Causes of World War I

1. Fritz Fischer: Fischer was a German historian who argued that Germany was
primarily responsible for the outbreak of World War I. He emphasised the aggressive
foreign policy of the German government and its pursuit of hegemony in Europe, as
well as the role of German nationalism and militarism in shaping the course of
events.

2. Margaret MacMillan: MacMillan is a Canadian historian who has written extensively

on the origins of World War I. She emphasises the importance of structural and
systemic factors, such as the complex web of alliances and competing interests that
existed among the major powers, as well as the role of individual leaders and
decision-makers in shaping the course of events.

3. Christopher Clark: Clark is a British historian who has written extensively on the
causes of World War I. In his book "The Sleepwalkers," he argues that the war was
caused by a combination of factors, including the aggressive foreign policies of
Germany and Austria-Hungary, the breakdown of the international order established
after the Napoleonic Wars, and the broader geopolitical tensions and conflicts that
emerged in the early 20th century.

4. Niall Ferguson: Ferguson is a British historian who has written extensively on the
origins of World War I. He argues that the war was primarily caused by the declining
power and influence of Britain and other European empires, and the rising power and
influence of Germany and other aspiring great powers.

5. Hew Strachan: Strachan is a British military historian who emphasises the

importance of military strategy and planning in shaping the course of events leading
up to World War I. He argues that the war was caused by a combination of military
miscalculation and diplomatic failure, as well as broader structural and systemic
factors.

6. John Röhl: Röhl is a German historian who has written extensively on the origins of
World War I. He emphasises the role of individual leaders and decision-makers, such
as Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, in shaping the course of events and contributing to
the outbreak of war.

7. Paul Kennedy: Kennedy is a British historian who has written extensively on

international relations and the balance of power. He argues that the war was caused
by a combination of structural factors, including the arms race, the complex system of
alliances, and the economic and social pressures of industrialization and
modernization.

8. Jay Winter: Winter is an American historian who emphasises the importance of

cultural and social factors in shaping the course of events leading up to World War I.
He argues that the war was caused by a crisis of masculinity and identity, as well as
broader cultural and intellectual shifts that were transforming European society at the
time.
 9. Sean McMeekin: McMeekin is an American historian who has written extensively on
the origins of World War I. He emphasises the role of Russia in contributing to the
outbreak of war, arguing that the Russian government's decision to mobilise its army
against Germany and Austria-Hungary was a key factor in triggering the conflict.

10. David Stevenson: Stevenson is a British historian who has written extensively on the
causes of World War I. He argues that the war was caused by a combination of
factors, including the aggressive foreign policies of Germany and Austria-Hungary,
the complex system of alliances and rivalries among the major powers, and the
failure of diplomacy to resolve tensions and conflicts peacefully.

Practices of World War I

1. John Keegan: Keegan was a British military historian who wrote extensively on the
conduct of World War I. He emphasised the unprecedented scale and
destructiveness of the conflict, as well as the role of technology and new military
tactics in shaping the course of the war.

2. Paul Fussell: Fussell was an American literary scholar and World War II veteran who
wrote a book on the experience of soldiers in World War I. He emphasised the brutal
and dehumanising nature of trench warfare, as well as the psychological trauma that
many soldiers experienced as a result of their participation in the war.

3. Hew Strachan: Strachan, who was mentioned earlier in relation to the causes of
World War I, has also written extensively on the conduct of the war. He has
emphasised the importance of military strategy and planning, as well as the role of
individual commanders and leaders in shaping the course of events.

4. Modris Eksteins: Eksteins is a Canadian historian who has written a book on the
cultural and social impact of World War I. He argues that the war represented a
profound rupture in European civilization, marking the end of the old order and the
beginning of a new, more fragmented and uncertain era.

5. Gary Sheffield: Sheffield is a British military historian who has written extensively on
the tactics and strategy of World War I. He has emphasised the importance of
innovation and adaptation on the part of military commanders and soldiers, as well as
the challenges posed by the changing nature of warfare in the 20th century.
Consequences of World War I

1. Margaret MacMillan: MacMillan is a Canadian historian who has written extensively

on the aftermath of World War I. She argues that the war had a profound and lasting
impact on European society and politics, contributing to the rise of totalitarianism, the
decline of democracy, and the eventual outbreak of World War II.

