Utilitarianism

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position 18th century, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
were two philosophy prompt arrive rather a lot of in the UK.
Both are reformers, the original switch real use of the surname
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foundation religious philosophy _ virtue great great time that.
They were more successful than the philosophers of their time.
1. Jeremy Bentham’s Life
Philosopher Jeremy Bentham was born on February 15, 1748
and died on June 6, 1832 in London. He was the son of a lawyer,
Jeremiah Bentham (1712–1792). From an early age he was
discovered about his ability to learn. He learned Latin at the age
of 4 and at the age of 8 attended Westminster School. He
entered Queen's College at the age of 12 and completed his
bachelor's degree and further with a master's degree in
humanities and social sciences in 1766. However, he did not
become a lawyer, but started a literary career through ethics.
Because he noticed the deteriorating state of law and society in
England at that hour. His famous works: A Fragment on
Government (1776), A Introduction to the Principles of Moral
and legislation (1789), Rationalne of Punishment (1811), etc. In
fact, Jeremy Bentham was successfully reforming the British
parliamentary system when the utilitarian theory was published.
He died in 1832 at the age of 84.
2. Utilitarianism
First, utilitarianism is a standard and convincing method of
determining the true, the good and the beautiful. It's like a
hedonistic philosophy, doing what's best for the masses. In the
work "introduction to moral and legal principles" approve or
disapprove all actions, considering their effect on other interests
of the community. He defines utility as what brings happiness
and pleasure: “The greatest happiness in the greatest numbers.
Real economic for see depending on according to complete
scene , trend to increase or decrease? In fact, depending on the
situation, the tendency to increase or decrease the level of
happiness. For him, happiness is a means to prevent unhappiness
and suffering.
Second, Jereny Bentham believes in utilitarianism and that
government exists to improve people's happiness, which
suggests that useful principles should be applied whenever
possible and on a case-by-case basis. to distinguish good or bad.
The mathematical calculation he proposed and put into practice
was intended to simplify the task of choosing possible pleasures.
Bentham established a sequence of seven points to measure
pleasure and pain: intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity,
fecundity, purity, and extension.
Finally, after consideration and to make sure others in pursuit of
specific principles do not violate unethical behavior. Bentham
proposed four sanctions to prevent immoral excess: Physical
punishment, political punishment, moral punishment, and
religious punishment. For example, physical punishment: if an
individual acts out of debauchery, he will get sick. Legal
punishment: when you steal, you will be caught and jailed or
other punishments. Moral punishment: if a person likes to find
his own pleasure but the influence is heavy and unfair, that
person will be excluded from the social community. Religious
punishment: if an individual indulges in taboo pleasures, God
will punish him (in this life or the next). However, few
philosophers agree with the view proposed by Bentham's
utilitarianism, especially with respect to quantitative hedonism.
3. The vital of John Stuart Mill in The Utilitarianism.
John Stuart Mill was a student of Jereny Bentham. He is an
English philosopher and economist. From a young age, he was
guided by his father to familiarize himself with languages and
books. He greatly admired Bentham but also had disagreements,
rejecting the excessive materialism and sentimentalism of his
predecessors. Bentham's Hedonism is so egalitarian and John
Stuart Mill's philosophy is opposed to Bentham's
quantitativeism, which is called qualitative Hedoism. Mill
argues that pleasure and pain are relatively inseparable. He
found that moral values are often found in the pleasures of the
higher possibilities of human life. In his book Utilitarianism he
wrote that: "better an unsatisfied human being than a satisfied
pig".
Conclusion
In short, both philosophers presented utilitarianism in their own
way for the best. But at Mill there was a more subtle dimension
thanks to social, economic, political and especially education.
Utilitarianism has created a worldwide movement of thought,
full of complexity, diversity, and innovation since the beginning
of the twentieth century. However, there are few philosophers
who agree with utilitarianism, but besides that, it has also
developed and penetrated the world in the political field.