence could have made the members of the parish
council change their minds about the new organ. But I doubt it.
modal/03; modal + pi/01; verb/09
15. It’s simple. Once the dollar gets cheaper, about two fifths of our components, those that are
paid for in dollars, also get cheaper.
future/04; verbHO; relative/01, 02; pronouns/07; determiners/06
leal 76
1. During the strike it would have been a bit silly to ask what time the train would leave and how
far it would get. We just sat and waited. modal + pi/01; sequence/01; past simple/03
2. In the other shop we saw from ten to fifteen models of rucksacks, mostly from Asia. They
were not better than those/the ones/ in The Global. Some were too heavy, others too small,
still others were made of wrong materials. deteiminers/07, 08; pronouns/05, 07
3. She was very upset to hear that the fishermen on whose support she/had/ counted most had
turned their backs on her. relative/01, 02, 05; nouns/02
4. Before the concert we hoped that Ida wouldn’t mind performing beside some folk groups
from Georgia because it wouldn’t have been the first time. However, this time she refused.
sequence/01; verb/01; modal + pi/01
5. I don’t know why Joe is late.Well, he may/could/ be packing his suitcase because he’s flying
to Manchester in the afternoon. indirect/01; present/03; future/02
6. Once/As soon as/ the new bikes are/ have been/ brought from Italy, we will be able to practise
more intensively because every team member will waste less time on repairing their bike.
future/01, 02, 04
I. The interviews he has given recently show he doesn’t want to be remembered as someone who
was always ready to do what the Russians wanted. relative/01, 02; passive/03; article/06
8. New businessmen don’t give enough money to the poor. Even if they gave three times as
much it wouldn’t be a lot/much/. deteiminers/01, 03; adjectives/08
9. Although I had heard the story before, I was not sure whether/if/ it was Adam who had
painted the watercolours or whether it was his sister. Of course, I didn’t ask because Mrs
Lane would have been shocked if I had shown such total ignorance.
conjunctions/03, 07; be/04; conditional/02, 03
10. After the conference with the headmasters I still can’t understand why it is so difficult to
calculate two months earlier how many English teachers every school will need. Why is it
better to do it in September? indirect/01
II. While Tina rather liked the school, her mother was sceptical. Both the nuns and the pupils
made her think of the years spent in a Catholic school in [0] Switzerland.
conjunctions/01, 03; article/01, 04; verb/09
12. Our prices haven’t changed since last year, so if you were given a higher price than that in
the catalogue, our employee must have misunderstood you.
present perfect/01; conditional/02, 04; modal + pi/01; pronouns/07
13. It was not wise on your part. When you saw she was taking you for your brother, you
should have told her who you were. sequence/01; modal + pi/01
14. Unfortunately the training had to be done in Spanish as most of the local staff didn’t speak
English. It must have required a lot of work from the instructors, at least initially.
modal + pi/01, 03
15. Since my wife said on local TV that the school would stress vegetarian cooking, we have
been receiving/received plenty of mail from producers of health food.
present perfect/01, 02; sequence/01
Tesl 77
1. He was really frightened when I asked him what he was doing in my garden.
sequence/01; present/01
2. In your place I wouldn’t hesitate. This may be your last chance to see Texas. Remember
that next year you won’t be abie to take a holiday. modal/01, 02, 04
3. I’m sorry but the President, without whose signature the cheque will be invalid, has just
gone to Milan. relative/01, 02, 05
4. I realised the danger when I heard one of them mention my colleagues’ names.
verb/05; nouns/03
5. She shouldn’t/oughtn’t to/ be given so many books to read. She has too little time for
herself. passive/01; pronourts/03
6. The only thing they were really interested in was where the paper for our magazines came
from. relative/01, 02, 03; indirect/01
7. Almost every child in England gets/receives/ pocket money once a week. About seven per
cent get as much as 50 pounds a week. detenniners/01, 03
8. There’s nothing to worry about, we’ll find him. It would be much worse if we didn’t know
his address. be/02; adjectives/04; conditional/02, 03
9. Though/Although/ slightly heavier than the previous one, their new model is as fast as any
of our planes. conjunctions/03, 08; adjectives101, 04
10. You won’t find a single private surgery here. They’ve been illegal since the passing of the
National Health Law. present peifect/01, 02
11. At the beginning of the class Mr Adams took a book out of his case. We couldn’t see the
title because the book was wrapped in [0] brown paper. article/01, 02, 04
12. In my opinion/According to me/ this is not a film to be seen by schoolchildren. There’s too
much violence in it. passive/03
13. Although Adam was the least gifted of the four brothers, he was the only one who
graduated from university. The others were too lazy for that.
adjectives105; pronouns/05, 07
14.1 don’t regret anything. These documents show quite clearly that even if we had given up
most of our demands, the end would have been the same. conditional/02, 03
15. They must have known about the General’s visit because they were al! woridng hard and
nobody was drinking coffee. modal + pi/01; past simple/03
Test 78
1. Without/Not/ knowing who their leaders are or what they want to achieve, it will be very
difficult to fight them. indirect/01
2. I know him much/far/ too little to ask him for such a favour. And I hardly ever see him
alone. determiners/02, 05; adverbs/09
3. The reporter replied that the name of the official she (had) learnt it from didn’t matter
and she was not going to reveal it. relative/01, 02, 03; sequence/01
4. The longer such a situation lasts the more difficult it will be to change anything.
fnture/04, 05
5. Before reading this article I didn’t realize how frequent such accidents are. indirect/01
6. After about ten minutes I stood up and asked the captain whether/if/ he knew what he was
talking about. But I tried to be polite. indirect/01; present/02
7. The children won’t mind being left at home if they don’t have to water the garden.
verb/01; passive/02; conditional/02, 04
8. We have to buy some apples because Kate’s friends came and she gave one to each, and
kept the biggest one for herself. pronouns/03, 06, 07; adjectives/05
9. I’m sure one of our employees must have helped them. Without such help they wouldn’t
have known how to switch off the alarm system. modal + pi/01, 03
10.1 doubt whether they themselves know what they need so much money for.
indirect/01; pronouns/03
11. They’re still discussing point one. Since yesterday they haven’t been able to reach any
reasonable compromise. present/01; present peifect/01, 02
12. As a small boy he dreamed about building a bridge over the Mississipi. Later, as a student
of [0] architecture, he was much more interested in [0] bars than in [0] bridges.
article/01, 02, 06
13. I’m afraid we won’t be able to pay any extra money to those of you who will have to leave
earlier. modal/02; pronouns/07
14. As long as he doesn’t ask us, let’s not/don’t let’s/ mention her name. Maybe he’ll forget.
future/04; imperative/02
15.1 didn’t even try to talk to him because he was so drunk that he wouldn’t have understood
what I was asking him about. determiners/05; modal + pi/01; indirect/01
iwsi 79
1. The mess in the garden was the proof that the boys had again been playing ball on the
lawn. I was furious because they had promised they wouldn’t, past peifect/01; sequence/01
2. Will it make all the neighbours join our committee? I don’t think so.
verb109; prepositions/02; pronouns108
3. Neither Mr Deal himself nor any of his sons will be able to meet us at the airport. We’ll
have to take a taxi. conjunctions/01; modal/01, 02
4. I doubt whether/if/ we should spend any more money on a program that no one is really
interested in. indirect/01; relative/01, 02, 03
5. If I hadn’t been reminded of the deadline, I could have forgotten. And now I’d be in
trouble. passive/01; conditional/02, 03
6. If you want an iron for less than 50 dollars, take the one with a red handle. It looks [0]
better quality than the others. pronouns/05, 07; nouns/Ol
I. Charles finds his way about London as if he had lived/been living/ here for many years. And
he only came here in May. conditional/02, 03
8. It’s a pity Daniel didn’t appear at the party. He would have been pleased to see how many
people were interested in his book. modal + pi/01; sequence/01
9. If it’s ten past four, our champion ought to/should/ be playing tennis with his coach. If he
isn’t, you’ll find him in the gym. present/03; future/05
10. We spent so much money on the ferry that none of us could afford a taxi from the terminal.
determiners/05; pronouns/06; modal/03
II. He should realise he has no chances to beat the Americans; even if his players were much
taller. conditional/02, 03; adjectives/04
12. It’s too early to say whether/if/ there will be enough rain for a good harvest of cucumbers.
Let’s hope there will. indirect/02
13. I’ve told him we won’t be able to take more than 200 kilos. If the boxes are heavier, he will
have to hire/rent a van. conditional/02, 04; modal/02
14. There was a bar or a restaurant on the east side of the square. But I don’t remember
whether/if it served [0] potatoes. article/01, 02, 04
15. My travel agent phoned me yesterday to ask if I didn’t mind staying in Casablanca two days
longer than planned. sequence/01; verb/01
lest BO
1. At the agency I learnt there were no more seats for the first concert. Later I saw on TV that
the hall was half empty. sequence/01
2. If there are any doubts concerning the owner of the objects, we’ll call off the auction.
conditional/02, 04; article/04
3. Almost every restaurant in the county lost some money because of the flood. I’m afraid at
least one fifth will have to close. determiners101, 06; conjunctions/02
4. It’s a pity you didn’t ask her who she was talking about. indirect/01; present/02
5. I would wait patiently for the results. If you had/have got/ ail the answers correct, they
cannot fail you. modal/01; conditional/02, 04
6. Mrs Arens is lying. She can’t/couldn’t/ have heard it on the radio because there were no
reporters on the scene. present/02; modal + pi/01, 02
I. The fact is that all the guitarists we have talked to refuse to play if Simon is not invited.
relative/01, 02, 03; verb/03; conditional/02, 04
8. Don’t forget one thing: the name of the officer who took/shot/ the photograph must not be
revealed. relative/01, 02; modal/01
9. Has this got anything to do with the Dutch company we are preparing it for?
relative/01, 02; present101
10. The boy’s parents appeared on TV at eight. And since that time the phone has been
ringing all the time. present peifect/01, 02
12.1 was surprised to see that their dining room is almost as spacious as ours.
adjectives/02; pronouns/01
13. Hans Mahler says that the destruction of the Berlin Wall was one of the happiest moments
in his life. article/04, 06; adjectives/05
14. Be careful! When she sees you’re not watching, she’ll try to cheat you.
future/04, 05; present¡01
15. Whose are these suitcases? Well, if the one with a tag is Nora’s, the other (one) must be her
brother’s. pronouns/05, 07; nouns/03
1. The worst thing was that there were too few girls. That spoiled the whole party.
determiners/01, 11; adjectives/05
2. After so many years he got used to being treated like a foreigner. verblOl; passive/02
3. Let me tell you one more thing: I have always been loyal to you.
imperativel03; present perfect/01
4. I didn’t want to miss the farewell party during which the final decisions were to be
announced. relative/01, 02, 03; be/01; passive/03
5. She has six brothers, none of whom can read or write. pronouns/06; relative/01, 02, 03
6. When I realised that all those people were trying to move closer and touch my hand, I got
into a panic. sequence/01;present/01; determiners/12
I. Dennis would have known how to repair the engine. He must have been away when the
breakdown occurred. modal + pi/01, 03
8. Since the price of petrol went up/rose/, the firm has been refusing/refused/ to pay our taxi
bills. present perfect/01, 02; verb/03
9. Why don’t you tiy (on) another pair? This one seems to me a bit too dark.
determiners/07; adjectives/04; pronouns/07
10. If he were/was/ Black or Chinese, they would have shot him, I’m sure. They had orders not
to kill Europeans. conditional/02, 03, 05; modal + pi/01
II. Don’t you think it might/may/could/ be almost impossible to find out who the previous
owner of the cottage was? modal/01; indirect/01
12. To know something about it you would have to speak to at least twenty people whose
children have recently emigrated to the West.
modal/01, 02; relative/01, 05; present perfect/01
13. Such [0] delicate silk can only be seen in [0] fashionable boutiques for the rich.
articles/02; modal/04; adjectives/08
14. Although he called himself an expert, he couldn’t tell me how many empty seats there were
and how many people would be late. indirect/01; sequence/01; conjunctions/03
15.1 think I know what to do. Those of you who/have/heard the speech will tell those who
/haven’t/didn’t. relative/01, 02; pronouns/07
Test 8 2
1. Don’t you think that before sacking me the boss should have asked how long I had been
working/worked/ for the firm? modal + pi/01; past perfect/01
2. Ah, one more thing. After iunch there may be one or two customers trying to make an
appointment with the boss. You needn’t/don’t have to/ be polite towards them.
modal/01, 04; 06
3. Even if you decide that a charge should be introduced, don’t try to do it before September.
conditional/02, 04; passive/01
4. The fog is getting thicker/by the minute/minute by minute/ and so let’s not/don’t let’s/ wait
for Mark. I hate driving in the fog. present101; verb/04, 10; imperative/02
5. As far as I remember she only had two boyfriends: one was an opera singer and the other
worked in a bank. The singer used to bring her flowers. article/01; pronouns/05; verb/04
6. If I had known they were on a slimming diet, I wouldn’t have baked the cake.
conditional/02, 03; sequence/01
I. In my opinion the 1st of February is the least probabie/likely/ date of their wedding. Even
the end of January would be slightly/a little/ better. adjectives/04, 05
8. He won’t mind taking part in the contest if he knows he’ll win it.
verb/01; conditional/02, 04; fature/01
9. One of the most important events in the history of [0] medicine was the introduction of [0]
lasers in the second half of the 20th century. article/01, 02, 04
10. He must have taken/been taking/ lessons in Welsh before this year’s visit. Last year we had
to translate every Welsh word for him. modal + pi/01, 03; noans/03
II. Apart from being the owner of a fish and chip shop in York, he has hardly anything to
offer. verb/01; adverbs/09
12.1 think I’ve said it quite clearly: I’m not interested in being employed as a skiing instructor.