2. Eric Hobsbawm: Hobsbawm was a British Marxist historian who wrote a book on the
"Age of Extremes," which covered the period from the start of World War I to the end
of the Cold War. He emphasised the transformative impact of the war on European
society and culture, arguing that it represented a turning point in the history of the
modern world.

3. Adam Tooze: Tooze is a British historian who has written a book on the economic
consequences of World War I. He argues that the war had a profound and lasting
impact on the global economy, leading to the rise of the United States as a
superpower and the decline of Europe as a centre of economic and political power.

4. Jay Winter: Winter, who was mentioned earlier in relation to the causes of World War
I, has also written extensively on the consequences of the war. He argues that the
war had a profound impact on European culture and society, contributing to the
erosion of traditional social and cultural norms and the rise of new forms of artistic
and intellectual expression.

5. Richard Overy: Overy is a British historian who has written a book on the impact of
World War I on the military and political strategies of the major powers. He argues
that the war marked a turning point in the history of warfare, leading to the
development of new technologies and tactics that would shape the course of 20th
century military history.

6. John Maynard Keynes: Keynes was a British economist who wrote a book on the
economic consequences of the peace settlement that followed World War I. He
argued that the harsh reparations demanded of Germany would destabilise the
European economy and contribute to the rise of extremist political movements.

7. David Lloyd George: Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister during World War I
and played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles. He argued that the treaty
was necessary to prevent Germany from becoming a military threat to Europe again,
but also recognized that it would have negative economic consequences for Europe.

8. Robert Skidelsky: Skidelsky is a British economic historian who has written

extensively on the impact of World War I on the global economy. He argues that the
war marked the end of the first era of globalisation, contributing to the rise of
protectionism and nationalism in the interwar period.
 9. Norman Angell: Angell was a British journalist and political theorist who wrote a book
on the futility of war in the early 20th century. He argued that the interdependence of
the global economy made war between major powers economically irrational, but his
ideas were largely discredited by the outbreak of World War I.

10. Margaret MacMillan: MacMillan, who was mentioned earlier in relation to the
consequences of World War I, has also written extensively on the political and
economic impact of the war. She argues that the war contributed to the decline of
European hegemony and the rise of new global powers, such as the United States
and Japan.

Failure of Collective Security

1. E.H. Carr: Carr was a British historian and political scientist who wrote extensively on
the interwar period and the failure of the League of Nations. He argued that the
league failed because it was based on unrealistic assumptions about the nature of
power and conflict in international relations.

2. Winston Churchill: Churchill, who served as British Prime Minister during World War
II, was a vocal critic of the appeasement policies of the 1930s and the failure of
collective security. He argued that the failure to confront aggressive powers like Nazi
Germany earlier allowed them to grow stronger and more dangerous.

3. John Lewis Gaddis: Gaddis is an American historian who has written extensively on
the Cold War and the history of American foreign policy. He argues that the failure of
collective security in the interwar period contributed to the rise of aggressive powers
like Nazi Germany and created the conditions for the outbreak of World War II.

4. Richard Overy: Overy, who was mentioned earlier in relation to the consequences of
World War I, has also written extensively on the failure of collective security in the
interwar period. He argues that the lack of effective international institutions and the
rise of aggressive nationalism contributed to the breakdown of the international order
and the outbreak of war.

5. Marc Trachtenberg: Trachtenberg is an American historian who has written

extensively on the origins of the Cold War and the failure of collective security in the
interwar period. He argues that the failure of collective security was not inevitable,
but was the result of specific decisions made by key actors in the international
system.
Causes of World War II in Europe

1. A.J.P. Taylor: Taylor was a prominent British historian who argued that the war was
primarily caused by the actions of Hitler and Nazi Germany. He emphasised the
importance of Hitler's aggressive foreign policy and expansionist ambitions, and saw
the failure of diplomacy as a key factor in the outbreak of war.

2. Gerhard Weinberg: Weinberg is an American historian who has written extensively

on the causes of World War II. He emphasises the importance of structural and
systemic factors, such as the economic crisis of the 1930s and the breakdown of the
international order established after World War I. He also sees the role of ideology as
a key factor in shaping the course of events, with fascist and authoritarian regimes in
Europe and Asia contributing to a broader sense of instability and conflict.

