The Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System

● consists of several organs part of the human
reproductive process
● produces, stores and releases the male
gametes, or sperm
● External Genital Organs and Internal Genital
Organs

● External Genital Organs 1. Testis (Testes)

1. Penis
- organ by which the sperm
is introduced to the female
- contains spongy tissue
that becomes turgid and
erect when filled with
blood
- Urethra: a tube in the penis
that conveys semen out of
the body during ejaculation
- Glans: rounded, highly
sensitive head of he penis
- Prepuce - fold of skin that
covers penis head
- ejaculation: process of
semen discharge
2. Scrotum
- pouch of skin located at
the lower part of the
abdominal wall
- keeps testes slightly
cooler than body temp
(from 36 - 34)
● Internal Genital Organs
- two oval shaped male
organs that produce
sperm and hormone
- each made up of tightly
coiled structures called
seminiferous tubules (site
of sperm production)
2. Epididymis
- tubes located at the back
of the testicles
- maturation and storage for
sperm
3. Vas Deferens
- connects epididymis and
urethra for ejaculation and
sperm transport
4. Accessory Glands - produce
nourishing fluids for the sperm that
enters the urethra
a. Seminal Vesicles
b. Prostate Gland
c. Bulbourethral Glands
● Sperm
- male reproductive cell
- Greek word “sperma” meaning seed
- 60 microns in length with a limited
life span
- Structure: Head, Middle, and Tail
 - Head: oval shaped and penetrates - ends of the tubes lie next
egg cell with nucleus (DNA) to ovaries feather into the
- Middle: mid pie, made of end call fimbria/fimbriae
mitochondria and gives energy to 3. The Uterus
the cell - expands during
- Tail: for movement/locomotion reproduction
- Not all sperm is perfect - grows from 10 - 20 times
its size during pregnancy
- made of tissue layers:
Perimetrium (Outer),
Myometrium (Middle),
Endometrium (Inner)
4. The Cervix
- lower portion of the uterus
- lined with cervical mucus
Female Reproductive System 5. The Vagina
● produce primary sex hormones - muscular organ
● produce eggs (ovum/ova) connecting the external
● support and protect new developing embryo genitals to the uterus
● childbirth - accepts the sperm and
penis during intercourse
● The Egg Cell
- women are born with a specific and
limited quantity of eggs
- in humans, the egg cell is the
largest cell with a diameter of 0.1 -
0.2 mm
● The Major Organs
- produced in the ovary then released
1. The Ovaries
into the fallopian tube during
- known as female gonads
ovulation (process of releasing egg
- produce eggs/sex cells
cell)
- produce hormones:
- have a non cellular covering called
estrogen and progesterone
zona pellucida
2. The Fallopian Tubes
- stretched to and connects
The Menstrual Cycle
the uterus to the ovaries
● regular natural change that occurs in the
- where fertilization (union
female reproductive system every 28 days
of sperm and egg) occurs
that makes pregnancy possible
● Four Main Phases:
1. Menstrual Phase (day 1 - 5)
 - begins on the first till fifth
day
- uterus shed its inner lining
(endometrium) which exits Investigatory Project

the vagina in the form of

-An Investigation about a scientific Problem
menstrual fluid
(question)
2. Follicular Phase (day 1 - 13)
- begins on the first till 13th -A problem-solving process using the scientific
day method
- pituitary gland secretes a
hormone that stimulates
the egg cells in the ovaries
The Scientific Method
to grow
- one of the eggs mature in
1. Ask a question
a sac like structure called
“follicle” 2. Form a hypothesis
- it takes 13 days for the egg
cell to reach maturity 3. Experiment
3. Ovulation Phase (day 14)
4. Observe and record
- pituitary gland secretes a
hormone that causes the
5. Draw conclusions
ovary to release the
mature cell 6. Share your findings
4. Luteal Phase (day 15 - 28)
- 15th till the last day
- the egg released during
Parts of SIP
ovulation stays in the
fallopian tube for 24 hours

The Development Of Life Title

● mitosis - body cells
● meiosis - sex cells -Patterned from the question, however it must contain