I’m too old for that. passive/02
13. Do you have an idea what the boss needs so much fish oil for? indirect/01
14.1 didn’t think that the rock concert because of/for/ which the festival had to be shortened
by one day would attract so few listeners. relative/01, 02, 03; sequence/01
15.1had to wait for Amy to unlock the door because I was carrying a heavy box full of glasses,
which I couldn’t drop on the floor. verb/07; past simple/03; relative/01, 02; modal/03
Test 8 3
1. Believe Dr Blake. If he was 40 minutes late, the fog must have been really thick.
imperative/01; conditional/02, 04; modal + pi/01, 03
2. We didn’t want to sack anybody but the employees who refused to sign the new contracts
were simply asked to resign. verb103; passive/01
3. What can I do not to get lost in this big city? I wish I knew/could speak/ the language.
coiijunctions/04; wish
4. As long as we don’t know for sure how much it will cost, we will have to save every penny.
future/04; indirect/01; modal/02
5. Luckily, the warning that all the prisoners were to be sent to the island the next/following
/ day turned out to be false. sequence/02; be/01; passive/03
6. I found Miss Vico’s office slightly/a little/ less noisy than ours. As to its air conditioning,
it’s almost the same. adjectives/02, 04; pronouns/01
7. The woman in jeans who pretends to be waiting for the bus is in fact one of our security
agents. She’s guarding the back entrance. verb/03; present/01, 03
8. The party that followed was fairly successful. Well, I have one one little remark: they
shouldn’t have served Danish ham to Polish farmers. relative/01, 02; modal + pi/01
9. There must be something wrong with the satellite. Since Thursday we haven’t been able to
get through to Rio. be/02; modal/01, 02; present perfect/01; phrasal
10. Even a child would have seen that the yellowish liquid at the bottom of the cup wasn’t [0]
milk. articlelOl, 02, 04; modal + pi/01
11. It was a nice surprice when old Mr Lee, of whose rude manners I had heard from the local
people, invited us into his home and offered us wine. relative/01, 03, 05; past perfect/01
12. Shortly before the consul’s visit we were told to leave our luggage in one corner of the dining
room. But we were not allowed to make phone calls. passive/01; jak tlumaczyd/02
13. To read every letter I get I would have to start work at least one hour earlier, which doesn’t
mean that any letter is left unanswered. relative/01, 02, 07; modal/01, 02; determiners/09
14. If we hadn’t built all those factories forty years ago, we would be too poor now to think
about fighting industrial pollution. conditional/02, 03
15. Luckily for us, most letters in this collection were written in English. And the few (ones)
that were written in French will not be a problem. pronouns/02, 07; passive/01
le s t 8 4
1. Ask the girls why they aren’t getting up. Tell them the canteen closes half an hour earlier
on Saturday. present/01; indirect/01
2. Could you all listen to me for a moment? L a Toya is not the only disco in town where you
can hear such [0] music. relative/08; nouns/01
3. The Parkers are to be placed in one of the council houses in Long Street. We are ready to start
work on installing a new roof there as soon as the present tenants/move /have moved/ out.
passive/03; future/04
4. Maybe Pm getting sentimental but I can’t help thinking we should have done more to help
the man. verb/10; idiom/05; modal + pi/01
5. The lecture was more boring than ever. I think if I hadn’t had to change the slides, I would
have fallen asleep like many other listeners. conditional/02, 03
6 .1 hope you won’t mind if your sons join ours. Last time they went camping together they
enjoyed themselves very much. conditional/02, 04; verb/02; pronouns/01, 03
I. The effectiveness of this method of translation depends largely on how fast the main
computer is and how many words it can remember. indirect/01
8. “Do you realise most people are against you? Don’t you think you /may/might/ be wrong?”
“Well, it’s always possible. But on the other hand, the majority needn’t be right.”
modal/01, 04, 06; be/05
9. The heat was so intense that the customs officers didn’t even try to see our luggage. They
were not interested in our passports, either. determiners/05; adverbs/10, 12
10.1 wonder why you want to argue with Paul Reno. Can’t you believe the man who has repaired
/been repairing/ organs for over half a century? indirect/01; present peifect/01; article/03
II. [0] Scientists agree that the warming of the Baltic by five degrees would have [0] very bad
effects upon the climate of [0] Scandinavia. aiticle/02, 04, 06
12. My opinion is that telephone calls from children who want to talk about their fears before
difficult class tests ought to/should/ be taken seriously. relative/01, 02; passive/01
13. The train ride took much longer and was less comfortable than the flight. The least they
should have done was informing /to inform/ us of the change as early as possible. I’m sure
some of us would have resigned. adjectives/04, 05; relative/04; modal + pi/01
14. If you count/are counting/ on support from the people whom you refused your own support
less than a year ago, you’re rather naive. relative/01, 02
15. What makes you think there may/might/could/ be problems with transport? The firm has
assured me we will get as many buses as we/have/ asked for.
verb/09; modal/01, 04; sequence/03; relative/01, 02, 03
Tesf 8 5
1. If you plan the meeting for 8:30, don’t be surprised if only very few men turn up. Most of
them will be watching the Cup Final, which starts at 7. conditional/02, 04; future/01, 02
2. Your dog may win one of the prizes only if it doesn’t get any fatter before the show. So you
shouldn’t let/allow/ your daughter or her friends/to/ give it sweets or cakes.
modal/01; conditional/02; verb108, 09, 10
3. Even the least expensive of the fire protection systems that we have been offered is more
than we can afford to pay. What is worse they all require a complete redecoration of the
ground floor. adjectives/03, 05; passive/01; verb/03
4. Would it be possible to say today how many pupils there will be in each of the sports classes and
how much the parents will have to pay for additional equipment? indirect/01; modal/02
5. The net is still rather wet so let’s not /don’t let’s/ take it down for the night. If there’s no more
rain/during the/at/ night, it will be dry by tomorrow morning. imperative/02; conditional/02
6. Cardinal Vico was a little puzzled by the fact that the doctor who was treating his burn
didn’t show any surprise. She behaved as if cardinals from abroad came into her surgery
every afternoon. relative/01, 02; conditional/02, 03
7. It is all much simpler than you think: fewer sunny days will mean fewer tourists coming to Newport
in summer. And that will mean less money for everybody. adjectives/04; determiners/01, 02
8. The new showers which are now being installed will make our swimming pool a much nicer
place for bathers. passive/04; relative/01, 02; adjectives/04
9. This year’s heatwave may have some good effects on the quality of [0] fruit wines produced
in the region. We may expect that the percentage of [0] sugar in [0] fruit will be higher than
usual. article/01, 02, 04; future/01, 03; nouns/03
10. “What shall we do if we find the door of the restaurant closed?”
“We certainly won’t. It would be for the first time in its 50-year history.”
modal/01, 05; conditional/01; determiners/14
11. The latest campaign was to get readers of the local newspapers to send letters to the Minister of
Education to protest against spending cuts and plans to close some schools, verb/08; article/05
12. Please don’t worry, Miss Grey.There is no need to be nervous about the parcel from your
niece. It may/might/could/ have been delayed at the railway or may have been sent to the
wrong post office. But, believe me, it can’t be lost. modal/04; modal + pi/01
13. 1 told Mark to be at the boathouse early in the morning. If, as the forecast says, it is sunny and
warm tomorrow, after 10 there may be problems with hiring a boat. conditional/02; be/02
14. The inspector refused to give the name of the employee in whose office the stolen documents
were/had been/ found. He said they must first find out if the woman knew how important the
documents were or where they should be returned.
verb/03; relative/01, 05; sequence/01, 04; indirect/01
15. We would like to thank Mrs West for her work with the drama group. Our daughter has
been an active member of the group since the very start and I am sure that this has helped
her to overcome her learning problems. present perfect/01
Test 8 6
1. You needn’t/don’t have to/be/get/ so nervous when you open the containers with poison. Of,
course you must never/mustn’t ever/ do it without gloves. modal/01, 06
2. It’s going to be a present for my cousins. If we were to buy a lawnmower for ourselves, we
would choose a smaller one. conditional/02, 03; be/01; pronouns/03, 07
3. Instead of asking the kids where their daddy was, you should have gone into the house and
waited for him in the living-room. sequence/02; modal + pi/01
4. Why are you telling your Mum you are studying for the exam? I haven’t seen you with
a book for a week. Lying is something I hate most of all.
present/01, 02; present perfect/01; relative/04
5. It is really hard to say what she is like. She looks different each time.
indirect, 01; idionts/06; verb/'ll
6. The book presents a/one day in the life of the owner of a small hotel situated in a valley in
the Italian Alps. article/01, 03, 04; 06
7. Do you think Miss Pears would have been offended if we had asked her where she would
live/would be offended if we asked her where she will live/ after retiring?
conditional/02, 03; sequence/01
8. After all those lies (that have been) published about my father, I have the right to be
shown all the documents concerning him. determiners/12; passive/01, 03
9. Those who say that any dentist is better than no dentist at all should remember that for an
average man a visit to the dentist’s is something much worse than losing his wallet.
detenniners/09; adjectives/03, 04
10.1 myself saw Peter dial your number several times. So, if your phone didn’t ring, it must
have broken down again. pronouns/03; verb/05; conditional/02, 03
11. Of course, it may be a coincidence but since I moved my bedroom to the basement
I haven’t had problems with falling asleep. modal/04; present perfect/01, 02
12. Fast computers have completely changed engineering. An equation which would have
required weeks of computation can now be solved in half an hour.
present petfect/01; modal + pi/01; modal/01
13. Taking your visitors into as many museums as they could physically visit in one day would
be stupid. Anyway, after a tour like this, they would hardly remember anything.
determiners/03; modal/01; adverbs/09
14. Before I explain why I objected to yet another playground in the park, I would like to hear
from Mr Adams how much it costs to keep the existing ones in good order.
future/04; detenniners/07; indirect/01; pronouns/07
15. The water in the artificial lake was perfectly clear because none of the towns /through/which
the river flows/through/ has any industry. relative/01, 02, 03; pronouns/06
Test 8 7
1. Realistically we shouldn’t expect more than five hundred guests. And we have enough
parking space for twice as many. determiners/01, 03
2. More important documents cannot be sent by ordinary post. After being placed in
briefcases with combination locks they are delivered by couriers. passivelOl, 02
3. For Antonella it will be excellent language practice if some of the kids she’ll be taking care
of at the camp do not speak Italian. relative/01, 02, 03; future/01
4. I’m going to vote for the least ambitious of the four projects because I would like the college
to spend a little more money on the park and lawns. adjectives/05; deteminers/02
5. Before saying anything about the cost we should know what land of cooperation your
friends are interested in and how fast it could start. indirect/01; modal/01
6. They must have improved the batteries since the last trial because we covered the whole
distance without stopping. Last year we had to charge the batteries twice.
modal + pi/03; detenniners/11
7. “You didn’t lay the table for dinner, did you?”
