MATH225, Spring 2016 Name: Solutions

Worksheet 13 (8.2,10.1,10.2) Recitation Section:

Due: Wednesday, May 4th

For full credit, you must show all work and box answers.
1. Given the system 
dx
= 6x − 3y


 dt



 dy

 = 2x + y
dt
(a) Find the general solution.
Solution: In matrix form the system is
 0   
x 6 −3 x
= .
y 2 1 y

The trace of the matrix is τ = 7 and the determinate of the matrix is ∆ = 6 + 6 = 12. So the characteristic
polynomial is λ2 − 7λ + 12.
λ2 − 7λ + 12 = 0
(λ − 3)(λ − 4) = 0
Thus the eigenvalues are 3 and 4.
For the eigenvalue λ = 3, we have
3k1 − 3k2 = 0
2k1 − 2k2 = 0
 
1
Letting k1 = 1 and solving for k2 we obtain k2 = 1. So is an eigenvector for λ = 3.
1
For the eigenvalue λ = 4, we have
2k1 − 3k2 = 0
2k1 − 3k2 = 0
 
3
Letting k1 = 3 and solving for k2 we obtain k2 = 2. So is an eigenvector for λ = 4. The general solution to
2
the system is
   
1 3t 3
x(t) = c1 e + c2 e4t
1 2
.
(b) Classify the critical (equilibrium) point (0, 0).
Solution: Since the system has two positive distinct eigenvalues it is an unstable node.
(c) Sketch the phase portrait. Make sure you include the straight-line (eigendirection) solutions and at least two
other trajectories.
Solution:

-1

-2

-3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2. Given the system
 0   
x 4 2 x
=
y −2 4 y

(a) Find the general solution.

Solution: The trace of the matrix is τ = 8 and the determinate of the matrix is ∆ = 16 + 4 = 20. So the
characteristic polynomial is λ2 − 8λ + 12.
λ2 − 8λ + 20 = 0
√
8 ± 64 − 4 · 20
λ=
2
8 ± 4i
λ=
2
Thus the eigenvalues are 4 ± 2i. For the eigenvalue λ = 4 + 2i, we have

(4 − (4 + 2i))k1 + 2k2 = 0

−2k1 + (4 − (4 + 2i))k2 = 0
 
1
Letting k1 = 1 and solving for k2 we obtain k2 = i. So is an eigenvector for λ = 4 + 2i. The real and
i
   
1 0
imaginary parts of the eigenvector are and , respectively. Thus the solution is
0 1
         
1 4t 0 4t 0 4t 1 4t
x(t) = c1 e cos(2t) − e sin(2t) + c2 e cos(2t) + e sin(2t) .
0 1 1 0

(b) Classify the critical (equilibrium) point (0, 0).

Solution: Since the eigenvalues are complex with real part positive the system is an unstable spiral.
(c) Sketch the phase portrait.
Solution:

-1

-2

-3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
3. Given the system
1
− 19
 
dx  3
= x
dt
5 − 13

(a) Find the general solution.

Solution: The trace of the matrix is τ = 0 and the determinate of the matrix is ∆ = − 91 + 5
9 = 49 . So the
characteristic polynomial is λ2 + 94 .
4
λ2 +
9
2i
λ=±
3
2i
For the eigenvalue λ = 3, we have 

1 2i 1
− k1 + k2 = 0
3 3 9
 
1 2i
5k1 + − − k2 = 0
3 3
 
1/9
1 2i
Letting k1 = 1/9 and solving for k2 we obtain k2 = − 3 + 3 . So 1 2i is an eigenvector for λ = 2i 3 . The real
   3 − 3
1/9 0
and imaginary parts of the eigenvector are and , respectively. Thus the solution is
1/3 −2/3
         
1/9 0 0 1/9
x(t) = c1 cos(2/3t) − sin(2/3t) + c1 cos(2/3t) + sin(2/3t) .
1/3 −2/3 −2/3 1/3

(b) Classify the critical (equilibrium) point (0, 0).

Solution: Since the eigenvalues are purely imaginary the system is a center.
(c) Sketch the phase portrait. Solution:

-2

-4

-2 -1 0 1 2
4. Given the system
    
dx/dt 1 1 x
=
dy/dt −1 3 y

(a) Find the general solution.