● zygote - fertilized egg cell only the essential words

The Stages of Early Embryonic Animal Development

-Title of the project must be brief, simple and catchy
1. Gametogenesis - formation and production
of sex cells
MUST CONTAIN:
2. Fertilization - will form zygote
3 & 4. Cleavage and Gastrulation - the zygote -Name of the school (including address)
undergoes a series of mitosis cell
division = embryo -Title of the Investigatory Project
 (UPPER CASE, bold, centered)

-Name of the researcher (Last name, first PARTS OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PAPER
name, middle initial)
Title Page
-Year and Section
Abstract
-Date of Submission
Acknowledgment
-Name of the teacher
Table of Contents

CHAPTER !-INTRODUCTION
Abstract
A. Background of the Study
-Should consist of short, concise descriptions of the
problem & its solution. It must be one page only, B. Statement of the

single-spaced (Maximum of 250 words), typewritten Problem

in Times new Roman style; font size 11

C. Hypothesis

Sometimes judges do not have time to study

D. Significance of the Study
all the details of your work, they only read the abstract,
thus it’s called the SHOW WINDOW of your project. E. Scope and Limitation

Must also state the following: F. Definition of Terms

Purpose, Procedure used, Results, CHAPTER II- REVIEW OF RELATED

Conclusion LITERATURE

CHAPTER III-METHODOLOGY

Acknowledgment A. Materials

-Contains the names of people & agencies that helped B. Procedures

in the conduct of the work described
CHAPTER IV-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table of Contents
A. Findings
-Lists the different parts of the whole report with the
corresponding page number of each part. B. Analysis of Data

-The wording & grammar of the chapter titles, heading CHAPTER V- CONCLUSION
& title of table & figures should be consistent.
CHAPTER VI- RECOMMENDATION
 Bibliography -The importance of the study is explained in this part

CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION Scope and Limitation

-informs the reader of the problem under -states the coverage & extent of the study
study. It shows the nature of scope and the
problem, its historical & theoretical
background & a review of literature relevant
Definition of terms
to the problem

2 Types
Writing the Introduction

- Conceptual- definitions which are

1. State clearly and concisely as
indicate in dictionaries
possible the objectives of the
research paper. - Operational- definitions based on how
the words were used in the study.
2. Keep the introduction brief,
proportional to the length of
the body.
CHAPTER II- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

-sufficient background information should be

presented for readers to understand & evaluate the
results of the present study. Only the most important
studies and theories written on the topic should be

Statement of the Problem included.

-It is stated as a question/scientific inquiry “this contains finding of other studies or

investigations similar as yours”
-the nature & scope of the problem should be
presented with clarity

CHAPTER III- METHODOLOGY

Hypothesis – tentative explanation -provides enough details so that a competent worker

can repeat the experiments.
Types: Null , Alternative
Materials/Equipment

-The exact technical specifications, quantities and

Significance of the Study source of method of preparations for all materials
used should be given. Specifically built equipment -The general truth implies or illustrated by the results
used in the study must be described and the should be clearly stated. The evidence based on the
description accompanied by a picture. results should be summarized for each statement.

“What are things you need in solving your -This briefly states the immediate answer/findings
problem” about the problem

Procedures

-explains in details the things you did to solve the
problem. The proposal procedure is your guide in
making this portion.
“What are the orderly steps you are going to
do solve your problem?”
CHAPTER VI – RECOMMENDATIONS
-consists if suggestions on future actions such as a
new direction of research or further experiments to be
performed, practices that might be adapted or
discarded in order to attain certain goals or objectives

“if others would be doing your project, what

would you advise them?”
CHAPTER IV- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

-this maybe divided into sub-sections describing each

set of experimentation or observations. References

Findings – the data maybe presented in full - Sources you got your research from.
& discussed descriptively in the text or these maybe
summarized in tables, pictures & graphs. Tables,
pictures & graphs should make the presentations of
the data more meaningful.

Analysis of Data – the interpretation of the

findings are discussed & the significant features
shown in the table figures or graphs are pointed out.

“This shows the data you have gathered

arranged or presented in tables or graphs. The data
must be already speak of the whole thing (general).
You must discuss too the results. What do those data
mean?”

CHAPTER V- CONCLUSIONS