Electric circuits lab

Course #:0701214

Experiment #6
filters

Supervisors. Safaa Nasser eldin

Eng . iman

Student name : shahd marouf

Reg#:22110865
 Introduction
A filter is a circuit capable of passing (or amplifying) certain frequencies while
attenuating other frequencies. Thus, a filter can extract important frequencies
from signals that also contain undesirable or irrelevant frequencies.

Objectives
- Understand the basics of an LC filter.
- To measure the response of a low pass LC filter, a high pass LC filter,
and a band pass filter and study an application.

Equipment
1- Fixed Resistors
2-Function generator
3-Oscilloscope
4-Inductors
5-Capacitors
 Theoretical Background
1- Low–Pass LC Filter:
Low pass filters are used in a wide number of applications. Particularly in
radio frequency applications, low pass filters are made in their LC form using
inductors and capacitors. Typically they may be used to filter out unwanted
signals that may be present in a band above the wanted pass band. In this way,
this form of filter only accepts signals below the cut-off frequency.

Low pass filters are normally built up using a

number of sections. They can be arranged in
either a Pi (Π) or T configuration. For the Π
section filter, each section has one series
inductor and either side a capacitor to ground.

The T network low pass filter has one

capacitor between the RF line and ground
and in the signal line, there are two
inductors, one either side capacitor. The T
section is not always as convenient, because
even when additional sections are present, it
still required more inductors and these are
more expensive to buy or require individual
winding.

L  =  Z0/π fc [H]

C  =  1/Zo π fc [F]
2- high–Pass LC Filter:
High pass filters using LC components, inductors and capacitors or even
resistors and capacitors can be arranged in
ether a pi or T network.
As suggested by its name, the basic π network
element has one series capacitor, and either
side of it there is an inductor connected to
ground. Further network elements can be
cascaded if a faster roll off rate is required.

Similarly the T network high pass filter

has one inductor to ground and either
side there is a series in line capacitor.
As with the π section network, further
elements can be cascaded for improved
roll off performance.

In this way these filters pass the high frequency signals, and reject the low
frequency signals. These filters may be used in applications where there are
unwanted signals in a band of frequencies below the cut-off frequency and it is
necessary to pass the wanted signals in a band above the cut-off frequency of
the filter

3- Band-stop RC Filter:
 The band stop filter is formed by the combination of low pass and high
pass filters with a parallel connection instead of cascading connection. The
name itself indicates that it will stop a particular band of frequencies. Since
it eliminates frequencies, it is also called as band elimination filter or band
reject filter or notch filter.

We know that unlike high pass and low pass filters, band pass and band
stop filters have two cut-off frequencies. It will pass above and below a
particular range of frequencies whose cut off frequencies are
predetermined depending upon the value of the components used in the
circuit design.

A notch filter is nothing but the narrow Band stop filter. The characteristic
shape of the band stop response makes the filter as a notch filter.

This notch filter is applied to eliminate the single frequency. Since it consists
of two ‘T’ shaped networks, it is referred as Twin T network. The maximum
elimination is occurs at the center frequency  fC = 1/(2πRC).

In order to eliminate the specific value of the frequency in case of a notch

filter, the capacitor chosen in the circuit design must be less than or equal to
the 1 µF. By using the center frequency equation, we can calculate the value of
the resistor.

By using this notch circuit, we can eliminate single frequency at 50 or 60 Hz.

 Procedure
Part 1:Low–Pass LC Filter:

-build the shown circuit where

-set the amplitude of vin =1v

Frequency(KHz) |VO | (volts) Gain= |VO | / |Vin |

1 0.9 0.9
3 0.8 0.8
5 0.7 0.7
7 0.6 0.6
10 0.3 0.3
20 0.07 0.07
40 0.02 0.02
100 0 0

Fc(th)=

Fc(exp)=

Error=
Part 2:high–Pass LC Filter:

-build the shown circuit where

-set the amplitude of vin =1v

Frequency(KHz) |VO | (volts) Gain= |VO | / |Vin |

1 0 0
3 0.05 0.05
5 0.24 0.24
7 0.8 0.8
10 1 1
20 1 1
40 1.1 1.1
100 1.1 1.1

Fc(th)=

Fc(exp)=

Error=
Part 3 :Band-stop RC Filter:
-build the shown circuit where
-set the amplitude of vin =1v

Frequency(Hz) |VO | (volts) Gain= |VO | / |Vin |

200 0.8 0.8

400 0.4 0.4
600 0.15 0.15
800 0.03 0.03
1000 0.16 0.16
1200 0.2 0.2
1400 0.3 0.3
1600 0.4 0.4
1800 0.5 0.5
2000 0.6 0.6

Fc(th)=

Fc(exp)=

Error=
 Conclusion

From this experiment, we are proving the theory of the characteristics of

filters, Low-pass filter allows frequencies lower than the cut-off frequency
while high-pass filter allows frequencies higher than the cut-off frequencies.
Band-pass filter allows frequencies in the bandwidth. These filter also have
advantages which beneficial in industries.

eries Resonance circuits are one of the most important circuits used electrical
and electronic circuits. They can be found in various forms such as in AC mains
filters, noise filters and also in radio and television tuning circuits producing a
very selective tuning circuit for the receiving of the different frequency
channels. eries Resonance circuits are one of the most important circuits used
electrical and electronic circuits. They can be found in various forms such as in
AC mains filters, noise filters and also in radio and television tuning circuits
producing a very selective tuning circuit for the receiving of the different
frequency channels.

\
We faced no problem doing the
experiment. There were minimal
amount of percentage error node