“No, I didn’t know how many people were coming/would come. I only laid the table with
a cloth.” jak tlumaczyc/02; sequence/01; past simple/Ol
8. Violent incidents on Midsummer’s night made the organisers change their minds about
next year’s festival. There are to be no more rock concerts at Baypark Stadium.
verb109; adjectiveslll; be/01, 02
9. Please be careful. Not all these cups are ours. The smaller ones are my sister’s.
pronounslOl, 07; nouns/03
10. Since the club started using TV cameras at the stadium there have been almost no
incidents requiring the use of police dogs. present perfect/01, 02
11. Sooner or later Linda and Gaston will have to decide in which country they will want to
live. So let’s not try to pretend that there is no problem. relative/01, 03; imperative/02
12. At that point you should have interrupted her and asked who/what/ she was taking you for.
I’m sure it would have been enough. modal + pi/01; sequence/01
13. Both in Europe and in the United States the number of [0] divorces has been growing since
the 1950s. The difference is that [0] American marriages tend to break up earlier.
article/01, 02, 04, 06; present perfect/01
14. Luckily, the French had been warned/on/ which plane the terrorists would be flying/on/. If
they hadn’t, Interpol would have had to mount a big security operation all over Europe.
article/06; passive/01; relative/01, 02, 03; conditional/02, 03
15. The only thing we should be afraid of is the blocking of the mountain road through which
we are keeping /keep/in touch with the outside world. relative/01, 02, 03
Test 88
1 .1 can’t understand why everybody is so excited about Tom Lee. He did nothing you couldn’t
have done in that situation. indirect/01; relative/04; modal + pi/01
2. I’m afraid that the new tax system will make the rich get richer and the poor remain poor.
Is that what you want? verb 109, 10; adjectives/08
3. By letting/allowing/ Sue and the twins/to/ come to the reception you completely pacified
them. I can assure you they won’t mind going there without their parents. verb/01, 08, 09
4. The weather was almost perfect and I might/could/ have liked/enjoyed/ the tour if I hadn’t
had to carry a rucksack weighing over 20 kilos. conditional/02, 03; modal/02
5. The car passed the hotel and the town hall. Only then did I realise we were being driven
to the city jail. But it was too late to protest. inversion; passive/04
6. I’m rather poor at remembering [0] faces. I can remember [0] voices much better. I’m sure
that the taller man spoke English with a strong Scottish accent. article/01, 02, 04
I. The second fax doesn’t say how many times the singer will appear on stage or what
instruments her group will be playing. indirect/01
8. Rather unexpectedly the weather changed in the afternoon; it got so cold that the workers
refused to stay in the water for longer than 30 minutes. verb/03, 10; determiners/05
9. Tlie foundation gave us two thirds of the money that we had asked for. And anyway, it would
have been pointless to interview every shopkeeper in Bath. We only sent questionnaires to
those who had had their shops for 20 years or longer.
determiners/06; relative/01, 02, 03; past perfect/01
10. Once the car park under the bus station opens/is opened, the mayor will be able to ban the
cars from the Old Town. Restaurants will then use the pavement to increase the number of
tables. future/04; article/04
II. Little is known of the French owners of the mansion. Judging by the uniform, the one
under whose portrait you’re sitting must have served in the artillery.
passive/01; relative 01, 03, 05; modal + pi/01
12. I’m rather sceptical as far as bioenergy is concerned but the fact is that since my mother -
in-law moved her bed to the other end of the room she hasn’t had a single headache.
present peifect/01, 02; determiners/07
13. Monica’s reaction shows she may/might/ be looking for a better job. She didn’t seem at all
interested in choosing furniture for the secretary’s office in the new building, present/01, 03
14.1 had to wash your jeans twice because the marks on the knees didn’t disappear in the first
wash. They must have been from blueberries. modal + pi/01, 03; article/01, 04
15. At this level of management everyone is expected to show [0] full independence. Don’t wait
to be told how you should solve a problem/a problem should be solved.
passive/01, 03; nouns/01; article/01
Test 8 9
1. I can’t understand why we can’t hang up/out/ as many posters as we would really like.
indirect/01; deteiviiners 03; relative/01, 02
2. I haven’t read it yet. Since my return from Iceland I’ve been too busy to read anything.
present perfect101; adverbslll
3. “At that time I didn’t believe they would do it.” “Neither did I. How could we be/have been/
so naive?”. sequencelOl; inversion
4. He is one of those people who won’t believe anything they haven’t seen themselves.
relative!04; present perfect103; pronouns!03
5. There were errors in almost every sentence of his letter. I can’t understand why father has
such a good opinion of him. determiners/Ol; indirect/01
6. In spite of /the/hard times more and more summer houses are/being/built along the coast.
present/01; passive/04; conjunctions¡03; adjectives/06
7. He said he would leave/be leaving/ the/following/next/ day. He was lying because I saw him
in the street two or three days later. sequence/01
8. The wheels of his coach were said to be made of pure gold. But I would doubt it.
passive/03, 05
9. You are dressed as if you were going to a wedding. Is any of your friends getting married?
conditional/02, 03; present/01
10.1 forgot to ask if/whether/ Mark’s girlfriend/had/ made him put on his dark suit in the end.
indirect/01; verb/09
11. The reform just announced is much too little to improve anything. That’s why I’m afraid
the situation will get much worse. passive/07; detenniners/02; adjectives/04; verb/10
12. My uncle says he’s lived here too long to take it all seriously. And he has /already/seen such
things/before/. present peifect/01; determiners/05
13.1 was in a hurry because I didn’t know the date of the show had been changed. And I wanted
to be there at least half an hour before the start. article/01, 03, 04; sequence/01
14.1 couldn’t have spoken to that American diplomat because I didn’t go to the reception.
Somebody must have/lied/been/lying/telling lies. modal + pi/01/03
15. There must be an error in his reasoning; if he were/was/right we would be the richest nation
in Europe. be/02; conditional/02, 03; 05
Tesl 9 0
1. Let’s take her to the disco. It’s the thing/something/ she needs most of all.
imperative/02; relative/04
2. Don’t tell me you don’t know how old your girlfriend is or where she went to school.
indirect/01; conjunctions/09
3. I can’t afford to be given such time-consuming tasks. I have four children and have to make
money fast/quickly. verb/03; passive/01, 03
4. He doesn’t have to/needn’t/ be sick/ill. He may/could/ be late or may have taken a day off.
modal/01, 02, 04, 06; modal + pi/01
5 .1 have no idea what made so many sensible people believe that nonsense.
verb/09; detenniners/03
6. I phoned the office to ask why they hadn’t sent me the contract. It helped because two days
later I had it on my desk sequence/01
7. We managed to gather/collect/ as much as half a ton of broken glass. It was much more
than we had expected. detenniners/02, 03
8. It’s curious but the only person they were interested in was your former girlfriend.
relative/01, 02, 03
9. If they went/have gone/ to the Bahamas again, they must have liked it (there) the first time.
conditional102, 04; modal + pi/03; article/06
10. They have been promising/have promised/ us a better future for over 30 years. They’re very
good at it. present pe?fect/01
12. She couldn’t run as fast as (the) others because she was wearing a tight skirt.
modal/03; adjectives101; pronouns/05; present/01
13. The salaries of the police must have increased considerably in the last few years. But they
won’t tell us how big that increase was/has been/. modal + pi/03; indirect/01
14. He is lying of course, but we can’t prove it now. We ought to/should/ have recorded what
he was saying last time. present/02; modal + pHOl
15. Although Nick eats much more than his sister, he’s as slim as her. And she’s the slimmest
of all her schoolmates. conjunctions/03; detenniners/02; adjectives/01, 05
Best 91
1. Be patient. In ten years’ time most of these houses will be ours anyway.
impemtive/01; nouns/03; pronouns/01
2. Let’s mot/Bon’t let’s/ treat Stanley as our business partner. He’s more than that.
imperative/02
3. I was really furious when I heard her complain about the food at the camp. verb/05
4. A sudden weather change is the only thing I am really afraid of. relative/01, 03, 04
5. How can you say I’m not making any progress in French? You never come to our French
lessons. present/01
6. Judging by his accent, he inay be American or Canadian. But he doesn’t have to/needn’t/
be. He may/might/could/ have attended [0] an American school.
modal/01, 04, 06; m odal + pi/01; prepositions/02
7. Has he explained/Did he explain/ to you why they will/would/ try to keep this discovery
secret? indirect/01; verb/12
8. The drug may/might/could/ have been stolen from our laboratory. But we won’t be able to
prove it if the box isn’t found. m odal + pi/01; conditional/02, 04; fature/05
9. The man spoke such a strange dialect that I didn’t understand a word. My wife couldn’t
understand him either. past simple/03; detenniners/05; adverbs/10
10.1 didn’t hurry because I was sure they would not elect the new president before my return.
It turned out I was wrong. sequence/01; be/05
11.1 still can’t imagine how he was able to drive so fast in that thick fog.
indirect/01; detenniners/12
12. My impression is that since my last stay here very little has been done to improve the living
conditions of the residents. present peifect/01; passive/01
13. There were so many applications that at one moment it seemed we would have too few
examiners to correct the papers. determiners/02, 05; sequence/01
14. This year’s drought was much worse than we/had/expected, but I’m afraid the worst is still
to come. nouns/03; adjectives/04, 05
15. Then the inspector showed me a photograph of a group of [0] dark-haired men. They were
standing on the roof of a concrete building. article/01, 02, 03, 04
lest 9 2
2. Let’s not/Don’t let’s/ begin without Adam. He phoned yesterday to tell me he might be late.
imperative/02; sequence/01
3. They won’t mind paying a little more if they are served well. verb/01; conditional/02, 04
4. “Whose are the bicycles in front of the house?” “The blue one is mine and the other may
be Mark’s.” pronouns/01, 05, 07; nouns/03
5. You were lucky, Ted. If there had been more questions about Australia, you wouldn’t have
passed so easily. conditional/02, 03; adverbs/14
6. The car we passed was yellow. And my wife is sure the driver was a young woman wearing
10] dark glasses and a blue cap. ailicle/01, 02, 04
7. Why didn’t you go to Vilnius by train? You would have saved/some/a little/ money and a lot
of time. nouns/04; modal + pi/01; deteiminers/04, 08
8. Mr Grass has been our neighbour for/so long/such a long time/ that we can’t treat him like
a stranger. present peifect/01; determiners/05; prepositions/03
9. To win the contest she would have to be/a little/slightly/ less ambitious and much more
intelligent. modal/01, 03; adjectives/04
10.1 haven’t given up the idea of getting a few local businessmen to organise a big charity
concert on the night of the 4th of July. present perfect/01; verb/01, 08
11. Tell Monica you’re preparing/revising/ for the entrance exam. You’ll be free after you
pass/have passed/ it. present/01; juture/04, 05
12.1 was rather surprised to find that Jerry Mayo, of whose extraordinary skills I heard from
my children, is in fact an ordinary person. relative/01, 03, 05
13. Have you been informed how many days you will have to wait for your application to be
considered? passive/01, 03; sequence/03; verb/07
14. This is one of/the/those/ films that both teenagers and their parents will like.
relative/01, 02; conjunctions/01
15. Those teachers who take their duties seriously may have been hurt by the way the headmaster
spoke about the contacts between the school and the parents.
relative/01, 02; modal + pi/01; passive/01
Test 9 8
1. Let’s admit that both papers weren’t too good: mine was/a little/a bit/ too long, while hers
dealt with too many subjects.
imperative/02; pronouns/01, 06; determiners 102; conjunctions/03
2. The club that/to which/ almost every inhabitant of our village belongs/to/ can hardly be
called exclusive. relative/01, 02, 03; adverbs/09
3. I would wait a few days. If my daughter’s letter arrived/came/ after seven days, other letters
may/might/ have been delayed as well. m odal/01; conditional/02, 04
4. I didn’t even try to talk to him because he was just explaining some peculiarities of his
method to a group of Japanese teachers. adverbs/12; past simple/03; verb/12
5. If we introduce ourselves as her parents’ friends, she will certainly want to talk to us.
conditional/02, 04; nouns/03
6. Last Saturday I heard a radio programme about [0] Norwegian explorers sailing across the
North Sea to the east coast of Canada. article/01, 02, 03, 04, 06
7. I have noticed that since we moved the phone to the living room, our children have been
malting fewer calls. present perfect/01, 02; determiners/02
8. When I realised that I might not be able to get my money back I got very angry and started
shouting at the man. sequence/01; modal/04; verb/10
9. If we knew how heavy the largest case is/was, we would have no problems (with) determining
the weight of the /rest/others. conditional/02, 03; indirect/01; article/04; pronouns/05
10. He never quite got used to our way of preparing [0] meat dishes. And our method of
serving [0] fish always made him laugh. verb/01, 09; article/02
11.1 can’t understand what made Lucy invite both Jim and his brother. Neither of them can
speak French and they won’t be able to take part in the debate.
verb/09; conjunctions 101; modal/02
12. After being/faaving been/photographed by tens of reporters her only dream was to be left
in peace. passive/02, 03; detenniners/06
13. You should/oughi to/ have started studying for the exam a week earlier. You would have passed
without any problem and you could now go on holiday. m odal + pi/01; modal/01, 03
14. Neither you nor I will live in this flat. So let Sue decide for herself.
conjunctions 101; imperative/03
15. After an hour of searching, Betty eventually remembered/in/which book she had put the
envelope/in/. Otherwise we wouldn’t have recovered our money.
relative/01, 02, 03; p a st perfect/01; m odal + pi/01
Tesf 9 4
1. The situation is far from satisfactory. Since the beginning of the year there have been very
few German groups and only one from the United States.
