BASIC

CALCULUS
ILLUSTRATION OF
LIMIT THEOREMS
THEOREM 1.
The limit of a constant
is itself. If k is any
constant, then,

lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑐
THEOREM 2.
The limit of x as x approaches c
is equal to c. This may be
thought of as the substitution
law because x is simply
substituted by c.

lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
THEOREM 3.

The Constant Multiple Theorem

lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 ∙ lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
THEOREM 4.
The Sum and Difference
Theorem

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 ± lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿 ± 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
THEOREM 5.
The Multiplication Theorem

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿 ∙ 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
THEOREM 6.
The Division Theorem

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓 𝑥 /𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 / lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿/ 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
THEOREM 7.
The Power Theorem

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
lim (𝑓 𝑥 ) = (lim (𝑓 𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
THEOREM 8.
The Radical/Root Theorem

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
lim = 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐
THEOREM 9.
Limit of a Polynomial Function

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑎)
lim = 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑃(𝑎) lim = , 𝑖𝑓 𝑔 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑎)