INTRODUCTION TO STEEL DESIGN
CHAPTER 1 - Increases the corrosion resistance of
Structural Steel – an alloy of iron and carbon
and is manufactured in various standard
shapes and sizes by steel rolling mills
 Unit weight = 490 lb/ft3
 Modulus of Elasticity = 200 GPa
 Poisson’s ratio = 0.30
 Carbon Content for commonly used
structural steel varies from 0.15% -
0.30% by weight
 Higher carbon content – higher the
yield stress and lower the ductility
and weldability
 When steel contains a significant
amount of any of such alloying
elements, it is referred to as an alloy
steel.
ALLOY CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN
STEEL
CARBON (C)
- Increases the strength of steel.
- Too much carbon reduces the ductily
and weldability of steel.
COPPER (Cu)
- When added in small quantities, it
increases the corrosion resistance of
carbon steel, as well as the strength of
steel
- Too much copper reduces the
weldability of steel.
VANADIUM (V)
- Increases the strength and fracture
toughness of steel and does not
negatively impact the notch toughness
and weldability of steel.
NICKEL (Ni)
- Reduces weldability
- Increases the strength and the corrosion
resist once of steel. Increases fracture
toughness.
MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
- Increases the strength of steel
- Increases corrosion resistance
Decreases the notch toughness of steel.
CHROMIUM (Cr)
steel when combined with copper, and
also increases the strength of steel. It is
a major alloy chemical used in stainless
steel.
COLUMBIUM (Cb)
- Increases the strength of steel when
used in small quantities.
- Greatly reduces the notch toughness of
steel
MANGANESE (Mn)
- Increases the strength and notch
toughness of
- Reduces weldabilty steel
SILICON (Si)
- Reduces weldability
- Used for deoxidizing of hot steel
during the steelmaking process and
helps to improve the toughness of the
steel
CARBON EQUIVALENT (CE)
- useful in determining the weldability of
older steels in the repair or
rehabilitation of existing or historical
structures
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
 HIGHT STRENGTH - High Strength
high strength of steel per unit of weight
means dead will be small
 UNIFORMITY – properties do not
change appreciably with time
 ELASTICITY – follows Hooke’s law
up to fairly high stresses
 PERMANENCE – last indefinitely; no
painting maintenance is required
 DUCTILITY – can withstand extensive
deformation without high failure
 ADDITIONS TO EXISTING
STRUCTURES
 OTHER ADVANTAGES
- Ability to fastened together
- Adaptation to prefabrication
- Speed of erection
 - Ability to be rolled in shapes
- Toughness and fatigue strength
- Possible reuse after the structure is
disassembled
- Scrap value even though not reusable
in its existing form
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
 MAINTENANCE COSTS – normal temperature (needs fire proofing)
susceptible to corrosion when exposed
to air and water
 FIREPROOFING COST – expansion and contraction of a steel member
incombustible excellent conductor
 SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING
- the longer the and slender the
compression members the greater the
danger of buckling
 FATIGUE - undesirable property of
steel is that its strength may be reduced
if it is subjected to a large number of
stress reversals or even to a large
number of variation of stress of the
same character
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
-Linear elastic region with a maximum stress =
Fy
-Plastic Region - stress remains relatively
constant as strain increases
-Strain Hardening region - the peak of which
determines the tensile strength Fu
-Young's Modulus, E - slope of the linear elastic
region
-the longer the flat horizontal or plastic region,
the ore ductile the steel is
-Ductility - ability of structural steel to sustain
large deformation under constant load
without fracture
-Steel losses strength when subjected to elevated
temperatures
-At 1300°F, the strength and stiffness of steel is
about 20% of its strength and stiffness at
-Coefficient of Thermal Expansion - this
property is Used to calculate the expected
or the magnitude of forces that will be
induced in the structure if the movement is
restrained
STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
1. Rolled shapes - standardized rolled
shapes with dimensions and prop- erties
obtained from part 1 of the AlSCM [6].
2. Built-up shapes - standardized
structural shapes cannot be used, built-
up shapes could be made from plate
stock. Examples include plate girders
and box girders
WIDE-FLANGED
W-SHAPES
- commonly used as beams or columns in
steel buildings.
- used as the top and bottom chord members
for trusses, and as diagonal braces in
braced frames.
M-SHAPES
- not as readily available or widely used as
W-shapes and their sizes are also limited.
The listed M-shapes in AISCM have a
maximum depth of 12.5 in. and a
 maximum flange width of 5 in. A W14 X
90
S-SHAPES
- known as American Standard beams, are
similar to W-shapes except that the inside
flange surfaces are sloped. The inside face
of the flanges usually has a slope of 2:12,
with the larger flange thickness closest to
the web of the beam.
- commonly used as hoist beams for the
support of monorails. An S12 X 35 implies
a member with a 12-in. actual depth and a
self-weight of 35 Ib./ft. length of the
member.
HP-SHAPES
- commonly used in bearing pile
foundations. They have thicker flanges and
webs, and the nominal depth of these
sections is usually approximately equal to
the flange width, with the flange and web
thicknesses approximately equal.
CHANNEL (C- AND MC-SHAPES)
- C-shaped members with the inside faces of
the channel flanges sloped.
- used as beams to support light loads, such
as in catwalks or as stair stringers, and they
are also used to frame the edges of roof
openings.
- C-shapes are American Standard chan-
nels, while MC-shapes are miscellaneous
channels.
ANGLE (L) SHAPES
- used as lintels to support brick cladding
and block wall cladding, and as web
members in trusses.
- used as X-braces, chevron braces, or knee-
braces in braced frames, and could be used
as single angles or as double angles placed
back-to-back.
- An angle with the designation L4 x 3 x 1/4
implies a member with a long leg length of
4 in., a short leg length of and a thickness
of 1/4in
STRUCTURAL TEES (WT-, MT-, ST-
SHAPES)
- made by cutting a W-shape, M-shape, or S-
shape in half.
- if a W14 X 90 is cut in half, the resulting
shapes will be WT7X 45,
- WT-shapes are commonly used as brace
members and as top and bottom chords of
trusses. They are also used to strengthen
existing steel beams where a greater
moment capacity is required.

PLATES AND BARS
-flat stock members that are used as stiffeners,
gusset plates, and X-braced members.
-used to strengthen existing steel beams and as
supporting members in built-up steel lintels.
-flat stock with widths not exceeding 8 in. were
generally referred to as bars, while flat stock
with widths greater than 8 in. were referred
to as plates,
-As an example, a PL6 X 1/2 implies a 6-in.-
wide by 1/2-in.-thick plate
HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTIONS
- HSS are rectangular, square, or round
tubular members that are commonly used
as columns, hangers, and braced-frame
members.
- frequently used as lintels spanning large
openings, especially where eccentricity of
the gravity loads may result in large
torsional forces.
- HSS 6 X 4 X ¼ implies a rectangular
hollow structural steel with outside wall
dimensions of 6 in. in one direction and 4
in. in the orthogonal direction, and a wall
thickness of 1/4 in., except at the rounded
corners.
- HSS 4 x 0.375 implies a round hollow
structural steel with an outside wall
diameter of 4 in. and uniform wall
- three strength categories: standard (Std),
extra strong (X-strong), and double-extra
strong (XX-strong).
- designated with the letter P, fol- lowed by
the nominal diameter, and then the letter X
for extra strong or XX for double- extra
strong. For example, the designation P3
represents a nominal 3-in. standard pipe,
P3X represents a 3-in. extra-strong pipe,
and P3XX represents a 3-in. double-extra-
strong pipe.
BUILT-UP SECTIONS
- include welded plate girders and plates
welded to the top or bottom flanges of W-
sections.
- Plate girders are used to support heavy
loads where the listed standard steel
sections are inadequate to support the
loads.
- used as lintels and as reinforcement for
existing beams and columns. Other built-up
shapes include double angles (21L5x5x1/2)
and double channels (e.g., 2C 12 X 25)

thickness of 3/8 in.