adjectives/04; present perfect/01; article/06
2. I think I know what makes Adam support The Angels - in my opinion the least professional
of the groups that sent their recordings - he and the leader of the group went to the same
school. conjunctions109; verb/09; adjectives/05; relative/01, 02
3. I’m afraid if we are late again, they will start without us. Don’t tell my boss if they do.
conditional/02, 04; future/05
4. You can/may/ use any of the typewriters in this room. Well, not the one on the top shelf -
it has Russian characters. modal/01; pronouns/06, 07
5. The conference was very badly organised. The lecturers had no lists and wasted time asking
each group who we were and what we were interested in. indirect/01; sequence/01
6. I will never get used to locking the front door when going out. When I was a child we didn’t
need keys at all. verb/01
7. In your place I would choose Collin Adler. He’s been making photographs of birds (for)
much longer than any other photographer in Britain.
present peifect/01; adjectives/04; deteiminers/07, 09
8. Last time the weather could have been better. If it hadn’t been raining, we would have sold
as many tickets as today. conditional/02, 03; modal + pi/01; deteminers/03
9. Nobody can say I’m careless. I always check the titles of the books/from which/I take my
examples /from/. relative/01, 02, 03
10. If the meeting is over, Mr Peaks may be back any time. Well, he doesn’t have to, especially,
if there’s another meeting he wants to attend.
modal/01, 02, 04; conditional/02, 04; determiners/07, 09; be/05
11. We don’t need the exact number of [0] accidents. What we are interested in is the scale of
the problem. Of course, every accident caused by a policeman will have to be analysed
separately. article/01, 02, 04; relative/04; modal/02
12. If we let/allow/ all the fourth and fifth year students /to/use the department xerox, they will
start making copies for their fellow students. verb/01, 08, 09; conditional/02, 04
13. Luckily, Adam’s boss was busy and couldn’t come. We would have had to explain to him
why there were no telephones from customers yet. I’m sure he would have been furious.
modal/03; modal + pi/01; verb/12; sequence/01
14. The thieves must have heard me speak(ing) English to other passengers. I wish I hadn’t
opened my mouth at all. modal + pi/01, 03; verb/05; wish
15. Don’t be surprised if you are welcomed as if you were a war hero. Football is the only thing
they really care about. conditional/02, 03, 04; relative/04
lest 9 5
1. The boys must be working on something special because last night they didn’t even come
to watch the Cup. present!03; adverbs/12
2. I never let myself eat as much bread as I would like to. I know from experience that it is easier
to get fat than to lose some unwanted kilograms. verb109,10; determiners/03; pronounsl03
3. I am trying to imagine myself in the place of the passenger whose luggage had been put on
the wrong plane. I don’t know what I would do. relative/01, 05; article/04; indirect/01
4. There is less space here than in our office in Oaks Street, so let’s not disturb one another
by making too many phone calls. detenniners/02; imperative102; pronouns/04
5. Telling Dr Knox that you would come to Bristol with your students to see his collection was
a bit rude because his home is not a public gallery. You should have waited for his
invitation. sequence/02; modal + pi/01
6. This is the most recent method which the boss has just brought from the States. It is now
being tested in one department to see if it can/could/ be introduced in the whole company.
present peifect/01; passive/03; modal/01; article/06
I. If next week we have/get/ as/so/ few visitors as today, it will mean the season is over.
detenniners/03; conditional/02, 04; future/05
8. The audience was smaller than some enthusiasts had hoped it would be. I suppose many
people chose to watch the event on TV thinking it would be impossible to return to town
the same day. sequence/01, 02; past simple/01
9. Don’t be surprised if he talks to you as if you were a stranger. He is very shy and doesn’t
know how to talk to young people. imperative101; conditional/02, 03, 04
10. We talked separately to each brother and they both gave similar answers: each was prepared
to take part in the recording on condition that we didn’t tell the other about it.
detenniners/01; pronouns/05, 06; conditional/07
II. On[0] hot summer days I always wonder why the architect who designed our house didn’t
make[0] smaller windows that would protect us from the sun. article/01, 02, 04; relative/01, 02
12. Today we know that King Bassa couldn’t have chosen a worse place for his new capital.
The place is very difficult to reach and has the worst climate in this part of the shore.
adjectives/03, 05; article/05; modal + pi/01
13.1 care a lot about how my sons spend their free time or who their friends are. I don’t want them
to run into similar problems ! once had myself. indirect/01; relative/01, 02; pronouns/03
14. In this work routine can be very harmful. We are not interested in anyone who has
designed/been designing/ clothes for years. We’d rather hire a graduate of an art college
or even an amateur with bright ideas. modal/04; present peifect/01; would rather/01
15. We were not well prepared and Sea Kings could have easily won the match if they had sent
their best team. Luckily for us they didn’t. But we will not always be lucky.
modal + pi/01; conditional/02, 03; adverbs/14
lest 9 6
1. As long as you don’t stop showing my letters to your sisters I will not write about anything
personal. I’m not used to discussing my feelings in public. future/04, 05; verb/01
2. Well, if the examination results were practically the same in both groups, maybe the school
shouldn’t be so concerned about buying new textbooks? Maybe the money could be spent
on other things. conditional/02, 04; modal/03
3. As regards beef so many questions remain unanswered that more and more consumers are
choosing other kinds of meat like pork or lamb. Only very few seem not to care about
safety. determiners101, 05, 07, adjectives/06; verb/03; present/01
4. The clocks we saw at The Suite Centre were in brighter colours than those/the ones/ that we looked
at yesterday. But both seemed too big for our kitchen. relative/01, 02;pronouns106, 07
5. Well, Lucy, if since his return your Bob hasn’t had time to meet you, I’d start looking for
another boyfriend. present perfect/01; determiners/07
6. The Mayor has said that the bypass which is being built north of the town will reduce traffic
in the city centre by some 60 per cent. passive/04; determiners/08
I. The fire brigade should send a bill to the parents of the boy because of whom two fire
engines had to be sent to Langley last night. relative/01, 02, 03
8. It’s high time we started using separate containers for paper, cardboard and glass. Of course,
when we start doing this, we should pay less for waste disposal. idioms/02; future/04
9. [0] Astronomers in [0] ancient Egypt may have known the distance between the Earth and
the Moon. But they probably couldn’t calculate the speed of [0] light. article/01, 02, 04
10. It was a good idea to delay the departure by two days. The traffic on the motorway was
relatively light - maybe one third of what it would have been on Friday.
determiners/06; relative/04; modal + pi/01
II. If there are more complaints, we may have to limit training flights on Saturdays and
Sundays. But I’d wait another week before we do anything. Last weekend may have been
exceptional because of the weather. conditional/02, 04; future/04; modal + pi/01
12. We wanted to get home as quicldy as possible because we had never kept a rabbit before
and we didn’t remember what the owner of the pet shop had said about how long it
could/can/ last without water. past perfect/01; indirect/01
13. Before making any comment I would like to know a bit more about the owner of the firm.
Very few people in her home town seem to remember her and hardly any were ready to
speak to reporters. determiners102, 09; adverbs/09; verb/03
14. After The Sports Centre withdrew, there were to be no more wrestling shows this season.
But the organisers are now selling tickets for another show at th e Apollo Theatre.
be/01; adjectives/11; present/01; determiners/07
15. Before I say anything on why some teenagers become members of street gangs, I would like
my opponent to tel! us when he last visited a youth club or a community centre.
future/04; indirect/01; verb/08
Test 9 7
1. After my letter to The Times I keep receiving faxes from maniacs who want me to join all
sorts of sects. I wish I hadn’t put my fax number in it. verb/01, 08; wish
2. If you could guess what I’m thinking about you would probably say I’m getting old.
present/02; modal/01; verb/10
3. Patrick’s injury came at the least expected moment when we thought our problems were
over. Now that we have lost the Cup nothing worse can/may/ happen to us this season.
adjectives/04, 05; modal/01; be/05
4. Of course, we have been/were/ warned that most of the data concerning gangs of car thieves
should be looked upon with some scepticism. passive/01
5. Building works on such a scale might destroy some of the most beautiful trees in Holland
Park. So, let’s not/don’t let’s/ allow the City Council to sell this land to developers.
modal/01; imperative/02; verb/08, 09
6. I’m afraid my daughter will be a little disappointed if the puppy I have promised her is not
a boxer. conditional/02, 04; future/05; relative/01, 02
8. New employees can be thoughtless. A few years ago a trainee ordered five thousand
envelopes for Christmas cards without knowing how large the cards were and how many
would be sent abroad. modal/04; sequence/02
9. What’s the point of giving such [0] difficult work to 1st year students? What marks will
some less gifted students get for their term papers if Ann only received a B for hers?
verb/01; nouns/01; conditional/02, 04; pronouns/01
10. It turned out that we needn’t have left Dingo in a dog shelter. Our hotel had rooms for
guests bringing their pets with them. Well, I should have asked about it while making
reservations. modal + pi/01, 05
11.1 wonder how the boss will react when he finds out that for at least three months nobody
has been doing/done/ anything about improving fire safety in the warehouse.
indirect/01; future/04, 05; present peifect/01
12. As long as they don’t tell us who they will/are going to/ invite and where the meeting will
take place, I will do nothing to help them. future/04, 05; indirect/01
13. Don’t regret you couldn’t come to the meeting. I was there and I’m sure no arguments
would have made the organizing committee change the date of the festival.
modal/03; modal + pi/01; verb/09
14. The teacher didn’t think that there might be a bomb in the parcel and if she decided to call
the police, she did so to avoid even the slightest risk to her pupils’ lives.
article 101, 04; modal/01; pronouns/08; nouns/02, 03
15.1 don’t think that the boy because of whom one/a/ fireman nearly fell off the roof of the school
should be shown on local television. relative/01, 02, 03; past simple/01; passive/01
Tesl 9 8
1. Once the new equipment is set up, our costs will go down because fewer workers will be
able to make almost twice as much powder as today. future/04, 05; detenniners/02
2. If Ann isn’t here, she may/might be developing photos in the darkroom. She’s getting ready
for the exhibition her school is organising for the parents on Saturday.
present/01, 03; future/02; verbHO
4. While most modern churches in our town resemble factories or sports halls, ours will look
more like a 17th century baroque church. Both its tower and windows will be baroque in
shape. conjunctions/01, 03; pronouns/01
5. The long-term forecast that it would rain heavily until the end of the month made many
people cancel their hotel bookings. Luckily we were not among the scary ones. It turned
out we were right as the only heavy rain we had was on the day we were leaving.
sequence/01, 02; verb/09; relative/01, 02, 08; be/05
6. The introduction of welfare brought about big changes in family relations. Young people
who would formerly have relied on their families now expect the Government to give them
money. phrasal; modal + pi/01
7. I don’t think Sheila would mind working longer for one or two weeks. But the regulations
introduced after the fire let no one, not even the boss, stay in the building after six.
modal/01; verb/01, 09
8. If your prices were 40 per cent higher, buyers really had no reason to consider your offer
seriously. Before starting the advertising campaign you should have looked at the prices of
other firms. conditional/02, 04; modal + pi/01
9. Well, Grandma isn’t the best person I know to torecast me weatner. since sne put her iui
coat on, the temperature, maybe with the exception of just one day, has stayed/been/ above
zero. relative/01, 02; present perfect/01, 02
10. You are in a much better position than those twenty technicians who followed us and whose
contracts were to be signed in London. I’m afraid they’ll have to pay for their return tickets.
relative/01, 02, 05; be/01; passive/03
11. Was it Tony Dwight who first sang Italian arias with a girls’ chorus or was it someone else?
I’m sorry to say he’s/since/had many followers/since/.
be/04; present perfect/01; nouns/03
12.1 hate buying things in a hurry. If we hadn’t had to buy all the gifts in just one hour
yesterday, we could have found much nicer earrings at half the price.
verb/04; conditional/02, 03; adjectives/04
13. “How did you find out you were being followed?”