The trace of the matrix is τ = 4 and the determinate of the matrix is ∆ = 3 + 1 = 4. So the characteristic
polynomial is λ2 − 4λ + 4.
λ2 − 4λ + 4 = 0
(λ − 2)2 = 0
Thus the matrix has a repeated eigenvalue of 2.
For the eigenvalue λ = 2, we have
−k1 + k2 = 0
−k1 + k2 = 0
 
1
Letting k1 = 1 and solving for k2 we obtain k2 = 1. So is an eigenvector for λ = 3.
1
Next find the generalized eigenvector, by solving

−p1 + p2 = 1

−p1 + p2 = 1
 
1
Letting p1 = 1 and solving for p2 we obtain p2 = 2. So is a generalized eigenvector for λ = 2. The general
2
solution to the system is
      
1 2t 1 2t 1
x(t) = c1 e + c2 te + e2t
1 1 2
.
(b) Classify the critical (equilibrium) point (0, 0).
Solution: Since the eigenvalue is repeated and positive the system is a unstable degenerate node.
   
x(0) 1
(c) Find the solution that satisfies the initial condition = .
y(0) 0
Solution:         
1 1 0 1 0 1
= x(0) = c1 e + c2 0e + e0
0 1 1 2
   
1 c1 + c2
=
0 c1 + 2c2
Solving these equations for c1 and c2 to find that c1 = 2 and c2 = −1. Thus the solution to the IVP is
      
2 1 1
x(t) = e2t − te2t + e2t
2 1 2
5. Match the given linear systems to their phase portraits.

dx dx dx dx
(a) = −4x + y (b) = −3x − 10y (c) = 5y (d) = 3x − 4y
dt dt dt dt
dy dy dy dy
= 5x + 2y = 5x + 3y = −x + 5y = 4x − 4y
dt dt dt dt

(I) (d) (II) (a)

(III) (b) (IV) (c)

6. Consider the two tanks shown in the figure below. Tank A initially contains 100 gallons of water in which 20 pounds
of salt is dissolved. Tank B initially contains 100 gallons of pure water. Liquid is pumped into and out of the tanks
as indicated in the figure. The mixture exchanged between tanks and pumped out of tank B is assumed to be well-stirred.

The linear system which models the amount of salt (in pounds) a(t) and b(t) in tanks A and B, respectively, is:

da 3 1
= − a+ b
dt 10 10
db 3 3
= a− b
dt 10 10
where a(0) = 20 and b(0) = 0.
(a) Find the general solution.
In matrix form the system is  0   
a −3/10 1/10 a
= .
b 3/10 −3/10 b
The trace of the matrix is τ = −6/10 and the determinate of the matrix is ∆ = 9/100 − 3/100 = 6/100. So the
characteristic polynomial is λ2 + 9/10λ + 3/50.

λ2 + 6/10λ + 6/100 = 0
p
−6/10 ± 36/100 − 24/100
λ=
2
√
−3 3
λ= ±
10 10
√
3 3
For the eigenvalue λ = − 10 + 10 , we have
√
(−3/10 − (−3/10 +
3/10))k1 − 1/10k2 = 0
√
3/10k1 + ((−3/10 − (3/10 + 3/10)))k2 = 0
√ √
 
√1 3 3
Letting k1 = 1 and solving for k2 we obtain k2 = − 3. So is an eigenvector for λ = − 10 + 10 .
− 3
√
3 3
For the eigenvalue λ = − 10 − 10 , we have
√
(−3/10 − (−3/10 − 3/10))k1 − 1/10k2 = 0
√
3/10k1 + ((−3/10 − (3/10 − 3/10)))k2 = 0
 √ √
 
Letting k1 = 1 and solving for k2 we obtain k2 = 3. So √1 3
is an eigenvector for λ = − 10 − 3
3 10 .

The general solution to the system is

   √     √ 
1
√
3
− 10 + 3
t
√1
3
− 10 + 103 t
x(t) = c1 e 10
+ c2 e
− 3 3
.
(b) Classify the critical (equilibrium) point (0, 0).
The system has two distinct negative eigenvalues. Thus the critical point is a stable node .
(c) Sketch the phase portrait in the ab-plane.
Solution:

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

   
a(0) 20
(d) Indicate the initial condition = on your phase portrait from part (c) and sketch the trajectory
b(0) 0
that passes through this point. Use your sketch to describe the behavior of the salt in the tanks given this initial
condition.