3. Richard Overy: Overy is a British historian who has written extensively on the Second
World War. He argues that the war was caused by a complex set of factors, including
the aggressive foreign policies of Germany, Italy, and Japan, the failure of diplomacy,
and the broader international tensions and conflicts that emerged in the aftermath of
World War I.

4. Timothy Snyder: Snyder is an American historian who has written extensively on the
causes of World War II. He emphasises the importance of ideology and political
extremism in shaping the course of events, and argues that the war was driven in
part by a broader sense of ideological competition and conflict between different
political systems.

5. Christopher Clark: Clark is a British historian who has written extensively on the
causes of World War I and II. In his book "The Sleepwalkers," he emphasises the
importance of miscalculation and misunderstanding among the major powers in
contributing to the outbreak of war. He argues that the actions of individual leaders
and decision-makers were shaped by broader social and political pressures, and that
the war was caused by a combination of factors rather than any single cause.

6. Ian Kershaw: Kershaw is a British historian who has written extensively on Nazi
Germany and the origins of World War II. He emphasises the importance of Hitler's
personality and ideology in shaping the course of events, arguing that the war was
primarily caused by his aggressive foreign policy and expansionist ambitions.

7. Norman Davies: Davies is a British historian who has written extensively on

European history. He argues that the war was caused by a broader set of factors,
including the collapse of the European balance of power, the rise of nationalism and
ethnic tensions, and the failure of diplomacy. He also emphasises the importance of
structural factors, such as the economic crisis of the 1930s and the geopolitical
tensions between the major powers.
 8. John Keegan: Keegan was a British military historian who argued that the war was
caused by a combination of factors, including the aggressive foreign policies of
Germany, Italy, and Japan, the failure of diplomacy, and the broader social and
economic pressures that led to the rise of authoritarian regimes in Europe and Asia.

9. Richard Evans: Evans is a British historian who has written extensively on Nazi
Germany and the origins of World War II. He emphasises the importance of structural
and systemic factors in shaping the course of events, arguing that the war was
caused by a combination of economic, political, and social pressures that led to the
rise of aggressive and authoritarian regimes in Europe and Asia.

Causes of World War II in the Pacific

1. Akira Iriye: Iriye is a Japanese-American historian who has written extensively on the
history of U.S.-Japan relations. He argues that the underlying cause of the Pacific
War was the competition between Japan and the United States for regional
hegemony in Asia, which was exacerbated by Japan's aggressive expansionism in
China.

2. John Dower: Dower is an American historian who has written extensively on the
history of Japan and the Pacific War. He argues that the underlying cause of the war
was a clash of civilizations between Japan and the West, fueled by Japan's
militaristic and expansionist ideology.

3. A.J.P. Taylor: Taylor was a British historian who wrote a controversial book on the
origins of World War II. He argued that the war was the result of a series of
miscalculations and misjudgments by the major powers, rather than any single cause
or aggressor.

4. Saburo Ienaga: Ienaga was a Japanese historian who was involved in a high-profile
court case in Japan over the content of Japanese history textbooks. He argued that
the causes of the Pacific War were rooted in Japan's history of imperialism and
militarism, as well as its belief in the superiority of the Japanese race.

5. Craig Symonds: Symonds is an American naval historian who has written extensively
on the Pacific War. He argues that the underlying cause of the war was the
breakdown of the international order and the failure of diplomacy to resolve the
underlying tensions between Japan and the United States.

6. Richard B. Frank: Frank is an American historian who has written extensively on the
Pacific War, particularly the war in the Pacific theatre. He argues that Japan's
aggressive expansionism in China, along with its desire for resources and regional
dominance, was the primary cause of the Pacific War.

7. Edwin P. Hoyt: Hoyt was an American historian who wrote extensively on World War
II, including the war in the Pacific. He argues that the Pacific War was the result of a
clash between Japan's desire for economic and territorial expansion and the United
States' determination to maintain its position as the dominant power in the Pacific.
 8. Geoffrey Wawro: Wawro is a British military historian who has written extensively on
World War II, including the war in the Pacific. He argues that the Pacific War was the
result of Japan's aggressive expansionism and militarism, as well as the failure of
diplomacy to resolve the underlying tensions between Japan and the United States.

9. Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully: Parshall and Tully are American naval
historians who have written extensively on the Pacific War, particularly the naval
battles between Japan and the United States. They argue that Japan's decision to
launch a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a strategic miscalculation that
ultimately led to its defeat in the Pacific.

10. James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes: Barnes and Barnes are American
historians who have written extensively on the Pacific War, particularly the role of the
United States in the conflict. They argue that the United States' policy of containment
and its efforts to maintain its position as the dominant power in the Pacific were the
primary cause of the Pacific War.

Practices of World War II

1. John Dower: Dower is a prominent American historian who has written extensively on
the Pacific theatre of World War II. He has argued that the war in the Pacific was
characterised by a brutalization of both Japanese and American soldiers, which in
turn led to war crimes and atrocities committed by both sides.

2. Antony Beevor: Beevor is a British historian who has written several books on World
War II, including his acclaimed work on the Battle of Stalingrad. Beevor has argued
that the war in Europe was characterised by a dehumanisation of the enemy, which
in turn led to atrocities and war crimes committed by both the Axis and Allied powers.

3. Omer Bartov: Bartov is an Israeli historian who has written extensively on the
Holocaust and the Eastern Front of World War II. He has argued that the war in the
East was characterised by a brutalization of both the German soldiers and the civilian
population, which in turn led to widespread atrocities and war crimes committed by
the Germans.

4. Gerhard Weinberg: Weinberg is a German-American historian who has written

extensively on the origins of World War II and the conduct of the war itself. He has
argued that the war was characterised by a disregard for international law and
human rights, which in turn led to the commission of numerous war crimes and
atrocities by all sides.

5. Richard Overy: Overy is a British historian who has written extensively on the
strategic and tactical aspects of World War II. He has argued that the war was
characterised by a "total" approach to warfare, in which civilian populations were
targeted and killed as a means of weakening the enemy's resolve and capacity to
fight.
Consequences of World War II

1. Richard Overy - argues that World War II had long-lasting consequences on the
international order and the balance of power, leading to the emergence of the United
States and the Soviet Union as superpowers and the establishment of the United
Nations.

2. Ian Kershaw - emphasises the human toll of the war, particularly the Holocaust, and
its impact on post-war Germany and Europe, including the division of Germany and
the emergence of the European Union.

3. John Dower - focuses on the consequences of the war in the Pacific, particularly in
Japan and East Asia, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the
occupation of Japan, and the rise of Asian nationalism.

4. Gerhard Weinberg - argues that World War II led to the transformation of international
relations, the establishment of the Cold War, and the development of nuclear
weapons, with far-reaching consequences for global security and stability.

5. Norman Davies - explores the social and cultural consequences of the war, including
the displacement of populations, the reshaping of national identities and boundaries,
and the emergence of new forms of cultural expression and resistance.

6. Tony Judt - Judt argues that the political and economic consequences of World War II
led to the rise of the welfare state in Europe, with governments taking a greater role
in ensuring the social welfare of their citizens. He also contends that the war
hastened the end of colonialism and paved the way for the formation of the European
Union.

7. Paul Kennedy - Kennedy views World War II as a turning point in the balance of
power between the United States and the Soviet Union. He argues that the war
weakened the European powers and left the United States as the dominant global
power, while also setting the stage for the Cold War.

8. Niall Ferguson - Ferguson contends that the economic consequences of World War II
were profound, with the war leading to the emergence of the United States as the
world's preeminent economic power. He also argues that the war had a significant
impact on the decline of the British Empire and the rise of Asia as an economic
powerhouse.

9. Adam Tooze - Tooze argues that the political and economic consequences of World
War II led to the emergence of the United States as a superpower, with its dominance
of the global economy and its influence on international institutions such as the World
Bank and International Monetary Fund.
10. Norman Davies - Davies views World War II as a key moment in the collapse of
European empires, particularly the British Empire. He also contends that the war led
to a reconfiguration of Europe's political and economic landscape, with the
establishment of new nation-states and the emergence of the Soviet Union as a
superpower.