“Well, I noticed a man and a woman keeping the same distance behind me. The woman
kept talking/saying something into her handbag.”
sequence/01; passive/04; verb/01; article/01, 04
14. To tell you the truth I have no idea what my chances/are/ of getting this job/are/. My dad
says if he knew who it depends on, he might try to use his contacts. Unfortunately, he
doesn’t. indirect/01; relative/01, 02, 03
15. The interest was much smaller than last year and three out of four shows had to be called
off. The organisers must have forgotten that last year’s winter holidays had been moved
because of the Games. modal + pi/01, 03; past perfect/01
Test 9 9
2. Curiously enough, the desk that he sat at was fairly neat. By contrast, he himself didn’t
look neat at all. relative/01, 02, 03; verb/11
3. No one is more independent than Rita. Since she started receiving a salary, she hasn’t
allowed/let/anyone, not even her boyfriend, /to/ pay for her beer.
present perfect/01, 02; verb/08, 09
Alter being told to come the next morning you slmum have tan.cn you* uaughtei to
a private dentist. I’m sure the girl’s tooth could/might/ have been saved.
passive/02; modal + pi/01
5. There are five families in the neighbourhood and if we only invite two, the other three will
feel offended. Well, the date doesn’t really matter - any Saturday after 1 August will be all
right. fnture/05; deteiminers/07, 09
6. I can’t understand why they are in such a hurry. With a little patience they could easily get
a much better price than $ 100,000.
indirect/01; detenniners/04; adjectives/04; adverbs112, 14
I. Well, if last year’s questions weren’t difficult, I wonder what you would call/have called/
a difficult examination. Maybe if only one candidate had passed?
conditional/02, 03, 04; modal + pi/01
8. The dean says that between one third and two fifths of our students would be interested in
spending another year at the university, but that hardly any could afford to pay for it.
detenniners/06, 07, 09; verb/03; adverbs/09
9. Let’s organise another auction, shall we? The one we had last month was much less
successful than we hoped. ja k ttumaczyc/02; pronouns/07; adjectives/04
10. Maybe I shouldn’t say such things but things have gone so far that nothing can save Laura’s
marriage. The sooner she and Stan get a divorce the better for their children.
present perfect/01; future/04
II. More than half a century ago, [0] doctors in some university hospitals experimented with
playing [0] music to [0] patients with [0] sleep problems. Of course, they used [0] classical
music in the experiments. article/01, 02, 03, 04
12. As young boys we did not realise that old Mr Butler, on whose land we used to set our
camps/on/, was one of the founders of Scouting. relative/01, 03, 05
13. Most inhabitants of Bornholm will tell you that life would be much nicer if there were fewer
fishing boats on the Baltic and more fish. Of course, their own boats are all right.
conditional/02, 03; detenniners/01; article, 06
14. The drama that Tina wrote for her school theatre group must have been laughed at in
Edinburgh because I/have/never heard her mention it again.
relative/01, 02; modal + pi/03; verb/05
15. Even if I didn’t know what kind of personality Mr Rossi had/has/, I wouldn’t risk doing
business with the man accused by some of Mafia connections.
indirect/01; verb/01; conditional/02, 03
Test 1 0 0
1. As far as I know Rose she won’t mind being paid in dollars. It will be much more important
to her to avoid paying tax twice. verb/01; passive/02; adjectivesl04
2. With songs written by Robin Davies, this version will be in modern English, which most
critics believe is how it should be if the film is to be liked by teenagers.
relative/07; belOl; passive/03
3. Working to rule needn’t always be a good thing: a bus driver who last Sunday wouldn’t have
taken any passengers over the seating capacity would have left many people standing in the
rain. relative/01, 02; modal + pi/01
4. The Blood Services Centre, which sends blood to all local hospitals, will soon have its own
page on the Internet. This is one of the ways in which the Centre’s new boss is trying to
reach the would-be donors. present/01; relative/01, 03; nouns/03
5. He is a bit of a snob and must have been rather pleased to be taken for the Prince’s relative.
modal + pi/03; passive/03
6. No doubt, my own experience has made me more sympathetic to the anxieties of women
who sit in hospital corridors waiting to be told by doctors what their future will be.
relative/01; passive/03; indirect/01
I. According to the weather forecast driving conditions are not going to/won’t/ get better
during the day and may even get worse. So let’s not allow viewers to go past the barriers.
future/01, 03; verbHO; adverbs/12; imperative/02
8. The boys were too young to have any views on architecture. Instead of asking them what
buildings they were interested in, you should have taken them to the Museum of Aviation.
sequence/02; modal + pi/01
9. After [0] scientists wrote that living near a power line can cause [0] cancer, the prices of
houses in the neighbourhood fell by a third or more. article/01, 02, 03; modal/04
10. By his aggressive behaviour Carillo had made his Mafia bosses so angry that they blew up
a helicopter he was (supposed) to be in. determiners105; relative/01, 03; be/01
II. Before I explain how you can get the administration to pay for a school bus for your
children, I would have to know how far it is from here to the school in Helms.
future/04; verb/08; indirect/01
12. The uncle was very impressed by the burglary. He described it to the police as if his garden
shed were/was/ a safe in a bank. The police think the burglars must have been interested
in electric lawnmowers. past simple/03; conditional/02, 03; modal + pi/03
13. Luckily for us, none of the houses opposite which our centre will be located, is a listed
medieval building. So, there shouldn’t be any problems with the town council.
pronouns/06; relative/01, 02, 03; be/02
14.1 would never expect/have expected/ such rude behaviour from a person who for so many
years has been telling readers of The Sun how they should behave. I must say I usually
agree with her advice. modal ( +pi)/01; present perfect/01; indirect/01; nouns/01
15. Don’t blame the boys for being late; they couldn’t have known that a cow would stop the
trains for nearly half an hour. modal + pi/01; sequence/01
Komentarz gramatyczny
01 stopień równy
Dla dokonywania porównań w stopniu równym używamy struktury:
a s _______ a s _______
not as/so/_______ a s _______
Bob is fitter than Joe. Joe writes more sophisticated letters than Bob.
Joe is less fit than Bob.
Zapamiętaj formy stopniowania nieregularnego: better, worse, less, more.
Zauważ, że po polsku używa się dwu przyimków: od, niż, a po angielsku tylko jed-
nego: than
szybszy od dźwięku; szybszy niż dźwięk = faster than sound
Źle:
05 stopień najwyższy
W stopniu najwyższym można stopniować w górę i w dół.
the est of/in ... the m o st___ of/in ...
the le a st____of/in ...
©8 przymiotnik rzeczownikiem
Rodzajnik the przed samotnie stojącym przymiotnikiem zmienia go w rzeczownik
zbiorowy:
the poor - biedni the unemployed - bezrobotni the wounded - ranni
W wyrażeniu the chosen few - nieliczni wybrani, garstka wybrańców, przymiotni
kiem zmieniającym się w rzeczownik jest oczywiście few nie zaś chosen.
©9 hardly
Przysłówek hardly można tłumaczyć ledwo, z trudem,prawie nie, itp.
She hardly noticed me. Prawie mnie nie dostrzegała.
I could hardly hear her. Ledwo ją słyszałem.
Hardly anyone knows him. Prawie nikt go nie zna.
Hardiy zawiera w sobie element negacji i, zgodnie z zasadą pojedynczego
przeczenia, używany jest ze słowami typu any- zamiast zwykłych przeczeń.
We hardly ever go abroad. Prawie nigdy nie jeździmy za granicę.
Dobrze: hardly ever hardly anybody hardly anything
Źle: hardly-never- -hardly nobody hardly nothing
11 już i jeszcze
Polski przysłówek już tłumaczymy jako already w zdaniach twierdzących, a jako
yet w pytaniach.
I’ve already fed the dog. Have you fed the cat yet?
Already może wystąpić w pytaniu, jeśli nie pytamy, czy coś się zdarzyło czy nie,
lecz raczej wyrażamy zdziwienie, że zdarzyło się tak wcześnie:
Have they set the date of their wedding yet? [= I just want to know.]
Have they/already/ set the date of their wedding/already/? [= Why so fast?]
W zdaniach przeczących już zmienia się w jeszcze, tłumaczone jako yet.
He doesn’t know all the codes yet. Jeszcze nie zna wszystkich kodów.
Przysłówek przeczący już nie tłumaczymy jako no more, no longer, /nof/any more,
itp.
They no longer subscribe to our magazine.
He doesn’t grow roses any more.
12 miejsce przysłówka
Przysłówek even umieszcza się po czasowniku posiłkowym, modalnym i formie
osobowej czasownika be, a przed czasownikiem głównym:
He could even stand on his head. He wasn’t even interested.
They even tried to help.
Podobną pozycję w zdaniu zajmują przysłówki stopnia (completely, partly), czę
stotliwości (sometimes, often), czasu trwania (always, never).
After two weeks he was completely cured.
They completely forgot about it.
13 big enough
Jako przymiotnik enough może stać zarówno przed rzeczownikiem policzalnym
jak i niepoliczalnym.
There aren’t enough chairs. Let’s bring some more.
There isn’t enough space here. Let’s change the room.
Specyficzną cechą enough jako przysłówka jest to, że stoi ZA przymiotnikiem,
a nie przed nim:
Is room 112 large enough for our meeting?
Is room 112 sufficiently large for our meeting?
02 zero klasyfikuje
Przy klasyfikującym użyciu rodzajnika zerowego [0] przed rzeczownikami w licz
bie mnogiej oraz rzeczownikami niepoliczalnymi nie można stosować określnika
some. W poniższych zdaniach użycie some zamiast [0] w zaznaczonych miejscach jest
albo niemożliwe, albo całkowicie zmieniłoby sens wypowiedzi:
I’m not afraid of [0] dogs.
[0] Cars didn’t exist 200 years ago.
[0] Doctors earn more than [0] nurses.
When I was at school, [0] botany and[0] zoology were taught as [0] separate
subjects.
03 a/an = one
Rodzajnik a/an może mieć znaczenie zbliżone do one. Dlatego stosujemy go
w określeniach jednostek miary dotyczących czasu, ceny, prędkości, itp.
half an hour a quarter past two one and a half metres sixty pence a kilo
a hundred kilometres an hour once a day twice a month
04 znaczenia the
Rodzajnik określony the używany jest:
/ przed rzeczownikami, które są określone z racji bycia jedynymi w jakimś miejscu,
np. w przyrodzie, w kraju, okolicy, mieście, instytucji, itp: the moon, the sun, the
country (= wieś), the seaside, the headmaster, the cathedral,
/ przed rzeczownikami abstrakcyjnymi określanymi przydawką dopełniaczową z of:
the history of sport, the introduction of laser technology, the results of our rese
arch; the rest of his life,
/ rzeczowniki odczasownikowe z końcówką -ing odnoszące się do konkretnego
zdarzenia: the opening of the new cinema, the weighing of the parcel, the
shooting in Bridge Street,
/ przed nazwami mediów i rodzajów sztuld: the radio, the press, the theatre, the
opera - wyjątkiem jest rodzajnik zerowy przed [0] television,
/ gdy mówimy o grze na instrumentach muzycznych: the violin, the piano, the guitar;
/ przed numerami stuleci: the 12th century,
/ przed określeniem dziesięcioleci: in the (19)20s (= w latach dwudziestych),
/ w wielu wyrażeniach ze słowem wrong (= błędny): dial the wrong number, go the
wrong way, fall into the wrong hands, be the wrong man for the job, the wrong
time to do it.
05 funkcje i iytuly
Przed nazwami sprawowanych funkcji i urzędów używamy rodzajnika
the: the President of Brazil, the pope, the king, the Prime Minister. Jeśli jednak ta
ka nazwa towarzyszy nazwisku lub imieniu konkretnej osoby, używamy jej jako tytu
łu bez rodzajnika.
bobne: Pope John Paul II, President Reagan, General Patton
Źle: rh c Pope-Tełm-Parri-H, the Pi’eside-nt-Reaganrthe-Gcn&ral-Pa-t-ton
Rodzajnika nie używa się w zdaniu:
He was elected President in 1982.
06 the w nazwach
W geografii oraz innych nazwach własnych rodzajnik the poprzedza nazwy:
/ mórz i oceanów: the Atlantic, the North Sea,
/ łańcuchów górskich: the Alps; jednak pojedyncze szczyty na ogól nie mają
rodzajnika: Mount Everest,
/ rzek i kanałów: the Thames, the River Nile; the English Channel,
/ grup wysp: the Hawaii Islands, the Hebrides,
/ krajów, które zawierają w sobie określenia ustroju typu republic, union, kingdom,
etc: the UK, the Soviet Union, the United States,
/ narodowości, jeśli mowa jest o narodzie, a nie grupie jednostek: the Russians;
the Poles, the Americans, the English, etc; mimo, iż jest to przykład klasyfikowa
nia, używamy the zamiast rodzajnika zerowego,
/ the Netherlands, the Hague,
/ większości hoteli, kin, teatrów, muzeów, galerii: the Park Hotel, the Apollo
Theatre, the National Gallery,
/ konkretnych rodzin - używamy wówczas nazwisk w liczbie mnogiej: the Browns,
the Ashes, the Joneses.
Nie używamy rodzajnika przed nazwami:
/ ulic, placów, alei itp: Park Lane, Oxford Street, Times Square;
/ kontynentów i ich części, pojedynczych wysp, jezior: Southeast Asia, Scandina
via, Greenland, Lalce Ontario;
/ Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Westminster Abbey, London Bridge;
/ Parliament, jeśli dotyczy parlamentu Wlk. Brytanii; mówiąc o innych parlamen
tach z reguły używamy the.
