1st week of the 2nd semester

20 february 2023

INVESTIGATION 7

EXPERIENCE 1
DEFINITIONS
1. Work is a change in state of a system caused by a force applied along a displacement.
2. physics, pressure is the magnitude of the perpendicular component of a force per unit area.
3. isobaric process, a thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant.
4. Energy is a quantitative property of a system that is associated with the motion of particles
and the relative positions of particles.
5. Kinetic energy is the energy associated with an object’s motion.
6. An object with velocity that is moving through space has linear (translational) kinetic energy.
7. Kinetic energy associated with stationary objects rotating about an axis is known as angular
(rotational) kinetic energy.
8. The total kinetic energy of an object or system is the sum of any linear kinetic energy and
any angular kinetic energy.
9. The kinetic energy in the random motion of particles that make up an object is known as
thermal energy.
10. The work-energy theorem states that the total work done on a system is equal to the
change in the system’s kinetic energy.
11. An energy bar chart is a visual representation, or model, of the changes in a system’s
energy.

SUMMARY
➔ When an external force exerted by an external object on a system is in the direction of the
system’s displacement, then there is work done on the system.
➔ If the system exerts a force on an external object in the direction of the object’s
displacement, then there is work done by the system on the surroundings.
➔ Work is positive when the force and displacement are in the same direction.

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➔ Work is negative when the force and displacement are in opposite directions.
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➔ If the external force and the displacement are perpendicular to each other, no work is being
done.

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➔ work is the joule, abbreviated J. One joule equals a newton times a metre, N∙m.
➔ When determining the work done on a system, it is important to identify all the forces being
exerted on the system.
➔ work can be both positive or negative.

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➔ Pressure is a scalar quantity.

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➔ The faster an object is moving, the greater its linear kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is
independent of the direction of motion.
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VOCABULARY
Exert:
● apply or bring to bear (a force, influence, or quality).
○ "the moon exerts a force on the Earth"
● make a physical or mental effort.
○ "he needs to exert himself to try to find an answer"
External
adjective: external
1. belonging to or forming the outer surface or structure of something.
"the external walls"
○ relating to or denoting a medicine or similar substance for use on the outside of the
body.
"for external application only"
2. coming or derived from a source outside the subject affected.
"for many the Church was a symbol of external authority"
○ coming from or relating to a country or institution other than the main subject.
"a department of external affairs"
○ for or concerning students registered with and taking the examinations of a
university but not resident there.
"external degrees"
○ COMPUTING
(of hardware) not contained in the main computer; peripheral.
○ (of storage) using a disk or tape drive rather than the main memory.
noun
plural noun: externals; noun: external
1. the outward features of something.
"the place has all the appropriate externals, such as chimneys choked with ivy"
○ inessential or superficial features.
"photographs can only show externals"

Orientation:
noun: orientation
1. the action of orienting someone or something relative to the points of a compass or other
specified positions.
"studies of locational awareness and orientation in young children"
 ○ the relative position or direction of something.
plural noun: orientations
"using the orientation of a building to capture energy from the sun"
2. ZOOLOGY
the faculty by which birds and other animals find their way back to a place after going or
being taken to a place distant from it.
"recent research in animal orientation"
3. a person's basic attitude, beliefs, or feelings in relation to a particular subject or issue.
"his book is well worth reading, regardless of your political orientation"
○ short for sexual orientation.
4. familiarisation with something.
"many judges give instructions to assist jury orientation"
○ NORTH AMERICAN
a course giving information to newcomers to a university or other institution.
noun: orientation course; plural noun: orientation courses
Align:
verb
past tense: aligned; past participle: aligned
1. place or arrange (things) in a straight line.
"the desks are aligned in straight rows facing forwards"
○ put (things) into correct or appropriate relative positions.
"the fan blades are carefully aligned"
○ lie in a straight line, or in correct relative positions.
"the pattern of the border at the joint should align perfectly"
2. give support to (a person, organisation, or cause).
"newspapers usually align themselves with certain political parties"
○ come together in agreement or alliance.
"all of them must now align against the foe"
Abbreviated:
adjective: abbreviated
1. shortened; cut short.
"an abbreviated version of the earlier work"
Abbreviate:
verb: abbreviate; 3rd person present: abbreviates; past tense: abbreviated; past participle:
abbreviated; gerund or present participle: abbreviating
1. shorten (a word, phrase, or text).
○ "‘network’ is often abbreviated to ‘net’"
2. shorten the duration of; cut short.
○ "I decided to abbreviate my stay in Cambridge"

Expand:
● to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way:
○ The air in the balloon expands when heated.
○ They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s.
Contrats:

● a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people
or groups, or the agreement itself:
○ a contract of employment
○ a temporary/building contract
○ They could take legal action against you if you break (the terms of) the contract.
○ My solicitor is drawing up (= writing) a contract.
○ Don't sign/enter into any contract before examining its conditions carefully.
○ [ + to infinitive ] They're the firm of architects who won the contract to design the
Museum of Fine Art extension.

Thermodynamic:

● relating to thermodynamics (= the area of physics connected with the action of heat and
other types of energy):
○ This calculator provides a convenient means of obtaining the thermodynamic
properties of water and steam.
○ Students can design and analyse power plants, refrigerators, and other
thermodynamic cycles.

Exerts:

● to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something
happen:
○ If you were to exert your influence they might change their decision.
○ Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours
without being paid.

Associated:

● connected:
○ She was prepared to take on the job, with all its associated risks.

Stationary:

● not moving, or not changing:

○ a stationary car/train
○ The traffic got slower and slower until it was stationary.
○ The rate of inflation has been stationary for several months.

Rotating:

● used to describe a job that is done at different times by different people:

○ The chairmanship is a rotating post.
Visually:

● relating to seeing or appearance:

○ Guide dogs open up the lives of the blind or visually impaired.
○ Books for children have to be visually exciting.