STRUCTURAL PIPES
- round structural tubes similar to HSS
members used as columns.
placed back-to-back in contact with each
other or separated by spacers, and W- and
 M-shapes with cap channels that are used
to increase the bending capacity of W- and
S shapes about their weaker (y-y) axis.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
- may be defined as a mixture of art and
science, combining experienced engineer's
intuitive feeling for the behavior of the
structure with a sound knowledge of the
principles of statics, dynamics, mechanics
of materials and Structural analysis, to
produce a safe economical structure
- Design is a process by which optimum
solution is obtained. In any design certain
criteria must be established to evaluate
whether or not an optimum has been
achieved. For a structure typical criteria
may be:
o minimum cost
o minimum weight
o minimum construction time
o minimum labor
o minimum cost of manufacture of
owner's products
o maximum efficiency of operation
to owner
DESIGN PROCEDURE
- The design procedure may be considered
to be composed of two parts functional
design and structural framework design.
- Functional design ensures that intended
results are achieved, such as:
o adequate working areas and
clearances
o proper ventilation and or air
conditioning
o adequate transportation facilities
o adequate lighting esthetics
- The structural framework design is the
selection of arrangement and sizes of
structural elements so that service loads
may be safely carried and displacements
are within acceptable levels. The iterative
design procedures may be outlined as
follows:
o Planning. Establishment of
functions for which the structure
must serve. Set criteria against
which to measure the resulting
design for being an optimum.
o preliminary structural
configuration. Arrangement of the
elements to serve the function in
step1
o establishment of loads to be
carried
o preliminary member selection
o Preliminary member selection.
Based on the decisions of steps 1,
2, and 3 selection of the member
sizes to satisfy an objective
criterion, such as least weight or
cost.
o analysis. Structural analysis
involving modeling the loads and
structural framework to obtain
internal forces and any desired
deflections.
o Evaluation. Are all strength and
serviceability requirements
satisfied and is the result
optimum?
o Redesign. Repetition of any part
of the sequence 1 through 6 found
necessary or desirable.
o Final decision. The determination
whether or not optimum design has
been achieved.
BASIC STRUCTURAL STEEL
ELEMENTS
Structural Steel - as defined by AISC refers to
the steel elements of structural frame supporting
the design loads
 Beam - structural member whose
primary function is to carry loads
transverse to its Longitudinal axis.
Beams are usually horizontal and
supports the floors in building
 Column - structural member whose
primary function is to carry loads in
compression along its longitudinal axis.
In building frames, the columns are

generally the vertical members which
Supports the beams
 Beam-column - structural member
whose function is to carry loads both
transverse and parallel to its
longitudinal axis
 Hanger – a structural member carrying
loads in tension along its longitudinal
axis
2. The Brooklyn Bridge (New York,
Usa)
3. Taipei 101 Tower (Taiwan, China)
4. The Empire State Building (Chicago,
USA)
5. Burj Khalifa (Dubai, UAE)
6. Willis Tower (Chicago, USA)
7. Beijing National Stadium (Beijing,
China)
8. The Seagram Building (Chicago,
USA)
9. Sydney Harbor Bridge (Sydney,
Australia)
10. Gateway Arch (Missouri, USA)

 Connection - material used to join two

or more structural men

TOP 10 FAMOUS STEEL STRUCTURES

1. The Eiffel Tower (Paris, France)

1. Introduction
 Structural Concrete
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Reinforced Concrete
 Codes of Practice
 Design Philosophy & Concepts
 Loads & Safety Provisions
 Structural Concrete Elements
 Structural Reinforced Concrete Design
2. Properties of Concrete
 Factors Affecting Strength of Concrete
 Compressive Strength
 Stress
 Strain Curves of Concrete
 Tensile Strength of Concrete
 Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture)
of Concrete
 Shear Strength & Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete
 Poisson’s Ratio & Shear Modulus
 Modular Ratio & Volume Changes of
Concrete
 Creep & Shrinkage of Concrete
 Unit Weight of Concrete
 Fire Resistance of Concrete
 High Performance Concrete
 Lightweight Concrete & Fibrous Concrete
 Steel Reinforcement
3. Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
Beams
 Introduction & Assumptions
 Behavior of Simply Supported Reinforced
Concrete Beam Loaded to
 failure
 Types of Flexural Failure & Strain
Limits
 Load Factors & Strength Reduction
Factor
 Significance of Analysis & Design
Expressions
 Equivalent Compressive Stress
Distribution
 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in
Bending
 Lower Limit or Minimum Percentage of
Steel
 Adequacy of Sections
 Sections in the Transition Region (<
0.9)
 Rectangular Sections with Compression
of Reinforcement
 Analysis of T Sections
 Dimensions of Isolated T-Shaped
Sections
 Inverted L-Shaped Sections
4. Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete
Beams
 Rectangular Sections with Tension
Reinforcement Only
 Spacing of Reinforcement & Concrete
Cover
 Rectangular Sections with Compression
Reinforcement
 Design of T-Sections
5. Shear & Diagonal Tension
 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams
 Behavior of Beams without Shear
Reinforcement
 Moment Effect on Shear Strength
 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
 ACI Code Shear Design Requirements
 Design of Vertical Stirrups
6. Deflection & Control of Cracking
 Deflection of Structural Concrete
Members
 Instantaneous Deflection
 Long-Time Deflection
 Allowable Deflection
 Deflection Due to Combinations of Loads
 Cracks in Flexural Members
7. Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
 Development of Bond Stresses
 Development Length in Tension
 Development Length in Compression
 Critical Sections in Flexural Members
 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Sections
25.3 & 25.4)
 Splices of Reinforcement
 Moment–Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff
Points)