/ świąt: Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving
Z liczebnikami porządkowymi używamy the: the sixth floor, Elizabeth the First,
itd. Należy jednak pamiętać, że w angielskim używamy liczebnika porządkowego rza
dziej niż w polskim. We wszystkich poniższych przykładach po polsku używamy w mo
wie liczebnika porzącucowego, a po angieisicu liczeDmlca głównego. Rzecz jasna, me
używamy wtedy the.
Rozdział Szósty - Chapter Six Część II - Part Two
pod numerem 4 - at Number Four w sali 20 - in room 20
w VIII Liceum - in School No. 8 paragraf 9 - article 9
Podobnie nie używamy the w przypadku konkretnych rzeczy oznaczonych inaczej
niż liczbami:
Gate B size XL point C table D
BE - VARIOUS POINTS
61 be to - przyszłość zaplanowana
Wyrażenie be to służy do mówienia o przyszłości jako czymś zaplanowanym.
Each of us is to write about three pages.
I am to see Peter tomorrow. We are to meet at the bus station.
The last person is to switch off the light.
Wcześniejsze zaplanowanie może wyrażać się we wzajemnycn ustaleniach, w mó
wieniu o planach oraz w przekazywaniu poleceń. Wyrażenia be to nie należy mylić
z have to:
We were to go (mieliśmy iść) to the cinema but had to (musieliśmy ) prepare
for a test instead.
Często be to użyte w czasie przeszłym oznacza coś, co miało być zrobione, ale nie
doszło do skutku.
They were to be married in June.
We were to have visited them on the way back from Sweden.
W pierwszym przykładzie nie mamy pewności, czy ślub doszedł do skutku, zaś
w drugim użycie PERFECT INFINITIVE przesądza o tym, że wizyta nie odbyła się.
Bobrze-. We couldn’t hear each other because there was too much noise in the
hall.
Bobrze: We couldn’t hear each other because it was too noisy in the hall.
Zte: We could-iTt-hcar each other-bccauseT-here^was-teomoisydn-tlie-hall-.
COMDITlOiAL
04 dwa znaczenia if
Wybór czy mamy do czynienia z czymś rzeczywistym czy nie, zależy w znacznej mie
rze od decyzji osoby mówiącej. Ten sam fakt można komentować na wiele sposobów.
Wyobraźmy sobie, że dziecko mówi nam, że wczoraj widziało dwa lwy spacerujące po
parku miejskim. Poniższe zdania odnoszą się do tego zarówno jak do czegoś realne
go, jak i nie. Zauważmy, że po angielsku spójnik if wprowadza zarówno zdania real
ne, jak i nie. Po polsku warunki nierzeczywiste zaczynają się od gdyby, jeśliby, a wa
runki rzeczywiste od jeśli, jeżeli.
If they had really been lions, they could have attacked you. Gdyby...
If they had been lions, there would be some photos in today’s newspapers.
Gdyby...
If lions could walk freely in the park, we would need hunting rifles. Gdyby...
If you really saw lions, they may have run away from the zoo. Jeżeli...
If they were lions and not dogs, the director of the zoo will be in trouble. Jeśli ...
If you saw lions yesterday, don’t go to the park again. Jeśli...
If you see lions again, jump up on the nearest tree. Jeśli...
If you were to see lions again, jump up on the nearest tree. Gdybyś m iał...
06 inwersja zamiast if
W języku pisanym, w zdaniu warunkowym nierealnym, zamiast wprowadzającego
if, może wystąpić inwersja, czyli odwrócenie szyku zdania (jak w pytaniach):
Were I to choose ... = If I were to choose ...
Were I to choose a painting for my study, I would certainly look at some old
masters.
Had I known about i t ... = If I had known about it ...
Had I known about the contest, I might have tried to take part.
CQi\!JUWCTI0i\l8 - spójniki
Neither ... nor ... może łączyć ze sobą równolegle elementy zdania prostego lub
zdania współrzędnie złożonego.
Neither Peter nor his wife knew what to do.
He can neither speak French nor use a computer.
They neither knew what to do nor were willing to help.
Neither Pamela nor Grace is suitable for the job.
Używając neither ... nor ... wskazujemy na każdy podmiot z osobna, stąd użycie
is a nie are w ostatnim zdaniu.
Zgodnie z zasadą pojedynczego przeczenia czasowniki w tych zdaniach nie mogą
bj'ć w formie przeczącej.
W taki sam sposób (oczywiście bez przeczenia i z orzeczeniem w 1. mn.) działa
spójnik złożony both ... and ...:
Both Peter and his wife can speak French.
He could both speak French and use a computer.
Tłumaczenie na polski często wymaga słowa zarówno.
Inne spójniki współrzędności to: and, but, e ith e r... o r ...
Spójnikiem zdania okolicznikowego celu jest so that albo w języku bardziej for
malnym in order that:
You should take the earlier train so that you won’t be late.
The parents are going away so that the kids will feel free.
Zauważmy różnicę między polskim a angielskim w stosowaniu czasów w zdaniu
celowym:
Kupuję córce mieszkanie, żeby nie musiała go wynajmować, kiedy będzie na
studiach.
Tm buying my daughter a flat so that she won’t have to rent one when she’s
a student.
bobrze-. Let’s buy him an alarm clock so that he won’t be late.
Zle: L et’s buy him-an-aferm clock so that he wouldn't be late.
Wyrażenia (in order) to, so as to, (in order) not to wprowadzają równoważniki
zdań:
He phoned for a taxi to get there before all the others.
He bought a map (so as) not to lose the way.
Cale to zdanie jest ciągiem zdań dopełnieniowych, z których każde (poza ostat
nim) jest zdaniem głównym dla zdania następnego. Dlatego po angielsku nie stawia
my tu ani jednego przecinka.
Wybór określnika zależy m.in. od tego, czy stoi przed rzeczownikiem policzalnym
w liczbie pojedynczej lub mnogiej, czy niepoliczalnym.
Określniki ilości much i little określają tylko rzeczowniki niepoliczalne, zaś many
1 few tylko rzeczowniki policzalne: much time, little work, many hours, few workers.
Natomiast a lot of, lots of, plenty of mogą określać zarówno jedne jak i drugie: a lot
o f cyclists/cycling, lots of cyclists/cycling, plenty of exercise (s).
Określniki all, some, any, no są wspólne dla wszystkich klas rzeczowników: all
day, all animals, all money, some workers, some work, any woman, no people.
Enough może stać przed rzeczownikami w liczbie mnogiej lub rzeczownikami
niepoliczalnymi: enough words, enough petrol.
Określniki every, each, either, neither, another stoją tylko przed rzeczownikami
policzalnymi w liczbie pojedynczej: every boy, each letter, either leg, neither ear, another
finger.
Both oraz several stoją przed rzeczownikami policzalnymi w liczbie mnogiej: both
dogs, several birds.
06 z liczebnika rzeczownik
Liczebnild hundred, thousand, million i billion, a także ten oraz dozen mogą
występować jako grupy rzeczowników. Jako zwykłe liczebniki nie mają końcówki
-s ani przyimka of, natomiast mogą stać przed nimi several lub a few:
three Hundred years a tew thousand books two dozen eggs
two hundred thousand men
Jako rzeczowniki mają końcówkę -s oraz przyimek of:
hundreds of players tens of thousands of birds dozens of times
Zte: -many-htmdfedhtons;—twenty-four thousands tons
Dobrze: several hundred tons many hundreds of tons twenty-four thousand tons
Również ułamki zachowują się tak, jak rzeczowniki:
one third of three fifths of three quarters of
Dobrze: two thirds of the book four fifths of the questions
Zte: -two third of the book;—two fifth questions
08 some x 4
Jako określnik some ma kilka znaczeń, z których każde tłumaczy się na polski
w inny sposób.
A. Some jako rodzajnik nieokreślony dla rzeczowników niepoliczalnych oraz liczby
mnogiej:
She’s now living with some art students. He drank some water and felt better.
Some w tym znaczeniu jest nieakcentowane. Na polski tłumaczy się jako jakiś,
trochę, albo nie tłumaczy się wcale, np: Napił się wody i poczuł się lepiej.
B. Some (akcentowane) w znaczeniu niektórzy:
Some parents were for introducing uniforms for all pupils but most were
against it.
(J. Some (akcentowane) przed rzeczownikiem w liczbie pojedynczej - jakiś,
pewien
Kate saw that photo in some American magazine. I’m sure there must be
some logic in this.
D. Some (akcentowane) przed liczebnikami - jakieś, około:
We could count on some 20 members, maybe one or two more.
09 any x 2
Określnik any jest odpowiednikiem pierwszego ze znaczeń some z poprzedniej
reguły. Używamy go tam, gdzie nie potwierdzamy istnienia czy obecności czegoś lub
kogoś - przeważnie są to zdania pytające lub przeczące:
She doesn’t larów any art students. I’m sure he didn’t drink any beer.
Have you seen any birds?
Określnik any może także znaczyć no matter which, a po polsku którykolwiek, ja
kikolwiek, każdy.
Any date after 1 March will be all right. Take any newspaper - they all have
TV guides.
I’m sure any dentist can pull out a tooth, but only some can do it painlessly.
14 two-litre = dwulitrowy
We frazach przydawkowych złożonych z liczebnika i rzeczownika, ten ostatni
występuje w liczbie pojedynczej po myślniku: a two-Sitre carton of juice. Po polsku
przymiotniki talde pisze się łącznie, np. dwulitrowy, trzymetrowy. W określeniach czasu
trwania (ale nie wieku) używa się także fraz bez myślników, lecz za to z apostrofem:
Bobrze: a nine-year-old boy two thirty-minute programmes a ten-kilometre race
two-hundred-dollar shoes the Thirty Years’ War a day’s conference
Źle: a fifty-tons-bridgc-- two-three-wccks-trips—another Three-Years’ plan-
EMPHASIS - wzmocnienie
FUTURE TENSES
Forma SIMPLE oznacza coś, co jest tak dalece ustalone, że graniczy z pewno
ścią - prawie taką jak w zdaniu This year Christmas falls on a Saturday. Forma
PROGRESSIVE także oznacza przyszłość zaplanowaną, jednak stopień pewności jest
mniejszy. Różnicę można by porównać do planowania oficjalnego i prywatnego.
Innym sposobem mówienia o przyszłości zaplanowanej jest wyrażenie be to (zob. BE
- VARIOUS POIMTS/Ol).
Pamiętajmy, że wfaen jest nie tylko spójnikiem czasu (jak powyżej), lecz może tak
że wprowadzać zdanie dopełnieniowe - zob. SND1RECT 8PEECH/02.
Czasownik feel like oznacza mieć na coś ochotę. Może po nim wystąpić rzeczow
nik lub forma -ing (gerund):
Do you feel like a cup of tea?
I don’t feel like going to the beach.
02 it’s time
Wyrażenie it’s time, it’s high time + past służy do wyrażania życzeń dotyczących
teraźniejszości/przysziości:
It is high time you started studying for your test.
Najwyższy czas, żebyś zaczął...
It’s time she made up her mind. Czas, żeby się zdecydowała.
Zauważmy, że po polsku mówi się najwyższy czas, a po angielsku high time.
03 make sure
Wyrażenie make sure/certaim odnosi się tylko do osoby mówiącej (stąd zaimek
się w tłumaczeniu).
First I made sure I was alone. Najpierw upewniłem się, że jestem sam.
Make sure that the money will be sent back. Upewnij się, ż e ...
Natomiast, aby zapewnić kogoś o czymś, używamy czasownika assure:
He assured me the money would be sent back.
04 let... know
Wyrażenie let somebody know tłumaczymy jako dać znać, zawiadomić'.
Please let me know as soon as you get the results.
Odpowiednikiem polskiego wyrażenia nie móc powstrzymać {się, żeby...) jest can’t
help -:•• ing
I couldn’t help feeling sorry for her. Nie mogłem jej nie współczuć.
Źle: f- eoułd-n-h-help not to-tem my-head and- loo-k- a-t-he-r-agaim
Debrze: I couldn’t help turning my head to look at her again.
06 what... like?
W pytaniu o wygląd używamy w h a t... like a nie, jak po polsku, how:
bobrze: What does she look like? What is she like?
Zte: How docs-shc loek-Hke?-
bobrze: What was it like to be the youngest boy at the camp?
Źle:How was it Iikc-aL-the-eamp?-
07 had better
Wyrażenie had better + INFINITIVE oznacza sugestię lub radę:
You’d better go now; the road may be icy.
Lepiej już jedź; na drodze może być lód.
I’d better not tell the boss; he would be furious.
Ponieważ nie można udzielić rady odnośnie przeszłości, had better raczej nie uży
wa się z PERFECT INFINITIVE. Nie jest także możliwe użycie have zamiast had w sa
mym wyrażeniu:
Źle: They-havc better stopsecing-cachotherr
IMPERATIVE
02 will po when/if
Po spójnikach when oraz if (= czy), gdy wprowadzają one zdania dopełnieniowe
odnoszące się do przyszłości, można stosować will:
We really ought to be told when Maria will return from her trip.
If I knew when everything will be ready, I could plan the tour much better.
No expert can tell you if the prices of gold won’t drop again after Christmas.
W powyższych zdaniach wytłuszczono spójniki dopełnieniowe. Spójnik if[= gdy
bym] w drugim zdaniu jest spójnikiem warunku.
Dobrze: It’s hard to say when the prices of gold will drop again.
Zle: Qf-eourse, '
INVERSION
bobrze: Overcrowding should not be a problem as the stadium can hold nearly
60 thousand.
W formie przeczącej różnica dotyczy zaadresowania not:
These earrings cannot be gold. [It is not possible for them to be gold]
... nie mogą być
These earrings may/might not be gold. [Perhaps they are not gold]
... mogą nie być
Przy cannot zaprzeczone jest can, zaś przy may not zaprzeczony jest czasownik
wprowadzony przez may.
05 shall we/I?
Shall używane w pytaniach jest ofertą zrobienia czegoś (w American English
użyjemy raczej should):
Shall I bring you something to read?
Shall we? jest propozycją wspólnego (ty i ja) podjęcia decyzji:
Where shall we go for lunch?
Dlatego smali weY stanowi QUESTION iaG dla tryou rozicazującego let s:
Let’s do it tomorrow, shall we?
W powyższych przykładach shall nie może być zastąpione przez will.
06 n e e d n ’t g o lub d o n ’t n e e d to g o
Czasownik modalny needn’t oraz, rzadziej, need I ...? ma znaczenie nie musisz.
Używany jest tylko w British English, gdzie jest zresztą mniej powszechny niż znaczą
cy to samo don’t have to.
You needn’t /don’t have to/answer today. There’s plenty of time.
She needn’t be his sister, although she might be.
Tam, gdzie chodzi o zasadę ogólną, a nie o coś bieżącego, używamy tylko have to.
We don’t have to teach dogs to swim. They are born with it.
Oprócz czasownika modalnego needn’t istnieje zwykły czasownik need, po któ
rym można używać bezokolicznika z to.
She doesn’t need to buy any tickets. The ride is free.
Did you need to make any bookings?
W British English po need można czasem użyć formy -img, np.:
The roses need watering [= need to be watered].
Bobrze: He can hardly walk straight. He must have drunk a whole bottle of
brandy.
Źte: H e can hardly-walk-stra-ight-7Tłe-4Kid to drink a wholc-bottle-of-brandy: [nie
ma przymusu picia]
Bobrze: He had to emigrate, otherwise he would have risked imprisonment or
execution.
Źte: H e-must-have-emigratedT-ot hcrwisc he would have-risked imprisonment or
cxceutionT-
W zależności od kontekstu oba zdania można interpretować jako nie musieli, więc
nie zrobili albo zrobili niepotrzebnie. Nie należy mylić ze sobą czasownika modalnego
needn’t i zwykłego czasownika need to.
bobrze: She didn’t need to translate Nora’s letters for me.
Zle: -She-dtdnr-t-nccd translate Nora’s letters.
Źle:
NOUNS
01 r ze cz o w n ik i n ie p o lic z a ln e
Słowo cattle jest, inaczej niż polskie bydło, rzeczownikiem w liczbie mnogiej (por.
trzody).
bobrze: He has twenty (heads of) cattle. The cattle are on the pastures.
Źle :-Thc-eattłe-is-m-thc barn.
04 geografia po angielsku
Należy nauczyć się angielskich wersji nazw własnych, talach jak kraje, stolice, więk
sze miasta, rzeki, czy góry. W razie wątpliwości, można ewentualnie posłużyć się na
zwami oryginalnymi (w miarę rozwoju turystyki samochodowej ich użycie staje się
częstsze), jednak na pewno nie polskimi tłumaczeniami. Angielskojęzyczny rozmówca
zapewne zrozumie nazwę Napoli zamiast Naples, albo Milano czy München, jednak bę
dzie miał kłopoty z domyśleniem się, co to jest Neapol, Mediolan, czy Monachium.
Poniżej podane są nazwy geograficzne, których użycie nastręcza czasem trud
ności:
/ kraje: Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania (Litwa), Latvija (Łotwa),
Belorussia lub Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia (Gruzja lub stan w USA), Denmark (ale
Danish), Iceland (Icelandic), the Netherlands lub Holland, Belgium (Belgian),
Switzerland, Cyprus, Croatia (Chorwacja), Montenegro (Czarnogóra), Lebanon
/ miasta w Europie i basenie Morza Śródziemnego (on the Mediterranean):
Copenhagen, Brussels, Munich, Vienna, Venice, Florence, Turin, Milan, Naples,
Athens, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Damascus, Cairo, Algiers, Tripoli
/ nazwy rzek (należy używać z rodzajnikiem the): Danube (Dunaj), Rhine (Ren),
Vistula, Seine (Selcwana), Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Amazon
/ nazwy gór (należy używać z rodzajnikiem the): Tatras, Sudetes, Carpathians,
Apennines, Alps, Pyrenees
/ nazwy związane z Polską: Silesia, Pomerania, Masuria; Jagiellonian University
(wym. /j/jak po polsku).
05 narodowości i języki
PASSIVE VOICE
Forma -ing czasownika (gerund) posiada stronę bierną: being sent, being given.
Po polsku używa się najczęściej jednej formy, bez względu na to, czy chodzi
o podmiot czy przedmiot czynności, np.: opisanie,przeniesienie, wyleczenie, itd.
Trzeba o tym pamiętać tłumacząc na angielski, np.: pomimo znalezienia można
tłumaczyć jako: in spite of finding albo in spite of being found.
Don’t risk being expelled from school.
Nie ryzykuj usunięcia [= że cię usuną] ze szkoły.
Zte: Both patients returned home after examining-t-hem-by a doctor.
Błąd polega na tym, że zdanie i równoważnik zdania (after ...) mają dwa różne
podmioty. Przywrócenie tego samego podmiotu usuwa ten błąd:
Dobrze: Both patients returned home after being examined by a doctor.
Dobrze: After examining both patients, the doctor sent them home.
Zasady użycia czasów SIMPLE oraz PROGRESSIVE są taicie same w stronie czyn
nej i biernej. Użycie formy PROGRESSIVE podkreśla charakter trwający lub doraźny
jakiejś czynności, np.:
Would you wait a moment? Your room is being checked by our security,
ale: Before every official visit the whole building is checked by our security.
We re rather busy now as all the children in the area are being vaccinated
against flu.
Źle:A^e-h-ad-to-wa-rt-a few minutcs-beea-use-seme-repair worieavas-dmte on the
-bridge.
dobrze: We had to wait a few minutes because some repair work was being done
on the bridge.
PAST PERFECT
He opened the door and saw a large room filled with men in uniforms. They
all stood up when they saw the Admiral.
He fell in love with his boss’s daughter, whom he met at a disco, and a month
later asked her to m any him. Although her father was not delighted, the girl
said ‘yes’ without much hesitation.
W obu sytuacjach brak jednego punktu zaczepienia, do którego liczymy czas,
dlatego użycie PAST PERFECT byłoby nieuzasadnione.
Zupełnie inaczej jest w sytuacji, gdy czas gramatyczny jest jedynym znakiem
nierównoległości dwóch zdarzeń, na przykład:
Not knowing they were married, I said a few things they might not like.
- [małżeństwo trwa]
Not knowing they had been married, I said a few things they ...”
- [małżeństwo rozpadło się\
Nie używamy tego czasu, gdy podajemy tylko okres trwania w przeszłości bez
punktu odniesienia.
Dobrze: After his accident Alan was in hospital for over four months.
Źle: After-his-aeeident Alan had been in hospita H e ^ ovcr four months?-
W zdaniach wielokrotnie złożonych, najczęściej używamy czasu PAST PERFECT
tylko jeden raz.
He said he had been shocked by what he saw on the police video.
He only hoped that her eye had already settled on something she liked.
01 czasowniki nieregularne
W miarę opanowywania języka powinna wzrastać liczba zapamiętanych czasow
ników nieregularnych. Zamieszczona poniżej lista obejmuje tylko te czasowniki, któ
re wystąpiły w testach. Można przyjąć, że poziom publikowanych tu testów wymaga
opanowania ok. 120 czasowników nieregularnych, co stanowi znaczną ich większość.
Wszystkie czasowniki nieregularne można znaleźć w każdym większym słowniku.
INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
beat beat beaten
bend bent bent
bite bit bitten
broadcast broadcast broadcast
cost cost cost
burn burned; burnt burned; burnt
dig dug dug
dream dreamed; dreamt dreamed; dreamt
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
flee fled fled
fly flew flown
freeze froze frozen
hang hung; hanged hung; hanged
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
lay laid laid
learn learned; learnt learned; learnt
lie lay lain
rise rose risen
saw sawed sawn; sawed
seek sought sought
sew sewed sewn; sewed
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
shrink shrank shrunk
sink sank sunk
sow sowed sown; sowed
spit spat spat
split split split
spring sprang sprung
strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
tear tore torn
throw threw thrown
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
Czasowniki fly oraz flee [uciekać] są nieregularne, natomiast flow [płynąć,
spływać] jest regularny.
Oprócz nieregularnego fali istnieje regularny fell [ściąć drzewo, powalić na ziemię].
Nieregularny rise [wznosić się] jest nieprzechodni, zaś regularny raise [podnosić
cośllcogoś] jest przechodni, porównaj:
The boys’ voices rose higher. He raised his voice to make himself heard.
Czasownik hang w znaczeniu [zabić(się)] jest regularny:
He hanged himself. The criminal was hanged.
Często myli się czasownik nieprzechodni lie [leżeć, położyć się] oraz przechodni
lay [kłaść coś, znosić jajka, nabywać]. Ten ostatni jest czasownildem regularnym (jeśli
nie liczyć zmiany pisowni). Porównaj:
I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. We laid the injured boy on the bed.
Oczywiście lie [kłamać] jest czasownildem regularnym.
Imiesłowy czasowników saw [piłować], sew [szyć], oraz sow [siać], zwłaszcza
w American English mogą być regularne. Wtedy są to czasowniki regularne. Aby
zapamiętać który z nich jest który, można przypomnieć sobie słowo sewing machine
oraz prawdziwe zdanie There’s a lot o f sawdust in a sawmill [= tartak]. Wtedy nie
mamy wątpliwości, że sow = siać, a sower to siewca, a nie siewnilc, który nazywa się
seeder.
UWAGA: Czasownika welcome [powitać] nie pochodzi od come w taki sposób jak
forecast od cast, forgive od give, itp. Jest to czasownik regularny, np.:
We welcomed our boys at the airport.
They were welcomed by thousands of supporters.
PHRASAL VERBS
podobna konstrukcja
czasownik dopełnienie
po polsku
burst into tears, laughter, crying w płacz; w śmiech
die of cancer, pneumonia, flu z ran, z głodu
end in failure, success; divorce
exclude from the club, party, committee wykluczyć z
graduate from Oxford, UCLA, etc. otrzymać stopień od
head for London, France; trouble zdążać do
interfere with plans, duty, business kłócić się, kolidować z
set fire/light to bulding, house, papers pizyłożyć płomień do
set sth on fire building, house, papers
suffer from hay fever, insomnia, cierpieć z powodu
treat for cancer, diabetes, malaria leczyć na
przymiotnik
dopełnienie tłumaczenie
/imiesłów
1 2 3
allergic to aspirin, dust uczulony na
aware of problems, difficulty, etc. świadom czegoś
1 2 3
contrary to expectations, advice wbrew czemuś
jealous of my success zazdrosny o coś
made of gold, plastic złoty, plastykowy
made from sugar and fruit, milk wyprodukowany z
proud of his father, himself dumny z
related to what we saw, our problems odnoszący się do
satisfied with himself, position, job zadowolony z
tired of studying, hard work zmęczony nauką
Tabelka dla rzeczowników uwzględnia fakt, że przyimki mogą stać przed lub za
rzeczownikiem:
02 przyimek zerowy
Czasem w języku angielskim może nie być przyimka tam, gdzie jest on uży
wany po polsku. Na ogól powoduje to liczne błędy, ponieważ trudniej zauważyć
nieobecność przyimka niż różnicę co do jego wyboru. W poniższych przykładach
polskie przyimki nie mające odpowiedników w angielskim wzięte zostały w na
wiasy.
They are the same age [= Są [w] tym samym wieku].
She is five months pregnant [= Jest [w] piątym miesiącu ciąży].
Please join us [= Dołącz/Przysiądź się [do] nas].
They boarded the plane at Lagos [= Wsiedli [do] samolotu/weszli [na]
poldadlw Lagos].
It was the colour of Chablis [= Byto to [w] koloize wina Chablis - podobnie
the size/price].
It is north of Aden [= Jest to [na] północ odAdenu],
Przyimek like wprowadza porównanie (taki jak) natomiast as (jako) określa status
i z tej racji przypomina czasownik be: He works as a specialist = He is a specialist.
01 z a s z ło ś c i nada! aktualne
Główne zastosowania PRESENT PERFECT to mówienie o zdarzeniach, które już
się dokonały, a które są nadal istotne. Istotność dla chwili obecnej może być sygna
lizowana przez:
A. aktualność czasu odbywania się (aż do teraz):
He’s been my best friend since we met.
They’ve been waiting for your visit for half a year.
“Has your seminar started yet?” “Yes, and Professor Burns has already given
me two books to read.”
She’s been married three times so far.
B. aktualność rezultatu, który kształtuje chwilę bieżącą:
Lucy has gone out [= you can’t talk to her].
Bob has joined a pop group [= he’s a pop singer].
I’ve phoned Pizza Hut [= we’re having pizza for lunch].
C. aktualność wiedzy lub doświadczenia życiowego:
I’ve read this book twice. Have you ever been to Venice?
We’ve never gone on holiday with the Pallisers.
i know how it feels to be unemployed. I’ve been out of job several times.
Typowe okolicznild czasu dla zastosowania A to:
so far, up to now, since Monday, for the last month, for many years, for the time
being, this week, this month, already, yet.
W American English zdania z okolicznikami already, ever, yet występują najczę
ściej w czasie SIMPLE PAST, a nie jak w British English, w PRESENT PERFECT np.:
Did you hear the news yet?
W porównaniu z formą zwykłą czas PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE kieruje
naszą uwagę na samo odbywanie się czynności (która może być jeszcze nie ukończo
na), nie zaś na jej wynik:
I’ve been reading my pupils’ essays since lunch. I’ve already read all but one.
We’ve been selling this model for six months. We’ve sold over thirty so far.
UWAGA.W wyrażeniu ... lalyearlslsince ... używamy it is a nie it has been, np.:
It’s tep years now since we saw the first laser.
It is now a year since I passed the test.
Jednak ten wyjątek nie dotyczy słowa ages: It’s been ages since we met.
03 present = teraźniejszy
PRESENT TENSES
PR0f\jQlSS\!8
01 zaimki dzierżawcze
Należy pamiętać o prawidłowej pisowni zaimków dzierżawczych:
m in ę yours h is bers ours yours tfaeirs
Pierwsze zdanie jest poprawne gramatycznie lecz złe stylistycznie a drugie jest
niepoprawne. Dopiero ostatnie zdanie brzmi poprawnie, dzięki użyciu zaimków
dzierżawczych.
Zauważmy, że ani nobody ani no one nie dałoby się wstawić w powyższe zdanie.
Nie są one bowiem zaimkami wyboru.
Większość zaimków z listy, oprócz none, jest również określnikami; znaczy to, że
mogą one stać bezpośrednio przed rzeczownikiem, np: either player, both players,
ca,, n a liśuc me ma uiueślnika evety, który nie może oyć zaimiciem, tzn. nie może
stać bez rzeczownika.
Zaimki one/ones oraz that/those (ale nie this/these) pozwalają uniknąć powtarza
nia tych samych rzeczowników w jednym zdaniu.
I’ve bought a new keyboard because Í could no longer use the old one.
These lamps are better than the ones we saw yesterday.
The weather this winter is milder than that we had last year.
Martha’s grades in secondary school are comparable with those of her
brother.
Jak widać, one zastępuje słowo policzalne zaś that słowo niepoliczalne.
Bohrze: The traffic on the motorway was as heavy as that in the city centre.
Źle: The^faffie-etrthc-motefway-was-as-heavy-as the one in the cify-eentr-er
08 so zamiast zdania
Jako zaimek so zastępuje cale zdanie po czasownikach hope, think, expect, believe,
say, tell.
Do you know Bob is leaving? Yes, he himself told me so.
Can we still cancel the bookings? Well, I hope /believe/expect so.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Bobrze: Sonya Galio, whom one critic compared to Greta Garbo, was sadly
disappointing.
03 ruchome przyimki
Przyimki mogą znaleźć się przed zaimkami względnymi lub na końcu zdania (na
wias oznacza zaimki, które można opuścić):
We can’t believe the man from whom we heard it. [język pisany, styl formalny]
We can’t believe the man (who) we heard it from, [język mówiony, styl mniej
formalny]
We can’t believe the man (that) we heard it from.
What’s the title of the book from which you quoted it? [język pisany, styl
formalny]
What’s the title of the book (which) (that) you quoted it from?
Nie wolno mieszać obu stylów używając from who, from that na początku zdania:
Źle: -We-ean’t bcheveTfae^Hafl-from-wfao -wc-hcard-itT
Zle: -Wfaat-s-thc title of the boole-frem-that you quoted it?
Jeśli wyrażenie przyimkowe składa się z dwóch lub więcej słów, umieszczamy je
przed zaimldem:
The man because of whom it all happened ...
The manuscripts, some of which have yet to be translated ...
Przyimki użyte w testach: near which, without whom, opposite which, between
whom, over which, under which, through which, because o f whom/which.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
01 co się z m ie n ia
Następstwo czasów jest jedną z modyfikacji, które wykonujemy przy zamianie
mowy niezależnej na zależną. W pierwszym rzędzie dotyczy ono zatem zdań dopeł
nieniowych. Jeśli zdanie główne jest w czasie przeszłym, czasy gramatyczne w zdaniu
podrzędnym zmieniają się według znanego schematu:
He said, “You’re breaking my heart.” He said I was breaking his heart.
“You will break my heart.” He said I would break his heart.
“You’ve broken my heart.” He said I had broken his heart.
“You nearly broke my heart.”He said I had nearly broken his heart.
Wraz z dostosowaniem czasów trzeba dostosować niektóre OKolicznua czasu:
today - th a t day
yesterday - th e d ay b e fo r e /th e p r e v io u s d ay
tomorrow - th e n e x t/fo llo w in g /d a y
the day before yesterday - tw o d a y s b efo re
the day after tomorrow - in tw o d a y s ’ tim e
next (week, etc.) - th e fo llo w in g (week, etc.)
last (week, etc.) - th e p r e v io u s (week, etc.)
a month ago - a m o n th b efo re
VERB PATTERN
UU/AGA: Na liście jest kilka czasowników z przyimkiem to, np. object to. Przyimek
ten nie ma nic wspólnego z partykułą to wprowadzającą bezokolicznik,
np. want to, try to. Zatem po czasownikach tych nie można użyć struktury
ło + INFINITIVE.
Bobrze: Fm afraid I can’t recall reading any such report.
Źle: Fm afraid -I-ean:t-recall-to have read any such report.
lie: Wc arc looking-forward-to have you as our gucstr
Generalnie, formy tej używa się także po wszystkich przyimkach, np: of, against,
after, for, about, etc.
You can’t do anything without earning some money.
[... bez zarobienia Inie zarobiwszy...]
I have nothing against leaving earlier.
[... pizeciwko /temu, żeby wyruszyć! wymszeniu...]
There’s no point in repairing the cooker if you plan to buy a new one.
[Me ma sensu naprawiać...]
Jak widać z fragmentów tłumaczeń na polski, nie da się automatycznie tłumaczyć
formy -ing jako rzeczownika odslownego (zrobienie, napisanie, itd).
Forma -ing jest używana po przyimku po wielu rzeczownikach i przymiotnikach.
Należą tu takie rzeczowniki abstrakcyjne jak: thought, hope, idea, principle,
difficulty. Wśród przymiotników można wymienić: tired of, fond of, angry at, etc.
the thought of losing the game the hope of getting the job
the idea of not being recognised tired of watching TV
not very fond of siding angry at having to be polite
W przypadku braku pewności najlepiej zawsze sprawdzić, jaki przyimek może
następować po danym rzeczowniku i przymiotniku. Informację tę można znaleźć
w większości dobrych słowników.
02 go fishing
Formy bezosobowe czasownika -ing oraz bezokolicznik mają swoje formy doko
nane, odnoszące się do przeszłości. Po angielsku nazywamy je PERFECT GERUND oraz
PERFECT INFINITIVE.
He was proud of having won the first prize.
Był dumny ze zdobycia pierwszej nagrody.
He is said to have resigned after the mayor’s letter.
Mówią, że zrezygnował po Uście burmistrza.
W przypadku formy -ing czasownika często użycie aspektu PERFECT nie jest
konieczne, zapewne dlatego, że forma ta i tak odsyła do faktu już dokonanego.
Both officers denied having talked/talking/to the prisoners before the search.
They were accused of stealing/having stolen/my roommate’s purse.
He left without saying goodbye.
W pierwszych dwóch zdaniach użycie aspektu PERFECT jest możliwe, ale nieko
nieczne. W ostatnim byłoby to wręcz sztuczne. Oczywiście, czasem można użyć tylko
jednej lub drugiej formy:
He is not ashamed of making so many errors.
On zwykłe robi błędy, ale nie wstydzi się tego.
He is not ashamed of having made so many errors.
On zrobił dużo błędów, ale nie wstydzi się tego.
W przypadku bezokolicznika odniesionego do przeszłości użycie aspektu
PERFECT jest konieczne:
They seem to be enjoying themselves.
[They are enjoying themselves now.]
They seem to have been enjoying themselves.
[They were enjoying themselves then.]
Listening to Ann’s fluent French, I was proud to be her teacher.
[... dumny, że jestem ...]
Listening to Ann’s fluent French, I was proud to have been her teacher.
[... dumny, że byłem ...]
Po tych czasownikach sprawczych używa się bezokolicznika bez to: make, have, let
She made us wait longer than usual.
If you have each of them take the test separately, it will last too long.
Don’t let the boys use the printer.
bobrze: The new tax might make some smaller operators withdraw from the
market altogether.
^ Je: J. .„.6.„hmakv, ^ / xjQC SlllCWLl*-/! e>peWiofs ta -Wtmai av
-altogether.
Zle: ^Fher-itew tax mi-gh-Hnafe^-t-ha t- some-smaller operators-wit-hdraw from the
Dla make oraz have w tłumaczeniu na polski można użyć czasownika kazać,
ewentualnie sprawić, spowodować, że ... Pytania typu What makes you think that...?
lub What made you stay longer? można tłumaczyć Dlaczego myślisz, że ...? Co każe ci
sądzić, że ... ? Co sprawiło, że zostałeś... ?
Czasownik get -i- przymiotnilk/imiesłów oznacza stawanie się i nie może być
zastąpiony przez be:
he was tired = był zmęczony he got tired = zmęczył się
Podobne znaczenie ma get przed lost, angiy, hungiy, interested, bored, hurt, drunk,
amused, itd. Get jest bardziej potoczne od become, a w niektórych przypadkach, np:
get ready/mairied nie może być przez nie zastąpione. Język polski tego typu znacze
nia wyraża przy pomocy przedrostków dodawanych do czasownika, np: zmęczyć się,
zgłodnieć, zmarznąć, upić się, rozbawić się, itp.
-------W poujUicniu gci v ímiesiüw oiermj- ¡juwstaje olí uivtura uiunS, WivL'-ziv-'J §©t luui-
na używać zamiennie z be:
He got killed when trying to defuse a mine
Inne imiesłowy, z którymi można użyć get: caught, airested, broken, done,
paid, etc.
03 zalety retranslacjji
Aby osiągnąć sukces, należy dobrą znajomość gramatyki połączyć z wprawą w pi
saniu po angielsku. Tę ostatnią można zdobyć pracując samodzielnie techniką re-
iranslacji. Ćwiczenie r e t r a n s l a c j j i przebiega w następujących fazach:
1/ Tłumaczymy pisemnie wybrany tekst angielski (fragment książki czy artykułu
z czasopisma) na język polski, starając się, by była to polszczyzna możliwie wol
na od naleciałości angielskich. Dzienna porcja retranslacji to dwa - trzy zdania,
nie więcej.
2/ Po jednym czy dwu dniach nasz przekład tłumaczymy z powrotem na angielski,
po czym porównujemy nasze pisemne tłumaczenie z oryginałem i poprawiamy
błędy.
3/ W sposób regularny powracamy do poprawionych już tekstów, tłumacząc je ust
nie. Retranslacja jest niezwykle skutecznym ćwiczeniem pod warunkiem, że prak
tykujemy ją systematycznie przez czas dłuższy. Trudno spodziewać się większych
efektów po tygodniu czy nawet miesiącu pracy, natomiast po sześciu miesiącach
codziennych ćwiczeń są one gwarantowane.
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